Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus and method for analyzing an evolved gas, wherein the precision of detection of a gas component is improved without enlarging the apparatus. The apparatus includes a gas component evolving unit, a detection member for detecting the gas component, and a mixed gas channel for allowing a mixed gas containing the gas component and carrier gas to flow therethrough, and further includes a branch channel branched from the mixed gas channel, an inert gas channel for allowing an inert gas to flow therethrough, a first flow rate regulator for adjusting the flow rate of the carrier gas, a second flow rate regulator for adjusting the flow rate of the inert gas, and a flow rate control unit for controlling the second flow rate regulator such that the flow rate of the mixed gas guided to the detection member is a predetermined value.

Abstract: The present application discloses a light guide plate comprising a light incident portion having a light incident surface for receiving light from a plurality of light sources, and a plurality of closed cavities proximal to the light incident surface and within a plurality of dark regions of the light guide plate.

Abstract: As a data processing device and data processing program for a gas chromatograph, which enable composition, a name, and the like of a registered substance to be extracted from an actually measured retention index by a reverse search, a known RI data storage part that stores a plurality of pieces of known RI data each in which an identifier Gn specific to each registered substance, and retention indices actually measured at a plurality of different temperatures by gas chromatographic analysis on the registered substance indicated by the identifier Gn are paired, and a known RI data conversion part that is configured to convert the retention indices of the registered substance at the plurality of different temperatures to a retention index of the registered substance under a predetermined temperature condition for each of the pieces of known RI data are provided.

Abstract: A gas is detected using a MEMS gas sensor. The electrical power to a heater in the gas sensor is changed between a low level, a high level suitable for detection of detection target gas, and a 0 level, and, therefore, poisonous gas is evaporated or oxidized at the low level, and the detection target gas is detected at the high level.

Abstract: A pulsed discharge helium ionization detector for gas chromatography with multiple combined bias/collecting electrodes.

Abstract: A fast response output signal circuit (10) for a cold cathode gauge is provided to produce a fast response output signal (48) in addition to a voltage output signal (40) that is representative of the pressure in the cold cathode gauge. The fast response output signal (48) is either on or off, thus can be used to trigger a closing of an isolation valve or other responsive action upon a change in pressure that attains or exceeds a certain set point threshold. The fast response output signal is produced and processed with analog circuits, but the set point is produced with a microprocessor. The voltage output signal can be produced as a logarithmic function of the pressure.

Abstract: The present invention refers to a surface ionization detector comprises an emitter, a heating rod, a collecting electrode, a reducing liner and a housing. The emitter is made of molybdenum, platinum or alloy, and in the form of cylinder or a wire spiral. The heating rod heats and supports the metal emitter. When the heating rod is heated to 300-500° C., organic amine compounds collide with the surface of the emitter, generating positive ions through surface thermal ionization and thus are detected. The lowest detecting limit value of tertiary amine by the detector in the present invention can achieve to 10?14 g/s. The response to other hydrocarbons, ketones, etc., is 5-6 orders of magnitude lower than that of organic amines. The detector can selectively detect amines, hydrazines and their derivatives, and so on. The detector can be used as a detector for a gas chromatography system adopting capillary column or packed column, or alternatively be used alone as a sensor.

Abstract: The invention relates to anion gauge for determining a total integrated concentration of a substance having a molecular weight falling into a pre-determined range of molecular weights in a gas sample. The anion gauge includes an ionization region in a vicinity of the ionization source; an accelerator for generating a flow of ionized molecules; a mass filter for intercepting the flow for separating ions having the molecular weight falling into the pre-determined range from the ionized molecules and a detector for generating a signal representative of the total integrated concentration of such ions present in the gas sample. The invention further relates to a lithographic apparatus and a method for determining a total integrated concentration of a substance having a molecular weight falling into a pre-determined range of molecular weights in a gas sample.

Abstract: A process for measuring particle concentrations in a gas using an ejector for producing an essentially constant sample flow and for efficient mixing of the particle-containing sample and essentially clean, ionized gas. The invention also relates to an apparatus implementing such process. The process and the apparatus can be utilized for example in measuring particle concentrations in an exhaust system of a combustion engine.

Abstract: An ionization gauge to measure pressure and to reduce sputtering yields includes at least one electron source that generates electrons. The ionization gauge also includes a collector electrode that collects ions formed by the collisions between the electrons and gas molecules. The ionization gauge also includes an anode. An anode bias voltage relative to a bias voltage of a collector electrode is configured to switch at a predetermined pressure to decrease a yield of sputtering collisions.

Abstract: A flame ionization detector having at least one combustion chamber, at least one conduit for directing a gas or gas mixture, and at least one electrode structure, and a process for forming the flame ionization detector by providing two or more green ceramic films, forming geometric structures in said green ceramic films, depositing at least a portion of an electrically conductive structure on at least one of said green ceramic films, stacking said green ceramic films, laminating said green ceramic films, and sintering said laminated green ceramic films to faun said flame ionization detector.

Abstract: Systems and methods for controlling an internal combustion engine include an ignition coil that generates a pre-discharge ionization signal during charging of the ignition coil after reaching a first threshold charge level and prior to spark discharge and a controller that determines an engine operating condition, such as pre-ignition or plug fouling, in response to the pre-discharge ionization signal. The ignition coil may also generate digital feedback and ionization signals used to by the controller for to control ignition coil dwell and repetitive sparking, as well as providing various combustion diagnostics.

Abstract: An ionization vacuum device measures a pressure in a vacuum vessel, and has: an anode provided inside the vacuum vessel; a cathode provided inside the vacuum vessel; a power source for discharge that supplies electric power for discharge between the anode and the cathode; a power source for cathode-heating that supplies power for heating to the cathode, means for forming a magnetic field in a space between the anode and the cathode; control means for controlling so as to heat said cathode by said power source for cathode-heating while discharge of gas inside said vacuum vessel is caused, and so as to maintain the temperature of said cathode within a temperature range where thermonic electrons are not emitted from said cathode.

Abstract: An automatic variable gain amplifier is provided. The automatic variable gain amplifier automatically adjusts the amplification of a signal, and in one embodiment, an ion signal, based on the amplitude of the peaks of the signal. The automatic variable gain amplifier detects the peaks of the signal, compares them to a threshold value, and, based on this comparison, varies the amount by which the signal is amplified. The automatic variable gain amplifier produces a composite output waveform for an input waveform with an amplitude that may vary over a plurality of orders of magnitude.

Abstract: A photo ionization detector (PID) is provided for selectively determining various compounds or gases present in a breath sample. The PID, comprises a substrate comprising a gas ionization chamber, at least one pair of ion sensing electrodes, and at least one amplifying circuit; and an ultraviolet (UV) ionization source to transmit a UV light beam into the gas ionization chamber. A system comprises the PID is also provided. A method of detecting a response pattern for various compounds or gases in breath using PID is also provided.

Abstract: An oxygen detection method, includes: preparing a grid, an ion collector, and a filament in which an oxide are formed on a surface of metal; controlling a filament current flowing to the filament so that an emission current becomes constant; discharging thermionic electrons which are caused by heat generation by applying the filament current, and generating ions by ionizing a gas; capturing the ions with the ion collector; and detecting oxygen being present in a vacuum processing chamber by measuring a filament current value.

Abstract: The measurement is carried out by a device of two non- dissociable measurement chains resulting in a continuous measurement which is representative of the total concentration of tars (even as traces) of a hot gas. It involves coupling of methods including one, SPME/GC/MS/PID, which is discontinuous and a priori partial, the other, PID, which is continuous but difficult to interpret alone. It is based on on-line processing of the elements transmitted by each of the measurement methods used. A tar generator (28) allows calibration of the apparatuses and calculation of the different coefficients required.

Abstract: Various environmental systems are disclosed. In accordance with one of the systems, a first and second valve are provided. The valves provide a first air flow path from an air pump to a photo-ionization detector is provided through a pre-filter. The valves also provide a second air flow path from the air pump to the photo-ionization detector so that the pre-filter is isolated from its environmental surroundings. Various other arrangements of environmental monitoring systems with one or more pre-filters are also disclosed.

Abstract: An explosion-proof detector assembly for a flame ionization detector (FID) including an explosion-proof detector assembly enclosure configured to house the FID therein. A vent assembly coupled to the assembly enclosure includes a sintered metal frit configured to allow exhaust generated by the FID to vent from the detector assembly enclosure. A hydrogen supply line assembly coupled to the assembly enclosure includes a sintered metal frit configured to deliver a supply of hydrogen to the FID. A sample line assembly coupled to the enclosure includes a sintered metal frit configured to deliver a sample gas to the FID. A pressure relief assembly coupled to the assembly enclosure includes a sintered metal frit configured to ensure the pressure inside the detector assembly enclosure does not exceed a predetermined pressure.

Abstract: A supplemental air system for a portable, intrinsically safe (IS), flame ionization detector (FID) device includes a portable, intrinsically safe, FID device and a supplemental air system coupled to the FID device configured to store compressed air and deliver a flow of regulated air to the FID device as needed.

Abstract: A metal hydride storage system for a portable intrinsically safe (IS), flame ionization detector (FID) device includes a portable intrinsically safe FID device and a metal hydride storage vessel is coupled to the FID device configured to store a predetermined amount of compressed hydrogen at a predetermined low pressure and deliver the hydrogen gas to the FID device.

Abstract: Detecting air ingredients is obtained, a heater and gas sensitive acting layers are arranged on a substrate, which are connectable to an analyzing unit. Electrical resistances of n acting layers are connected in series; heater is a temperature sensor connected in parallel with this series connection, electrical resistance of heater is smaller than the sum of electrical resistances of acting layers and resistances are connected with a total of n+1 electrical terminals via electrodes so that heater is connected with two terminals and n?1 other terminals are connected with a respective junction that interconnects two acting layers. Heater is intermittently heated so that a predefined constant temperature of acting layers is achieved, temperature of acting layers is acquired by determining electrical resistance of heater; voltages in the series connection of acting layers are analyzed and a concentration of gases are determined from electrical resistances of acting layers.

Abstract: The measurement is carried out by means of two non-dissociable measurement chains resulting in a continuous measurement which is representative of the total concentration of tars (even as traces) of a hot gas. It involves coupling of methods including one, SPME/GC/MS/PID, which is discontinuous and a priori partial, the other, PID, which is continuous but difficult to interpret alone. It is based on on-line processing of the elements transmitted by each of the measurement methods used. A tar generator (28) allows calibration of the apparatuses and calculation of the different coefficients required. Possible application to the analysis of gas from biomass.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention pertain to an electronic portion of a MEMs ion gauge with ion collectors bowed out of plane to form a three dimensional arrangement and a method for forming an electronic portion of a MEMs ion gauge with ion collectors bowed out of plane to form a three dimensional arrangement. In one embodiment, an ion gauge substrate is formed. The electronic portion of the MEMs ion gauge is assembled by coupling a plurality of ion collectors with the ion gauge substrate, wherein the coupling of the plurality of ion collectors with the ion gauge substrate further comprises performing an operation that causes the plurality of ion collectors to be bowed out of plane to form a three dimensional arrangement.

Abstract: A system and methodology for the trace detection of organic explosives is described. The detector system combines a separation system, such as a gas chromatograph to separate the components of an explosive mixture, with a pyrolysis detector. In operation, effluent from the separation system is pyrolyzed and the fragments produced on pyrolysis of the explosive compound are then detected. The small molecule fragments exhibit sharply banded, characteristic spectrum, enabling detection of the explosive materials. The system is tested using the explosive materials nitrobenzene and 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and with the nitramine explosive tetryl. Detection limits are 25 ng for nitrobenzene, and 50 ng for 2,4-dinitrotoluene. Tetryl is detected with a detection limit of 50 ng.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an apparatus for the monitoring of the combustion process within a combustion system. The apparatus comprises; a combustion system, a means for supplying fuel and an oxidizer, a device for igniting the fuel and oxidizer in order to initiate combustion, and a sensor for determining the current conducted by the combustion process. The combustion system comprises a fuel nozzle and an outer shell attached to the combustion nozzle. The outer shell defines a combustion chamber. Preferably the nozzle is a lean premix fuel nozzle (LPN). Fuel and an oxidizer are provided to the fuel nozzle at separate rates. The fuel and oxidizer are ignited. A sensor positioned within the combustion system comprising at least two electrodes in spaced-apart relationship from one another. At least a portion of the combustion process or flame is between the first and second electrodes.

Abstract: In a flame ionization sensor type gas combustion control apparatus, the sensor tip, or probe, exposed to the flame is constructed and arranged according to materials and shapes which promote mechanical deformation of the sensor due to thermal expansion and contraction. The mechanical deformation will cause cracks to open in the contaminant layers surrounding the probe, enabling the sensor to perform as intended even though insulative contaminant build up is present.

Abstract: An exhaust gas side electrode is provided on one surface of a solid electrolytic substrate. A reference gas side electrode is provided on an opposite surface of the solid electrolytic substrate so as to be exposed to a reference gas stored in a reference gas chamber. Each lead of the electrode is connected to a signal output terminal. This sensor satisfies a relationship B/A<0.5, wherein ‘A’ represents an overall resistance value of an electric path including the solid electrolytic substrate, the electrodes, and their leads in a sensor activated condition, while ‘B’ represents a resistance value of the leads at a room temperature. Some embodiments may be arranged such that at least one of the leads has a low resistance portion located in the vicinity of the electrodes and a high resistance portion located in the vicinity of signal output terminals.

Abstract: A probe interface for an RF probe head improves the dissipation of heat resulting from RF power. The interface includes a conductor for transmitting RF power to a plasma chamber, and a sensing board for generating an analog signal based on the RF power. An electrically insulative bushing is disposed between the conductor and the sensing board, where the bushing is thermally conductive such that the bushing dissipates heat resulting from the RF power. By enabling the bushing to be thermally conductive, thermal instability is reduced and the overall RF power handling capacity increases.

Abstract: An analyzing device for producing measurements using transient ionic drift technique and an analysis method using same. The device for the quantitative detection of copper in silicon by transient ionic drift essentially comprises a heater and a rapid cooler for the sample to be analyzed, an electrode for measuring the electrical capacity of the sample and a unit generating an energizing signal and processing the measuring electric signal. The heater (2) for the sample (4) to be analyzed consists in at least a halogen lamp, the rapid cooler (3) for the sample (4) to be analyzed is a water cooler, and the electrode for measuring the sample (4) to be analyzed is a mercury electrode.

Abstract: A probe interface for an RF probe head improves the dissipation of heat resulting from RF power. The interface includes a conductor for transmitting RF power to a plasma chamber, and a sensing board for generating an analog signal based on the RF power. An electrically insulative bushing is disposed between the conductor and the sensing board, where the bushing is thermally conductive such that the bushing dissipates heat resulting from the RF power. By enabling the bushing to be thermally conductive, thermal instability is reduced and the overall RF power handling capacity increases.

Abstract: In a flame ionization sensor type gas combustion control apparatus, the sensor tip, or probe, exposed to the flame is constructed and arranged according to materials and shapes which promote mechanical deformation of the sensor due to thermal expansion and contraction. The mechanical deformation will cause cracks to open in the contaminant layers surrounding the probe, enabling the sensor to perform as intended even though insulative contaminant build up is present.

Abstract: An acid concentration continuous measuring apparatus is equipped with the combination of a body having a flow path through which pickling solution contained in a pickling tank is made to continuously pass in a single direction, a density sensor, a temperature sensor, and a conductivity sensor which are installed on the body and substantially continuously measure the pickling solution flowing along the flow path, and a calculating apparatus which calculates the acid concentration of the pickling solution based on the measured results. Feedback control of the hydrochloric acid concentration in a final pickling tank of a plurality of pickling tanks forming a continuous pickling line is performed using the acid concentration continuous measuring apparatus.

Abstract: A sensor for detecting the flame occurring during a flashback condition in the fuel nozzle of a lean premix combustion system is presented. The sensor comprises an electrically isolated flashback detection electrode and a guard electrode, both of which generate electrical fields extending to the walls of the combustion chamber and to the walls of the fuel nozzle. The sensor is positioned on the fuel nozzle center body at a location proximate the entrance to the combustion chamber of the gas turbine combustion system. The sensor provides 360° detection of a flashback inside the fuel nozzle, by detecting the current conducted by the flame within a time frame that will prevent damage to the gas turbine combustion system caused by the flashback condition.

Abstract: In a flame ionization sensor type gas combustion control apparatus, the sensor tip, or probe, exposed to the flame is constructed and arranged according to materials and shapes which promote mechanical deformation of the sensor due to thermal expansion and contraction. The mechanical deformation will cause cracks to open in the contaminant layers surrounding the probe, enabling the sensor to perform as intended even though insulative contaminant build up is present.

Abstract: The present invention is a method by which the deterioration judgement and the correction of an electrochemical carbon monoxide gas sensor are simply carried out without using the correction gas. The method of the present invention is that: the voltage is applied from the outside so that the working electrode of the electrochemical carbon monoxide gas sensor is operated as the negative electrode, and the counter electrode is operated as the positive electrode, and hydrogen is generated from the working electrode, and oxygen is generated from the counter electrode; after that, the potential of the working electrode and the counter electrode is returned to the operation potential as the sensor; and by using the reaction on the hydrogen remained in the vicinity of the working electrode, the sensor current is generated, thereby, it is tested whether the sensor is normally operated.

Abstract: An ionization detector for detection of an analyte includes a source chamber having a source of ionizing particles and receiving a fluid stream of detector gas; an ionization chamber connected to the source chamber at an ionization chamber entrance therebetween so as to allow metastables and photons to be generated in the source chamber and to be transferred in the fluid stream to the ionization chamber; a signal electrode assembly located in the ionization chamber; and a signal measuring circuit for measuring ionized analyte molecules. The signal electrode assembly includes a spaced array of electrodes including a collector electrode, a first signal electrode, and a second signal electrode. The first signal electrode is situated immediately downstream from the ionization chamber entrance and substantially upstream of the collector electrode, so as to extend the detection zone to the vicinity of the ionization chamber entrance.

Abstract: A method for testing for leakage currents in an oxygen probe, in particular a planar lambda probe, having at least one heating element, one external electrode and one internal electrode, and a solid electrolyte arranged between the electrodes, a first voltage being applied to the heating element. A second voltage is applied to at least one of the electrodes, the second voltage being selected so that the potential difference between the electrode and at least one area of the heating element is positive.

Abstract: An trace analyzer apparatus and method useful in semiconductor processing for measuring trace impurities in gases and liquids comprising a gas chromatograph serving to replace a bulk gas in a composition of bulk gas including contaminants in a bulk gas stream with a carrier gas having a higher ionization potential than that of said contaminants, where such gas chromatograph is connected to a hollow electrode (14) for initiating ionization of said contaminants by electrical discharge, where such electrode is electrically isolated from a source housing (44) and adjacent to a skimmer plate (16) that ionizes trace contaminants that are measured using a mass spectrometer, is disclosed.

Abstract: A flame ionization detector having a pair of spaced electrodes to which a DC voltage is applied and a flame produced between the electrodes by burning a gas whose composition is to be determined, thereby ions are produced which form an ion current between the electrodes which is representative of the gas composition to be measured. The flame detector is formed by a base plate having a first channel for inlet of the gas whose composition to be measured, a second channel for inlet of a combustion gas, a third channel connected to the first and second channels for conveying a mixture of the gases to an outlet communicating with a nozzle outlet in a ceramic plate on the base plate which faces an opening in a metal plate spaced at a predetermined distance from the ceramic plate such that the flame burns in the opening in the metal plate. An electrically conductive metal layer is disposed on the ceramic plate around the nozzle outlet therein.

Abstract: The proposed method of carrying out diagnostics on a process for the thermo-chemical treatment of steels and alloys in a glow discharge involves monitoring the ionization characteristics of the atmosphere as revealed by the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation in various frequency intervals. The proposed device for carrying out the method in question comprises a primary converter (1) in the form of an electromagnetic radiation emitter unit and contains filtering elements (5) mounted in such a way that they can be positioned in the radiation zone in front of the receiver (6) on a rotating disk (4). The disk (4) is provided with a rotation drive (7) for positioning the elements (5).

Abstract: Electron capture detector for use with an effluent stream from a gas chromatograph includes an electron source means and an adjacent ionization chamber in which electron capture takes place. The active region of the ionization chamber is disposed to receive free electrons and a flow of purge gas. The detector has an inlet port for receiving a sample gas as well as an outlet port for exhausting the sample gas and the purge gas. A collector electrode in the detection chamber is biased so as to collect the free electrons in the absence of electrophilic substance. Electrophilic substances in the detector will reduce the flow of electrons to the collector and generate an ionic current. An insulative member in the form of a flow guide may be located at the portion of the anode so as to permit pulsing of free electrons to the anode but substantially block the ionic current, i.e., to discriminate between the free electrons and the ionic current.

Abstract: There is a method and disclosed apparatus for detecting for the presence within a gaseous atmosphere of a gas of a concentration above a preset level. The detecting apparatus comprises a sensor including a heater/anode element and a collector/cathode element disposed to define a space therebetween through which the gaseous atmosphere flows. An actuable power supply is coupled to the heater/anode element and to the collector/cathode element for applying power thereto, whereby ionization of the gas causes a current flow through the collector/cathode element of a magnitude proportional to the concentration level of the gas in the gaseous atmosphere. An actuable alarm means provides an indication of the presence of the gas above the preset level. Detecting apparatus control operates the detecting apparatus in a monitoring mode, wherein the power supply is actuated and the alarm deactuated to detect and compare the current flow with the preset level.

Abstract: A compact and low fuel consumption flame ionization detector includes a precisely pored metallic disk or a silicon micro-machined diffuser plate through which the sample gas tube extends a minimum distance (less than 2 mm). The oxidant flows into the detector in a direction parallel to a plane of the diffuser plate, passes into a small cavity under the diffuser, and then passes through a large number of very small holes formed in the diffuser plate before encountering the sample gas flow at the end of the gas tube. A narrow diameter collector is closely spaced to the end of the gas tube. The direction of feeding the air and the diffuser plate (which acts as a baffle) provide laminar flow and eliminate the flicker noise which would otherwise occur due to the air flow inlet being located very close to the gas tube end. The FID is vertically compact and operates at a high electric field strength, exceeding 90 V/mm.

Abstract: There is disclosed apparatus for monitoring the concentration levels of halogen gas in a gaseous atmosphere as confined in an enclosure over a relatively extended period of time. Such monitoring apparatus includes a sensor including first and second electrodes disposed to define a space therebetween through which the gaseous atmosphere flows and a voltage source for applying a voltage between the first and second electrodes whereby an ionization current flows to the first electrode. A control mechanism illustratively in the form of a programmed microcontroller monitors the ionization current collected by the first electrode as the output signal of the sensor, to determine an increase therein as would be indicative of a halogen leak. Upon determining an increase of the sensor output signal above a predetermined difference, the control mechanism removes the energization from the halogen sensor whereby the ionization current is terminated and the life of the sensor extended.

Abstract: A surface ionization detector for detecting organic molecules such as illicit drugs and non-organo-nitrate explosives includes a heated surface and a collector electrode. A sample containing trace amounts of the organic molecules in ambient air is directed over the heated surface maintained at a temperature in the range of 500.degree. C. to 800.degree. C., thereby causing the molecules to decompose into fragments. A polarization voltage between 18 V and 24 V is applied to ionize the fragments which are then collected by the collector electrode. An electrometer connected to the collector electrode measures the current and a change in the current indicates the presence of ionized fragments, and thereby indicates the presence of the organic molecules. The temperature of the heated surface and the polarization voltage are optimized for detection of particular organic molecules.

Abstract: Detection of leakages of refrigerant from compressor-evaporator-condenser circuits is carried out with an electron multiplier equipped mass spectrometer of which the evacuated detector chamber is maintained at substantially constant elevated temperature in the range about 60 to about 130.degree. C. This allows high gain settings to be employed allowing detection of very small leakage rates by direct sampling from the ambient atmosphere while distinguishing from chemically analogous halogenated hydrocarbons used as blowing agents for foamed insulation and present in substantial concentrations in the ambient atmosphere.

Abstract: There is disclosed apparatus for monitoring the concentration levels of halogen gas in a gaseous atmosphere as confined in an enclosure over a relatively extended period of time. Such monitoring apparatus includes a sensor including first and second electrodes disposed to define a space therebetween through which the gaseous atmosphere flows and a voltage source for applying a voltage between the first and second electrodes whereby an ionization current flows to the first electrode. A control mechanism illustratively in the form of a programmed microcontroller monitors the ionization current collected by the first electrode as the output signal of the sensor, to determine an increase therein as would be indicative of a halogen leak. Upon determining an increase of the sensor output signal above a predetermined difference, the control mechanism removes the energization from the halogen sensor whereby the ionization current is terminated and the life of the sensor extended.

Abstract: A system for mounting various pieces of equipment at selected locations along the length of a support member. A clamping unit, releasably mounted on the support member for adjustable positioning of the clamping unit, is fixed in place by the action of locking means which draw a protrusion on a clamping piece into intimate contact with opposed contact surfaces in a groove running along the length of the support member. The opposed contact surfaces of the groove form an acute angle transverse to the length of the support member. With the support member formed as an open channel, cables from the equipment being mounted can be positioned within the channel and clips snap-fitted into the opening in the channel close off the opening in the channel at selected locations and form smaller openings through which the cables pass.

Abstract: A method for analyzing fluid by a multi-fluid modulation mode is characterized by subjecting a plurality of sample fluids (which may be different or a single sample fluid divided into a plurality of systems) to a fluid modulation by reference fluids at various frequencies, respectively. An analytical portion provided with only one sensor is simultaneously and continuously supplied with the respective sample fluids. An output signal from the sensor in the analytical portion is divided into signal components of the respective modulation frequencies for the respective sample fluids to rectify and level, whereby obtaining analyzed values about the respective sample fluids is achieved.