Abstract: An eddy current sensor including an arrangement for generating a first magenetic flux, which is essentially directed vertically with respect to a moved body, a detector coil for detecting an eddy field in the moved body and a second arrangement which generates a further adjustable magnetic flux, which is superimposed on the first magnetic flux to form a resultant magnetic flux.

Abstract: Through differentiation of input signal Vw from a sensor the angular frequency &ohgr; becomes included in the amplitude component. Through a plurality of differential operations the amplitude including the angular frequency &ohgr; varies, but the time-dependent term becomes equal. Since the amplitude of the signal Vw outputted from the revolution speed sensor 10 is approximately constant, the angular frequency &ohgr; proportional to the revolution speed can be extracted by determining a ratio thereof.

Abstract: An improved position encoder system for providing an output signal representative of the position of a movable body, relative to a reference position, includes at least one magnetic element fixedly attached to the movable body. The system further includes a first spatially orthogonal fluxgate sensor pair and a second spatially orthogonal fluxgate sensor pair for detecting the magnetic field. The first sensor pair is disposed adjacent to the polar axis at a first predetermined distance, and the second pair is disposed adjacent to the polar axis at a second predetermined distance, preferably twice the first predetermined distance. The system further includes a signal processor for receiving a signal from the first sensor pair and a signal from the second sensor pair.

Abstract: A source measure unit provides a constant voltage while measuring current and provides a constant current while measuring voltage. An output stage amplifier with a primary feedback loop provides the voltage and current. A secondary feedback loop includes a sample-and-hold circuit. Switches are provided to connect the secondary feedback loop to the amplifier input and disconnect the primary feedback loop from the amplifier input. While the primary feedback loop is disconnected, voltage or current ranges can be changed without affecting the amplifier output.

Abstract: In an external measuring apparatus, a past zero signal value V0 is first read out. A subtracted value obtained by subtracting the zero signal value V0 from a read signal value Vin from an angular velocity detector is compared with a preset first threshold value &Dgr;V1. If no angular velocity is being applied, then the read signal value Vin is updated and set to the zero signal value V0 in which a drift component is canceled. In addition, the subtracted value obtained by subtracting the zero signal value V0 from the read signal value Vin is further compared with a second threshold value &Dgr;V2 so as to perform the zero adjustment of the subtracted value. This makes it possible to eliminate the drift component and the random noise component from the detection signal, enabling accurate angular velocity to be obtained.

Abstract: In order to control a movable object such as an automobile, the differential of acceleration is derived and used as control information. In order to derive that differential, a value representing the acceleration may be differentiated, but preferably a sensor is provided which generates a direct measurement of the differential of acceleration. In one example of such a sensor, a pendulum has a coil thereon which interacts with the magnetic field of a magnet on a casing supporting the pendulum. A current is supplied to the coil such as to generate a force resisting movement of the pendulum. It is then found that the voltage across the coil corresponds to the differential of acceleration.

Abstract: At certain operating points, a plausibility test of the detected rotational speed signals is used to recognize an existing defect. The operating point for implementing the plausibility test is determined when it is detected that the motor vehicle has accelerated. The operating point at which defects in speed sensors are detected is determined in a simple manner but in such a way that any defect which may be present can be recognized reliably.

Abstract: A micromechanical device contains, on a carrier or substrate (1, 10), a micromechanical region which is covered on the chip by a planar covering (D) arranged on the carrier. A method for the production of a micromechanical device of this type provides that a body is formed in which a first insulating layer (2, 11) is arranged on a carrier (1, 10) and a silicon layer (3, 12) is arranged over the insulating layer. The silicon layer (3, 12) is structured, openings (L, LS) being formed down to the first insulating layers. An insulating layer region (IS, 13) and a planar further layer (P, 14) are applied. The further layer (P, 14) is structured, openings being formed down to the insulating layer region (IS, 13), the insulating layer region and the regions of the first insulating layer which are situated underneath it are selectively etched, and a covering layer is applied over the further layer as a planar covering (D). The device can be mounted in a plastic housing without a clean room atmosphere.

Abstract: In a preferred embodiment, an apparatus for detecting the angular position, rotational speed, and/or acceleration of a rotatable member, including: an annular magnetic source circumferentially disposed on the rotatable member and rotatable therewith; a directional magnetometer having a toroidal core, disposed at a location in proximity to the magnetic source, with the rotatable member passing through the toroidal core, the directional magnetometer being oriented so as to detect the amplitude and/or change of amplitude of only a tangential magnetic flux field component of the magnetic source, and to provide outputs indicative thereof; and apparatus to receive the outputs and to determine therefrom the angular position, rotational speed, and/or acceleration of the rotatable member.

Abstract: A method is provided for the generation of wheel acceleration control signals and wheel deceleration control signals for an anti-lock system for wheels of a vehicle. The vehicle is furnished with a digital electronic anti-lock system with at least one microprocessor. The microprocessor calculates a wheel comparison speed (v.sub.diff). The wheel comparison speed is obtained by a filtering of the actual wheel speed (v.sub.wheel), and follows in time to the actual wheel speed (v.sub.wheel). A deceleration signal (-b) or an acceleration signal (+b), respectively, is then furnished when the absolute value of the difference (.DELTA.) between the wheel comparison speed (v.sub.diff) and the actual wheel speed (v.sub.wheel) surpasses a preset value as based on the sign of the difference (.DELTA.).

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of and an apparatus for detecting an angular velocity and a rotation angle of a rotary member and for controlling a motor disposed to drive the rotary member. In the present invention, first and second accelerations at first and second points of the rotary member are detected, respectively. The first and second accelerations are added. From the added value an angular velocity of the rotary member is calculated. A signal is generated representing the angular velocity and compared with predetermined control instructions. A control input is generated based upon this comparison, and the motor is controlled based upon the control input.

Abstract: An indicating system for measuring movement of a material, having a magnetic pickup device, waveform conditioning circuit and light signal emitter functioning under the system's own self-made power, having a light waveguide or optic fiber connecting the light signal emitter to a light signal receiver which in turn is connected to a signal processor for outputting information such as speed, acceleration and/or position of the material.

Abstract: A sensor having a wide sensing range is capable of being controll by a small scale processor. The sensor comprises: a plurality of planar zigzag coils being provided on substrates, the planar zigzag coils having the same coil pitch and being formed into zigzag shape in a first direction, the planar zigzag coils being capable of relative movement in the first direction, the planar zigzag coils including a first planar zigzag coil, which is a primary coil, and a second planar zigzag coil, which is a secondary coil; a magnetizing unit for magnetizing the first planar zigzag coil; a first detecting unit for detecting induced electromotive force, which is induced in the second planar zigzag coil by the first magnetized planar zigzag coil; and a second detecting unit for detecting displacement length between the first planar zigzag coil and the second planar zigzag coil on the basis of the induced electromotive force in the second planar zigzag coil.

Abstract: An acceleration sensor is formed of a magnet having a magnetizing pattern in which N and S poles are alternately arrayed in one direction, a housing for slidingly holding the magnet in one direction, and a magneto-electric converting element provided within the housing facing the magnet. The acceleration sensor detects a change in speed applied to the acceleration sensor from the output of the magneto-electric converting element.

Abstract: An acceleration sensor is formed of a coil and a magnet which is capable of moving forward and back relative to the coil in the axial direction thereof. A change in speed applied to the acceleration sensor is detected through a magnitude of voltage generated in the coil due to the movement of the magnet.

Abstract: An accelerometer arrangement includes an accelerometer for producing a signal representative of the acceleration or deceleration of a vehicle and processing circuitry for processing the signal from the accelerometer by either integrating or differentiating to produce a processed signal, comparing the processed signal with at least one reference signal, and providing an output signal when the reference signal is exceeded by the processed signal. At least one of the reference signal and the processing of the signal vary in a predetermined manner with time.

Abstract: Apparatus for determining the number of cycles occurring in a frequency modulated signal during a sample period, including not only the number of full cycles but any portion of a cycle, by determining the number of whole cycles and adding to this a value obtained by counting the number of high frequency clock cycles occurring between the time of the last rising edge of a full cycle and the end of the sample period, and the number of high frequency clock cycles occurring from the last rising edge prior to the start of the sample period and the start of the sample period and the number of high frequency clock cycles in a whole cycle.

Abstract: Acceleration is measured using an array of micro-machined elements. The array is configured so each successive element is deflected by a higher acceleration. For each acceleration there will be a set of elements that is deflected. By determining the transition point between deflected and undeflected elements, the acceleration can be measured.

Abstract: With the method of the present invention, a detected value in the longitudinal acceleration-deceleration detector can be corrected for a gradient of a slope acting on the detector when the vehicle is traveling on a sloped road surface. Assuming that a vehicle is traveling on an upward slope or a downward slope, a value in a vertical acceleration-deceleration detector is detected. A determination is made as to whether the vehicle is traveling on the upward or downward slope using a corrected value which is closest to a pseudo-acceleration or deceleration based on wheel speeds. This enables a more accurate estimation of the longitudinal acceleration or deceleration by using the corrected value which is closest to the pseudo-acceleration or deceleration.

Abstract: A solid state speed indicator for railroad locomotives is provided with a plurality of indications in addition to speed. These include an acceleration indicator and an overspeed indicator. In addition, the speed indicator is provided with a dual range speed function having at least one particular use in drag operations. A variation of the solid state speed indicator is a retrofit design that replaces the meter movement in existing speed indicator equipment with a solid state display.

Abstract: An anti-skid brake control system derives a projected vehicular speed representative data by summing a time dependent acceleration and deceleration value and a latched wheel speed data which is periodically updated. The time dependent acceleration and deceleration value is derived by integrating a vehicular acceleration/deceleration gradient indicative data. According to one particular feature of the invention, the integrated value is reset for minimizing error to be accumulated at a given timing. For detecting reset timing of the integrated value, the instantaneous wheel speed data is continuously compared with a predetermined zone which is set about the projected vehicular speed representative data. Namely, resetting of the integrated value is performed by detecting entry of the wheel speed data into the predetermined zone.

Abstract: An anti-skid brake control system employs a technique for correcting a longitudinally based vehicular speed variation gradient by a road slop dependent correction value. The road slop dependent correction value is derived on the basis of an assumed road slop condition which is assumed on the basis of magnitude of increase of the braking pressure.

Abstract: The invention is related to a method of determininng the instantaneous rotation speed of a drill string or a drill bit in a borehole or the lateral shocks applied to the string or bit. The centripetal acceleration of the drill string is measured at at least two opposite ends of a drill string diameter so as to obtain two centripetal acceleration signals ac1 and ac2; the signals ac1 and ac2 are combined and the instantaneous rotation speed or the lateral shocks are derived from said combined signal. The accelerometers must be of the type delivering a signal with a DC component. An important application of the invention is to transform drill string rotation speed dependent data acquired versus time with a constant sampling time increment T.sub.c separating successive data, into compensated data which would be obtained for a substantially constant drill string rotation speed S.sub.c. The compensated data are obtained either by adjusting the constant sampling time interval T.sub.

Abstract: Disclosed is a Runout Velocity and Acceleration tester which converts an analog acceleration signal to a digital signal. The individual bits of digital data are then transformed into an exponential function. The exponential function that results is then solved for the worst case acceleration on a surface.

Abstract: A swing training apparatus for use with a hand held sports implement having a head and a handle with a longitudinal axis extending between the head and handle includes a housing that is mounted to the implement at a position adjacent the head. A sleeve carried by the housing defines a bore with a bore axis generally parallel to the implement longitudinal axis. A slug is carried by the sleeve in the bore and has a metallic portion defining a first electrical contact. A spring is used to bias the slug into a position spaced away from the implement head. A second electrical contact is positioned to engage the first contact when a preset centripetal force urges the slug to travel toward the implement head when the implement is swung with sufficient force. An indicator emits an audible signal and emits the signal as the implements reaches the preset centrifugal force threshhold.

Abstract: To process the output signal of a rotational speed sensor (2) which generates an alternating voltage dependent in respect of frequency and amplitude on the rotational speed, two low-pass filters (TP1, TP2) serve to produce a useful signal (I1), on the one hand, and a reference signal (I2), on the other hand. The two signals are compared. In dependence on the difference of these signals (I1, I2) a pulse-shaped output signal, namely the processed sensor signal, is generated by means of a comparator (7). The reference signal dynamically follows the useful signal with the aid of a control signal issue by an adapter circuit (20,21).

Abstract: A device for measuring the rate of change of speed of a machine such as a turbine engine which includes a digital counter for counting a speed signal having a frequency proportional to engine speed for a predetermined period of time and decrementing said count for a second period of time with the counting periods being proportional to engine speed. The up and down counts are derived by dividing a fixed frequency clock signal by a number proportional to engine speed to generate a variable frequency signal which frequency is proportional to engine speed. The difference between the up and down counts generates a remainder signal which is compared to predetermined limits.

Abstract: In an anti-skid brake control system, wheel acceleration or deceleration is calculated at a different timing than the calculation of the wheel speed and a control signal. The intervals between calculations of wheel acceleration and deceleration will often be longer than those of the control signal. Wheel acceleration and deceleration values in the intervals between calculations are extrapolated on the basis of the rate of change derived from the difference between two successively derived wheel acceleration and deceleration values and elapsed time since the last derivation. The extrapolating value is used as a replacement for the most recently derived wheel acceleration in deriving the control signal.

Abstract: A detection head unit comprises a stator and a rotor. The stator has four poles disposed circumferentially at an interval of 90.degree.. The poles have primary coils and secondary coils wound thereon. Two radially opposing poles constitute a pole pair. The primary coils wound on the poles constituting the pole pair are connected in series and in opposite phase with each other and one pole pair is excited by a sine wave signal and the other pole pair by a cosine wave signal. The rotor is of such a configuration, e.g. an eccentric rotor, as to change reluctance of the respective stator poles in accordance with a rotation angle and change reluctance in a differential manner between the two poles constituting the pole pair. An output signal resulting by phase shifting the sine wave signal applied to the primary coil in accordance with a rotation angle of the rotor is provided by a secondary coil.

Abstract: This device comprises a first detector having a first rotor and a first stator for detecting an absolute rotational position within one cycle which corresponds to 1/N circumference, said rotor having teeth of N, and a second detector having a second rotor coupled with the first rotor and a second stator for detecting an absolute rotational position within one circumference within one cycle which corresponds to one circumference. The first and second stators are respectively provided with primary coils and secondary coils. The respective primary coils are excited by reference AC signals generated in response to a clock pulse signal from a clock pulse generator. Phase differences between first and second output signals produced from the secondary coils of the respective detectors and the reference AC signals are obtained by counting the clock pulse signal.

Abstract: An electronic motor control system is taught herein which utilizes a tachometer check circuit. The tachometer check circuit is an electrical circuit which is interconnected with the output terminals of the tachometer. The circuit is utilized when the tachometer is at standstill to determine if the tachometer is functional, that is, is it internally correctly wired to produce an expected signal upon rotation. If such is the case, then motor start-up may take place. A second test is performed after motor start-up for determining if an appropriate amount of output voltage is being produced by the tachometer during the start-up phase. This is based on expected values of voltage during a short period of time after start-up. If such is not the case, the motor control system is disabled and the motor is stopped. The system is utilized for embodiments which include AC tachometers as well as DC tachometers used on unidirectional or bidirectional rotational systems.

Abstract: In determining shaft rpm (revolutions per minute), a transducer generates a succession of output signals, corresponding to the successive passages of a shaft indicium through the transducer field of view. Processing circuitry is provided for selecting a sequentially successive pair of transducer output signals and for computing rpm therefrom. Updated rpm is computed from a further pair of sequentially successive transducer output signals, both non-sequentially successive to the earlier selected signal pair.

Abstract: A method and apparatus having a frequency transmitter, a frequency receiver, an oscillator tuned to the same frequency as the frequency transmitter, and a frequency differential measuring unit to measure frequency changes between emitted signals to determine changes in velocity.

Abstract: A generator characterized by a circular track attached to the relieved circumferential surface of a wheel, a carriage coupled to the track by rotary bearings, a generator supported by the carriage, and a clutch wheel coupling an armature of the generator to the track. The track, which preferably has a T shaped cross section, has a driving surface which causes the clutch wheel to rotate when there is relative motion between the track and the carriage and/or between the carriage and the air within the tire.

Abstract: An acceleration sensor acts on the variable-frequency pulses of a speed sensor signal to recognize any variation of the pulse period thereof and to produce an output indicative of the magnitude of the detected variation to within a fixed degree of accuracy. The periods of groups of known, variable number pulse groups are measured with reference to a fixed-frequency clock pulse signal and the measurement periods of successive groups of equal numbers of pulses are compared. If the difference between pulse group periods is zero or less than a predetermined value, the number of pulses in each group is increased in order to increase the total number of clock pulses during the measurement interval. The number of pulses per group is increased until the difference between measured periods exceeds the predetermined value or until the number of pulses per group reaches a predetermined maximum.

Abstract: To render a setting circuit more suited to the use of a microprocessor, the frequency of pulses applied by a setting shaft are periodically measured and the value found is multiplied by a weighting factor which depends on the speed of rotation of the setting shaft. The weighted, measured values are integrated and the integrated value can be used to tune a receiver or to set the time display of a clock.

Abstract: To increase the responsiveness of a vehicle alarm system to, for example, unauthorized entry through windows, jacking up for removal of parts or vehicle theft as well violent impact by another vehicle, at least one position sensitive sensor has its output signal, which represents the instantaneous position of the vehicle stored after activation of the alarm system. Any change in that position is detected and triggers a warning device when the deviation exceeds a predeterminable amount. The position sensitive sensor may be a fluid-filled vessel the internal resistance of which is measured in a resistance bridge or it may be a variable inductance sensor which is connected to a frequency generator whose output signals are counted and compared with a given value. The system according to the invention may also serve as an accelerometer.

Abstract: A vehicular hazard warning system has an indicator on the vehicle that is energizable to yield a warning signal. The onset of a hazardous condition is detected and, as a result, a control signal is developed which has a variable parameter the amount of which is proportional to the degree of hazard represented by the condition. In response to that condition, the indicator is energized in a manner which quantitatively has a magnitude that is proportional to the amount of hazard. The system primarily responds to abrupt deceleration. It also preferably is responsive to such other inputs as brake pressure, wheel speed change, inertial forces and operator-controlled pedal movement.

Abstract: A speed measuring apparatus is provided for indicating a percentage of noal full speed RPM of a jet engine and also for indicating time required for accelerating and decelerating the engine. A generator output is converted to a square wave and a time interval measurement is made between zero crossings of the square wave. The square wave controls the starting and stopping of a time period counter and measured time is converted to percent RPM which is displayed on a digital incandescent display. Similar time periods are measured when the engine is advanced from idle to full power, and also when the engine is retarded from full power to idle.

Abstract: A device and method for measuring the rate of change of a pulse train from a transducer includes first counter which counts the number of pulses in a first fixed frequency of pulse train during each interval between the signal pulses. A divider receives the count generated in the preceding interval and divides the frequency f.sub.1 of a second fixed frequency pulse train by this count. This divided pulse train is counted by a second counter for the duration of each interval to provide a ratio of the change in duration to the preceding interval's duration.

Abstract: A method of suppressing resonances in electro-mechanical servo systems is disclosed. The servo systems are of the type where first signals indicative of actual position of the servo system are differentiated and second signals indicative of the acceleration of the system are integrated. The differentiated signals are applied to the integrator in order to provide accurate initialization thereof. In modes of operation where the acceleration of the system is substantially zero, the differentiators are not used, thus decoupling the mechanical system from the electronic control system and eliminating resonance from the servo loop. The duty cycle of the differentiators is varied in differing modes of operation of the servo system so as to provide maximum bandwidth and speed to the system coupled with minimum errors in positioning. The system is described in connection with the servoing of magnetic read/write heads radially with respect to rotating magnetic disk data storage media.

Abstract: A method for obtaining an acceleration or deceleration signal from a signal proportional to the speed, consisting of storing the most recently ascertained n changes in a memory, wherein upon ascertainment of a new change to be stored in memory, the change which has been stored the longest is erased, and a deceleration or acceleration signal is formed by addition from the stored n changes, each time at intervals of .DELTA.T. Furthermore, in the method according to the invention, the presence of a deceleration or acceleration exceeding the threshold is recognized earlier.

Abstract: In order to prevent a cyclic repeating of switching of vehicle gears to higher speeds for automatic transmissions at increased running resistances, an electronic control system is provided with a prognostic circuit which predicts the acceleration which can be expected after switching to a higher speed and which allows the switching to higher speeds only if this acceleration is above zero. If an adjusted maximum speed is exceeded, this operation of the prognostic circuit is interrupted.

Abstract: A tachometer for monitoring several functions on an implement, such as engine, shaft and ground speeds. A microprocessor receives a-c input signals which vary in frequency as the shaft or ground speeds change. A time window synchronized with a rising edge on the desired input signal is provided during which the number of falling edges are counted. A running total weighted average of a number of successive counts is used to update a digital readout indicating speed. Each new count is compared with the previous average and, if a sudden speed change occurs, the processor shifts to a fast update mode in which the new count is used to immediately update the readout. Programming switches are provided for selecting the proper ground speed time window for a given tire size and for providing a ground speed indication in either kilometers per hour or miles per hour.

Abstract: A circuit for determining the acceleration of an object being tracked by a oppler radar wherein a part of the received signal is delayed and then subtracted from the received signal to produce a first signal; a portion of the delayed signal is further delayed and then subtracted from the delayed signal to produce a second signal; and the first and second signals are subtracted to produce a signal representative of the acceleration of the object being tracked by the CW Doppler radar.

Abstract: 2. A doppler shift rate detector system comprising: a first mixer; input ns for simultaneously applying a carrier signal and a doppler shifted sideband signal to said first mixer; first and second intermediate frequency amplifiers coupled to said first mixer; a mixer and an intermediate frequency amplifier stage coupled to said first and second intermediate frequency amplifiers; a mixer and oscillator stage coupled to said mixer and intermediate frequency amplifier stage; a frequency multiplier coupled to said mixer and oscillator stage; a second mixer coupled to said frequency multiplier; a delay line having an input coupled to said frequency multiplier and an output coupled to said second mixer, a narrow-band active filter coupled to said second mixer; an indicating means coupled to said filter; a low frequency switch coupled to said filter; a R. F. switch coupled to said first and second intermediate amplifiers; a sweep generator coupled to said R. F.

Abstract: Electronic circuitry senses motion of a load bearing movable element which has a speed relationship as a function of load by establishing a sequence of timing pulses varying in inter-pulse duration time as a function of the movement speed and processes those pulses to produce electronic indicia signals used for control or display purposes. Sampled timing pulses are taken from the sequence to generate a control pulse of predetermined time duration. The control pulse duration is compared with the speed or loading signal comprising a pulse of time duration between sequential timing pulses thereby to produce an indicia analog signal variable over a range of load conditions. The indicia signals is used for display or control functions responsive to the load borne by the movable element within a predetermined analog range.

Abstract: A rate measuring system for providing velocity signals, as desired, and displacement signals, including at least one accelerometer for providing an output voltage proportional to an acceleration input, amplifying means having an adjustable voltage gain for amplifying the output voltage from the accelerometer, means for integrating the amplifier output voltage to provide an output voltage proportional to velocity, means for comparing the output voltage proportional to the acceleration input and the output voltage proportional to velocity with predetermined voltage reference levels to provide an output signal when these signals are nominally zero, and means for shorting out the integrating means in response to a signal from the comparison means to provide a nominal zero velocity output.