Abstract: In an example, a control system for controlling a generator and providing an alarm upon detection of a fault condition. The control system includes a control relay, which includes a normally-open (NO) contact pair and a normally-closed (NC) contact pair, between the transfer switch and a controller. The NO contact pair is provided by a NO contact and a common contact, and the NC contact pair is provided by a NC contact and the common contact. The controller can receive signals indicative of a state of the contact pairs of the control relay and, based on the signals, determine whether to activate the generator and/or activate an alarm system.

Abstract: A failure detection circuit for a power switch transistor in a power switching converter is provided that compares a drive voltage for driving a gate of the power switch transistor to a plurality of thresholds. Based upon when the drive voltage crosses each threshold in the plurality of thresholds, a logic circuit determines whether a fault condition exists for the power switch transistor.

Abstract: A switchgear system includes a switchgear frame and a truck carrying a circuit breaker, which includes a breaker housing, a fixed electrical contact and a movable electrical contact mounted within the breaker housing, an actuator piston connected to the movable electrical contact, and a drive assembly coupled to the actuator piston. A sensor circuit is mounted on the switchgear frame under the truck and aligned with the circuit breaker and configured to acquire displacement data of the actuator piston when in a contact testing position. A controller is coupled to the sensor circuit and configured to receive the displacement data and determine electrical contact erosion within the circuit breaker.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for modifying a gas density relay and a gas density relay having an online self-check function and a check method therefor. The gas density relay having an online self-check function is used for high-voltage and medium-voltage electrical devices, and includes a gas density relay body, a gas density detection sensor, a gas path blocking pressure regulation mechanism, an online check contact signal sampling unit and an intelligent control unit. The intelligent control unit controls a blocking member of the gas path blocking pressure regulation mechanism to move, so as to block a gas path between a first interface and a second interface.

Abstract: An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) includes a front end latch stage coupled to a signal latch stage coupled to a Gray code (GC) to binary stage. First inputs of an adder stage are coupled to receive outputs of the GC to binary stage. An adder input latch stage includes first and second adder input latches including first and second inputs coupled to receive outputs of the GC to binary stage. An adder input multiplexer stage includes an output coupled to second inputs of the adder stage, and first and second inputs coupled to outputs the first and second adder input latches, respectively.

Abstract: A method for determining an operational status of a switching device for switching an electrical unit including a first circuit and a second circuit, each circuit respectively including: a vacuum breaker including a fixed electrode and a mobile electrode; and a control device connected to the mobile electrode via an elastic device. The method including: for each of the first and second circuits, determining a transition instant at which the mobile electrode comes into contact with the fixed electrode; determining a difference between the transition instant of the first vacuum breaker and the transition instant of the second vacuum breaker; determining that the operational status is a first status known as “nominal synchronization” if the difference is less than a threshold; and determining that the operational status is a second status known as “abnormal synchronization” if the difference is greater than the threshold.

Abstract: A system and method for monitoring a circuit breaker monitoring system includes a vibration sensor, a processing unit, and an output unit. The vibration sensor is mounted to a circuit breaker acquires a temporal vibration signal over at least a temporal portion of a closing operation of the circuit breaker, wherein the closing operation comprises: initiation of the closing operation, latch release, movement of a moveable contact towards a fixed contact, contact touch of the moveable contact with the fixed contact, and stop of movement of the moveable contact. The vibration sensor provides the temporal vibration signal to the processing unit, which determines a plurality of features of the closing operation and an indication of operational functionality of the circuit breaker.

Abstract: An apparatus for locating partial discharges in a medium-voltage or high-voltage operating equipment comprises a signal detection device for detecting an electrical signal variable of the operating equipment, a filter device for low-pass filtering of the detected electrical signal variable dependent upon a filter cut-off frequency, a time detection device for detecting a signal propagation time of the low-pass-filtered electrical signal variable, and a comparison device for comparing the detected signal propagation time detected dependent upon the filter cut-off frequency with a reference propagation time for a charge pulse conducted through the operating equipment in order to determine a location of the partial discharge in the operating equipment dependent upon the result of the comparison. Also provided is a method for locating a partial discharge in medium-voltage or high-voltage operating equipment, in particular, using the apparatus.

Abstract: A circuit breaker monitoring system and method includes a vibration sensor, a processing unit, and an output unit. The vibration sensor is configured to be mounted to a circuit breaker and to acquire a temporal vibration signal over at least a temporal portion of a closing operation of the circuit breaker. The closing operation comprises: initiation of the closing operation; latch release; movement of a moveable contact towards a fixed contact; contact touch of the moveable contact with the fixed contact; stop of movement of the moveable contact. The sensor provides the temporal vibration signal to the processing unit, which determines a plurality of physical switch events and corresponding plurality of time points of the plurality of physical switch events over the closing operation of the circuit breaker.

Abstract: A gas density relay check device and a check method thereof are provided. In check, a temperature adjusting mechanism and a gas density relay are relatively set. Temperature rise and fall of a temperature compensation element of the gas density relay is adjusted through the temperature adjusting mechanism, then the gas density relay is enabled to have a contact signal action. A gas density value is obtained according to the pressure value and the temperature value in the contact action. A contact signal operating value of the gas density relay is detected to check on the contact signal operating value of the gas density relay. The gas density relay check device of the present disclosure is capable of accurately checking gas density relays, and is particularly applicable to a gas density relay without a three-way valve, and check can be achieved without disassembling the gas density relay.

Abstract: An electrical system having a battery system and a control system. The battery system may include a first switching device, a first battery electrically coupled in series with the first switching device, a second battery electrically coupled in parallel with the first switching device and the first battery when the first switching device is in a closed position, and a second switching device coupled in series with a load. The control system may perform diagnostics on the battery system.

Abstract: A remote control device testing environment evaluates operational performance of physical implementations of remote control devices. This operational performance of the physical implementations of the remote control devices allows the integrated circuits of the remote control devices as well as integrated circuit interfaces electrically coupling these integrated circuits to each other to be evaluated. Additionally, the interconnection, such as electrical coupling to provide an example, between these integrated circuits and/or the integrated circuit interfaces can be evaluated which otherwise would not be evaluated by software simulation alone. Moreover, the evaluating of this operational performance of the physical implementations of the remote control devices allows these remote control devices to be in evaluated in a real world environment with exposure to various environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, and/or electromagnetic interference to provide some examples.

Abstract: A switching device includes a header, first and second magnets, first and second inductors, and a first magnetic sensing element aligned with the first magnet and the first inductor and a second magnetic sensing element aligned with the second magnet and the second inductor. The switching device further includes a printed circuit board (PCB) including an upper face on which are mounted the first and second magnetic sensing elements and a lower face on which are mounted the first and second inductors. When the switching device is operated, the header is pressed towards the PCB, the first and second magnets get closer respectively to the first and second magnetic sensing elements, which increases the magnetic flux through the magnetic sensing elements and changes the status of the switching device when a threshold is reached. The PCB further includes first and second microcontrollers configured to determine a state of the switching device.

Abstract: The present invention provides a battery safety test device includes: a mechanical switch element having one end connected to either a battery positive or negative electrode and the other end connected to an electronic switching element; the electronic switching element having one end connected to the mechanical switch element and the other end connected to the other of the battery positive or negative electrode; a voltage sensor for measuring a voltage of the battery after the mechanical switch element and the electronic switching element are turned on; and a current sensor for measuring a current of the battery after the mechanical switch element and the electronic switching element are turned on.

Abstract: A food equipment device, such as a warewasher, includes a powered component, the powered component being one of a heating element or a pump or a fan, and a power line path for delivering power to the powered component. A contactor is provided for controlling power delivery to the powered component, the contactor including main power contacts connected in the power line path and auxiliary contacts that operate the same as, or opposite to, the main power contacts. A monitoring system is operatively connected to the auxiliary contacts to monitor an open or closed state of the auxiliary contacts and includes a voltage source operatively connected to one of the auxiliary contacts and an electrical sensor for detecting one of (i) a voltage condition of the other auxiliary contact or (ii) a current flow condition between the auxiliary contacts.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a motion sensing device for a vacuum circuit breaker and a vacuum circuit breaker comprising same. A motion sensing device for a vacuum circuit breaker, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure, comprises: a sensor module, installed adjacent to a main shaft, for sensing an operation state of the main shaft; and a bracket, coupled to the sensor module, for supporting the sensor module.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a contact point monitoring device for a vacuum circuit breaker comprising: a fixed electrode which is fixed in an insulated container; a fixed contact point which is disposed at one end of the fixed electrode; a movable electrode which is installed in the insulated container and is movable in the upward or downward direction; a vacuum interrupter which is disposed at one end of the movable electrode and includes a movable contact point coming into contact with or separated from the fixed contact point; and a pushrod assembly which is coupled to the other end of the movable electrode and allows the movable electrode to move upwards or downwards.

Abstract: A probe device has a main body and a probe body with different joints, where each joint rotates along different rotatable directions relative to one another. A user of the probe device may rotate the probe body relative to the main body along two separate rotatable axes to reach behind areas that are difficult to reach into using a probe device without rotatable components.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for diagnosing a failure of a switch unit included in a multi battery pack. The magnitude of a pack current flowing from each of battery packs connected in parallel to a load is measured, a battery pack whose pack current has a magnitude smaller than the average value by a threshold value or more is identified, and it is determined that an open failure occurs at the switch unit included in the identified battery pack, and the information of the battery pack including the switch unit at which the open failure occurs is output. The internal resistance of each battery pack may be statistically analyzed in order to more accurately diagnose the failure at the switch unit. Thus, an open failure of switch units included in battery packs connected in parallel may be easily and reliably diagnosed in a statistical viewpoint.

Abstract: A switching monitoring device for monitoring a switching operation of a relay switching contact of a relay includes a control terminal, a controller, and an impedance circuit. The control terminal is configured to apply a control signal for switching the relay switching contact to the relay switching contact. The controller is configured to produce an excitation signal. The impedance circuit has a signal input and a signal output, and the controller applies the excitation signal to the signal input. The impedance circuit converts the excitation signal into a switching monitoring signal and outputs the switching monitoring signal at the signal output for application to the relay switching contact. The controller is further configured to detect a change in a signal present at the impedance circuit and, if the change in the signal is present, detect the switching operation of the relay switching contact.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises a processing device configured to generate connectivity information associated with at least one of a first device coupled to a first cable connector at a first end of a cable and a second device coupled to a second cable connector at a second end of the cable opposite the first end of the cable. The processing device is also configured to provision, via an integrated sideband interface of the cable, the generated connectivity information for display on at least one of a first cable display proximate the first cable connector at the first end of the cable and a second cable display proximate the second cable connector at the second end of the cable.

Abstract: A switch detection circuit includes a controller, a first DC isolation module, a second DC isolation module, and a signal conditioning module connected to the controller. The controller is connected to a first end of an external switch via the first DC isolation module and the signal conditioning module is connected to a second end of the external switch via the second DC isolation module. The controller is configured to output a pulse signal, and transmit the pulse signal to the second DC isolation module via the first DC isolation module and the external switch. As a current flowing out from the second DC isolation module, the signal conditioning module outputs a feedback signal to the controller and the controller counts according to the feedback signal and detects the working state of the external switch according to the count value.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for detecting fault conditions in the energy supply of a load. The apparatus comprises a fail-safe input-output (I/O) module circuit and a diagnostic circuit coupled to the fail-safe input-output (I/O) module circuit. The fail-safe input-output (I/O) module circuit includes a first switch coupled to a first resistor divider and a first output that supplies a DC supply voltage to the load via a first wiring to reduce a first voltage of the first output down to a first readback diagnostic output and a second switch coupled to a second resistor divider and a second output that supplies the DC supply voltage to the load via a second wiring to reduce a second voltage of the second output down to a second readback diagnostic output. The diagnostic circuit is to provide a first readback measurement signal from the first readback diagnostic output and provide a second readback measurement signal from the second readback diagnostic output.

Abstract: The modular microwave ablation system of the present disclosure includes a microwave instrument, a microwave generator, and one or more auxiliary modules that include circuitry for performing functions related to the operation of the microwave generator. The one or more auxiliary modules are removably connected to the microwave generator. The microwave generator includes a microwave signal generator that generates a microwave signal; a microwave generator controller in communication with the microwave signal generator; one or more terminals that connect to the one or more auxiliary modules, respectively; and a power supply and/or a power distribution module coupled to the microwave signal generator, the microwave generator controller, and the one or more terminals. The one or more terminals provide (1) power from the power supply and/or power distribution module to the one or more respective auxiliary modules and (2) communication signals to and from the one or more respective auxiliary modules.

Abstract: An input device (10) is connectable to a switch (20) to receive a state of the switch (20) input as a voltage corresponding to the state. The input device (10) includes an output circuit (120) to output a first voltage or a second voltage different from the first voltage, an input circuit (150) to receive the voltage input from the output circuit (120) via the switch (20) in a closed state and output input signals (33) corresponding to the input voltage, a diagnoser (112) to determine whether the input signals change in response to switching of the voltage from the output circuit (120) to the second voltage, and a generator (113) to generate a state signal (34) indicating the state of the switch (20) based on the input signals (33). The second voltage differs from a reference voltage input to the input circuit (150) while the switch (20) is open.

Abstract: A test device according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: a first measurement terminal connected to one end of a first coil to be tested; a second measurement terminal connected to another end of the first coil; a direct-current power source connected to the first measurement terminal; a first semiconductor switch connected between the second measurement terminal and a ground; and a drive unit for turning on and off the first semiconductor switch.

Abstract: Provided is a method and device for obtaining internal side and external side insulation resistances of a relay. The method includes: controlling an insulation resistance obtaining circuit to output an AC signal; when both a main relay and a pre-charge relay are switched off, obtaining a first phase shift of the AC signal between two sampling points according to first collected electrical signals; obtaining an internal side insulation resistance of the main relay according to the first collected electrical signals and the first phase shift; controlling the pre-charge relay to be switched on; when the main relay is switched off and the pre-charge relay is switched on, obtaining a second phase shift of the AC signal between the two sampling points according to second collected electrical signals; and obtaining an external side insulation resistance of the main relay according to the second collected electrical signals and the second phase shift.

Abstract: A method for operating a battery sensor and a battery sensor, having an acquisition device for capturing a battery parameter and outputting a battery value dependent on the battery parameter, an evaluation circuit determines a corrected battery value from the battery value and from a correction value, a correction value determination device captures an influencing value of an influencing parameter of the correction value. Storing in the correction value determination device a pre-determined relationship between the influencing parameter and a correction factor for at least two value ranges of the influencing parameter.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method and a system for detecting an electric arc in an electrical installation (7) equipped with at least one sensor (5) capable of detecting temporal acoustic signals produced by the electrical installation (7), said method being characterised in that it comprises a device for analysis (3) configured to analyse any temporal acoustic signal (5) coming from said one or more sensors (5) by associating with said acoustic signal a corresponding parsimony measurement (m) whose value indicates whether the acoustic signal is an electrical arc signature or not.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for providing watering or non-watering of a specific area of soil through a first plurality of irrigation valves (42). Specific irrigation parameters are measured at the specific area of soil through a second plurality of field sensors (54). A controller unit (30) is interconnected to a third plurality of control units (18). Each control unit is connected to a specific irrigation valve and/or a specific field sensor. A type declaration providing communication under a second communication protocol is transmitted from the controller unit to the third plurality of control units using a first communications protocol. A second set of instructions are transmitted from the controller unit to the third plurality of control units using a second communications protocol. A first set of instructions are transmitted from the controller unit to the third plurality of control units using the first communications protocol.

Abstract: An oven includes a cooking chamber configured to receive a load and an RF heating system configured to provide RF energy into the cooking chamber using solid state electronic components. The solid state electronic components include power amplifier electronics configured to provide a signal into the cooking chamber via an antenna assembly. The power amplifier electronics include at least a first power amplifier and a second power amplifier operably coupled to the cooking chamber by respective ones of a first antenna and second antenna of the antenna assembly. The first and second antennas are operably coupled to respective ones of the first and second power amplifiers via a first coupling structure and a second coupling structure, respectively. A directional coupler provided at a port section defined for at least one of the first and second coupling structures.

Abstract: Provided is a method and device for obtaining internal side and external side insulation resistances of a relay. The method includes steps of controlling the insulation resistance obtaining circuit to output a low-frequency AC signal; when both the main relay and the pre-charge relay are switched off, obtaining an internal side insulation resistance of the main relay according to the low-frequency AC signal; if the internal side insulation resistance of the main relay is normal, controlling the pre-charge relay to be switched on; and when the main relay is switched off and the pre-charge relay is switched on, obtaining an external side insulation resistance value of the main relay according to the low-frequency AC signal.

Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatus and method of diagnosing a failure of a switch element used to switch on or off external connection of a battery.

Abstract: A method for supplying electrical power to a device, including: supplying power to the device from a first electrical power supply unit via a switch mechanism in a particular (or preferred) position; and supplying power to the device from a second electrical power supply unit through a defined switching over of the switch mechanism to a secondary position.

Abstract: A contactor assembly including a housing, an accessible contactor assembly component, a contact bar, and a module is provided. The accessible contactor assembly component may be disposed within the housing. The contact bar may be electrically connected to the accessible contactor assembly component and translatable between an open and a closed position. The module may be programmed to identify whether the contact bar is in the open or closed position based on detected voltage of the accessible contactor assembly component. The assembly may further include a pair of coil terminals, a pair of power terminals, and a diagnostic terminal arranged for electrical communication with the accessible contactor assembly component. The module may be further programmed to detect whether the contact bar is in the open or closed position responsive to detection of a voltage status of the diagnostic terminal.

Abstract: A method for detecting a failure mode in an electronic selector having a button coupled to a first switch, a second switch, and a third switch, the method includes incrementing a button activation counter once for each button activation event and incrementing a first switch-closed counter, a second switch-closed counter, and a third switch-closed counter once for each button activation event if the respective switch is closed at any time during the button activation event. The method further includes incrementing a first switch-opened counter, a second switch-opened counter, and a third switch-opened counter once for each button activation event. The method further includes evaluating a fault status of the first switch, the second switch, or the third switch when the button activation counter reaches or exceeds a predetermined threshold; and reporting the fault status of the first switch, the second switch or the third switch.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a method for operating an internal combustion engine with a fuel injection system including a piezo actuator comprising: stopping the discharge phase of the actuator during an injection cycle; measuring a voltage profile at the actuator; comparing a feedback signal at the actuator with a setpoint value; varying the discharge time of the actuator in successive injection cycles until the feedback signal corresponds to the setpoint value; defining a servo valve closing time as a defined offset with respect to the optimized discharge time; and using the defined servo valve closing time to set an injection quantity of fuel for future injection cycles.

Abstract: A failure prediction assembly is structured to monitor circuit breaker assembly sub-assemblies and their component's characteristics. The failure prediction assembly includes a sensor supported D-shaft and a sensor assembly including a housing and a number of sensors. The sensor assembly housing defines a D-shaft passage. A control unit is in electronic communication with the sensor assembly. The sensor assembly housing is coupled to the circuit breaker sidewalls with the sensor assembly housing D-shaft passage aligned with the circuit breaker sidewall D-shaft passages. The sensor supported D-shaft is rotatably coupled to the sensor assembly with the sensor supported D-shaft disposed through said sensor assembly housing D-shaft passage.

Abstract: This power supply unit includes: an AC path from an input end to an output end; a first voltage sensor configured to detect an input voltage at the input end; a second voltage sensor configured to detect an output voltage at the output end; a bidirectional inverter connected to the AC path; a storage battery connected to the AC path via the bidirectional inverter; an AC switch provided between the input end and a point at which the bidirectional inverter is connected to the AC path; and a control unit configured such that, in a state in which the AC switch is controlled to be opened, if current conduction via the AC switch is detected on the basis of an operation state of the bidirectional inverter, the input voltage, and the output voltage, the control unit determines that the AC switch has failed, and stops the bidirectional inverter.

Abstract: This invention relates to a switching device (10). More specifically, the invention relates to a retrofit switching device (10) for mechanically switching a plurality of switches between on and/or off conditions. It is envisaged that the primary application of such invention is for switching circuit breakers configured along one or more rows on a distribution board. The switching device (10) includes a pair of primary parallel guide rails (12,14), a means for anchoring the switching device (10) to a switch covering panel (i.e. a distribution board panel) and a carriage (22), supported across the primary parallel guide rails (12,14) and movable back-and-forth therealong along a first axis, the carriage (22) comprising thereon: (i) a switch engaging formation for operably switching the switches between on and off conditions; and (ii) a primary drive (26) for moving the switch engaging formation back-and-forth along a second axis, wherein the first and second axes are transverse one another.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling the application of electrical power to a load includes a controller, a controllable high side driver electrically connected to a first electrical terminal of the load, and a controllable low side driver electrically connected to a second electrical terminal of the load. The apparatus also includes a diagnostic circuit configured to sense and identify an open load fault condition, a high-side short circuit to battery fault condition, a low-side short circuit to ground fault condition, a high-side short circuit to ground fault condition, a low-side short circuit to battery fault condition, and a short circuited load fault condition. The diagnostic circuit is also configured to sense and identify a condition wherein none of the open load, high-side short circuit to battery, low-side short circuit to ground, high-side short circuit to ground, low-side short circuit to battery, and short circuited load fault conditions are present.

Abstract: A semiconductor integrated circuit for monitoring a switch, including: a first detection part that detects a state of a first switch; a second detection part that detects a state of a second switch; a sub-voltage monitoring part that monitors whether the sub-voltage is within a predetermined range; a switch monitoring part that monitors a change in a state of the first switch and a change in a state of the second switch; a setting part that determines an invalid period, during which the monitoring result of the switch monitoring part regarding the change in the state of the second switch is invalidated; and a transmission part that transmits the monitoring result of the switch monitoring part and information on the invalid period.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system for analysis of partial discharge defects of a gas insulated switchgear capable of allowing a user to precisely analyze a defect of a gas insulated switchgear due to a partial discharge, by providing both partial discharge signal information on a partial discharge signal sensed by a detecting sensor, and detection signal information on a detection signal sensed by one or more neighboring sensors adjacent to the detecting sensor, to a monitor.

Abstract: A monitoring system is applied to an electrical system, which includes a DC power source and an electrical apparatus that is connected to the DC power source by a pair of electric power leads incorporating respective switches. To detect leakage current from the DC power source, a low-frequency AC signal is applied via a large-capacitance capacitor to a specific connection position, between a first terminal of the DC power source and the corresponding switch, and the resultant voltage of that signal is measured. To detect a short-circuit failure of one or both of the switches, a high-frequency AC signal is applied via a low-capacitance capacitor to the specific connection position, and the resultant signal voltage is measured. Judgement as to occurrence of leakage current and/or short-circuit failure is based on the measured signal voltage values.

Abstract: Provided are a triple redundant digital protective relay and an operating method therefor. The triple redundant digital protective relay according to the present invention includes: three power monitoring control devices which have a triple redundant structure and control a circuit breaker for separating a failed power system based on a 2 out of 3 voting using real-time mutual data communication; and a central communication device which acquires data related to an operating state of the power system from the three power monitoring control devices and manages the acquired data related to the operating state of the power system.

Abstract: A method for signaling between a controller and a driver includes receiving, at a pin of the driver coupled to the controller, a command signal generated by the controller and generating, by the driver at the pin coupled to the controller, a fault signal indicating a fault condition. The driver can be configured to drive a switch and the command signal can be configured to cause the driver to open the switch when the command signal is in a first state and to close the switch when the command signal is in a second state. The command signal being in the first state may correspond to the command signal having a voltage level above a first predetermined threshold and the command signal being in the second state may correspond to the command signal having a voltage level below a second predetermined threshold.

Abstract: A semiconductor integrated circuit, supplied with a power source voltage generated by a power supplier and having a level determined in accordance with an analog signal, includes: an output unit outputting, as the analog signal, an output voltage signal indicating the power source voltage; an input unit including an input interface identical in specifications to an output interface of the output unit, and receiving an input signal indicating a voltage and input from an outside of the semiconductor integrated circuit; and a voltage control circuit generating the output voltage signal, based on the input signal and operating voltage information indicating a voltage required for an operation of the semiconductor integrated circuit.

Abstract: A method of testing a solenoid of a directional control valve in a subsea hydrocarbon production system, the solenoid having a coil and an armature for operating the valve and the coil being energized by a drive voltage across it, the method comprises removing or reducing the drive voltage and sensing current through the coil to produce an indication of movement of the armature.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement for detecting a solenoid valve type in vehicles, including at least one solenoid valve in the circuit arrangement for detecting the solenoid valve type and having at least one coil winding having a resistance of the typical order of magnitude for a predetermined vehicle electrical distribution system supply voltage, a constant current source, arranged to impress a predetermined measurement current into the one coil winding of the solenoid valve, a current mirror circuit, arranged to generate a second voltage on a detection section of the circuit arrangement from a first voltage produced as a result of the impressed measurement current on the at least one coil winding of the at least one solenoid valve, in which the second voltage produced on the detection section is passed out, on the detection section, directly to a microcontroller in a control device for determining the type of solenoid valve.

Abstract: In a surface potential distribution measuring device for an electric field reduction system of a rotating electrical machine, a Pockels crystal is used between a laser and the surface (test location) of the electric field reduction system. Light intensity of a laser beam reflected on a mirror provided between the Pockels crystal and the test location corresponds to an output voltage that is the voltage difference between the first end surface and the second end surface of the Pockels crystal. Even when an inverter voltage is generated, by using a light detector having a frequency band capable of following the high frequency components of the inverter pulse voltage, the light intensity is detected by the light detector. Therefore, from the light intensity (output voltage), the surface potential distribution measuring device can measure the surface potential of the electric field reduction system in which an inverter pulse voltage is generated.