Abstract: A display device includes a substrate, first electrodes, second electrodes, and a driver. The first electrodes are disposed in a matrix (row-column configuration) in a display region of the substrate. The second electrodes are disposed in a peripheral region on the outside of the display region of the substrate. The driver supplies a drive signal to the first electrodes and the second electrodes. The first electrodes output detection signals corresponding to self-capacitance changes in the first electrodes. The second electrodes output detection signals corresponding to self-capacitance changes in the second electrodes.

Abstract: The present invention provides a touch display module and a touch display device; by integrating an electromagnetic touch electrode in the touch display module and placing the electromagnetic touch electrode and a capacitive touch electrode in different layers, the touch display module is compatible with capacitive touch and electromagnetic touch, and at a same time, the electromagnetic touch and capacitive touch may not interfere with each other, and compared with back mounted electromagnetic induction modules in the prior art, a thickness of the touch display module can be reduced, and power consumption and manufacturing cost will not be increased.

Abstract: A sensor device for detecting at least one physical variable, comprising a housing, at least one sensor element arranged in the housing, at least one circuit board arranged in the housing and comprising a circuit arrangement, and at least one input device arranged on the housing for carrying out input operations which are processed in the circuit arrangement to influence the sensor properties, is characterised in that the input device, to realise a touch-sensitive effect, comprises an actuation area, which is arranged on a housing wall and is permeable to electric fields, and a capacitive area, which is arranged on the circuit board or is formed as part of the circuit board, and in that the circuit board is arranged in the housing such that the capacitive area lies directly below the actuation area.

Abstract: A fingerprint sensor includes a sensor pixel arranged in a sensing area, including a pixel electrode coupled to a first node; a first transistor coupled between the first node and a first or second power line, the first transistor including a first gate electrode coupled to a first scan line and a second gate electrode opposite to the first gate electrode; a first capacitor coupled between the first node and a second scan line; a second transistor coupled between a readout line and the first power line, the second transistor including a first gate electrode coupled to the first node and a second gate electrode opposite to the first gate electrode; and a third transistor coupled between the second transistor and the first power line, the third transistor including a first gate electrode coupled to the second scan line and a second gate electrode opposite to the first gate electrode.

Abstract: Provided is an electronic device including a display panel including an active region, and a peripheral region at one side of the active region, and an input sensor including a sensing region above the active region, a sensing peripheral region above the peripheral region, and a line region above the active region and between the sensing region and the sensing peripheral region, wherein the input sensor includes sensing electrodes arranged in the sensing region, main lines arranged in the line region, and connected to the sensing electrodes, and reflection patterns arranged in the line region between the main lines.

Abstract: The electrostatic capacitance detecting device includes a first substrate; a detection electrode provided on a front-side surface of the first substrate to detect a proximity of an operating body to an operating face; a stray capacitance coupling conductor provided in a direction with respect to the first substrate, the direction being opposite to a direction of the detection electrode with respect to the first substrate; a first peripheral electrode provided on the front-side surface of the first substrate to surround the detection electrode; and a plurality of lateral electrodes provided side by side to surround the detection electrode, the plurality of lateral electrodes extending along a thickness direction of the first substrate and connected to each of the first peripheral electrode and the stray capacitance coupling conductor.

Abstract: A touch-based control device is operable to detect touch input over an entirety of the control device's exterior, including at regions of an exterior panel that (i) overlay portions of a circuit board where no touch sensors exist, and/or (ii) extend beyond a perimeter of a touch region or circuit board on which touch sensors are provided.

Abstract: A touch display panel has a first region and a second region. The touch display panel includes a first touch unit located in the first region, and a plurality of second touch units located in the second region, wherein the plurality of second touch units is arranged in a matrix in a first direction and a second direction, the first direction intersecting the second direction. An area of an orthographic projection of the first touch unit on a plane of the touch display panel is smaller than an area of an orthographic projection of one second touch unit of the plurality of second touch units on the plane of the touch display panel. An absolute value of a difference between an impedance of the first touch unit and an impedance of the one second touch unit is smaller than a first preset threshold.

Abstract: A display panel and a display device are provided. The display panel includes an array substrate, an opposite substrate, and a liquid crystal layer between the array substrate and the opposite substrate. The array substrate is located above the opposite substrate near a light emerging side of the display panel. A photosensitive device is disposed inside the assay substrate, and a path for the photosensitive device to receive ambient light avoids a color resist layer in the display panel. The photosensitive device is not affected by the color resist layer when receiving infrared light from the outside, which can eliminate red spots on a display screen.

Abstract: An Arrangement (10) for a capacitive sensor device (20) of a vehicle (1), in particular for control and/or evaluation at the capacitive sensor device (20) for detecting an activating action at the vehicle (1), with at least one sensor electrode (20.1) for sensing a change in a vicinity of the vehicle (1), and with a transmission arrangement (30) for providing an output signal (A) by a frequency-dependent change of an electrical input signal (E) of the transmission arrangement (30), and with an output (30.2) of the transmission arrangement (30), which is electrically connected to the sensor electrode (20.1) in order to operate the sensor electrode (20.1) with the output signal (A), wherein the transmission arrangement (30) includes at least one filter component (30.4, 30.5) to perform the frequency-dependent change.

Abstract: The present disclosure is related to a touch technology field and provides a backlight module and a touch display device using the backlight module. The backlight module includes a substrate, plural driving electrode lines, plural receiving electrode lines, and plural light sources. The driving electrode lines are disposed on the substrate. The receiving electrode lines are disposed on the substrate, in which the receiving electrode lines and the driving electrode lines define plural light source regions on the substrate. The lights sources are disposed in the light source regions, in which each of the light source regions includes at least one of the light sources. The touch display device includes the backlight module and a display panel. The backlight module is configured to provide backlight light. The display panel is disposed on the backlight module to use the backlight light to display images.

Abstract: An input device includes at least one electrode including multiple detection terminals. The detection terminals are connected to an image data calculation unit. The image data calculation unit detects detection values that vary in accordance with an amount of electric charge detected through the detection terminals. Based on coefficient information values, the image data calculation unit calculates image data values each corresponding to capacitance of each of multiple sections. The coefficient information corresponds to different combinations of one of the multiple sections and one of the multiple detection terminals. The coefficient information represents a ratio of electric charge detected by the one of the detection terminals to an amount of electric charge charged in one of the sections.

Abstract: There are provided systems and methods for a physical card having one or more location detection modules for location-specific card reading. A physical payment card may include one or more components to limit card reading of card data stored to the card using a location detection chip. The location detection chip may receive power from a source when inserted to a card reader, and may then determine a location of the card, such as a coordinate location of the card or nearby detected device. The location detection chip may determine if this location or device matches authorized locations stored in a memory of the card. If it does, power may be provided to a card chip of the card. The card chip of the card reads card data from a memory of the card and may then output the card data to the card reader.

Abstract: Display panel and display apparatus are provided. The display panel includes a display layer and a touch control layer. The display layer includes pixel units each including a number of sub-pixels arranged as a matrix. The touch control layer includes a bridge layer, a touch control metal layer, and an insulation layer there-between. The touch control metal layer includes metal mesh units, corresponding to the pixel units. In the touch control metal layer, adjacent metal mesh units are not connected. The touch control layer also includes at least one first touch control electrode, each including multiple metal mesh units. Adjacent two metal mesh units of the multiple metal mesh units are electrically connected through a connection lead. The connection lead is disposed on the bridge layer and electrically connected to each of the adjacent two metal mesh units through a corresponding via hole in the insulation layer.

Abstract: Touch display panel, operating method, and a touch display device are provided. The touch display panel includes a base substrate, a plurality of electrode blocks arranged in an array on the base substrate, a first driving unit including a plurality of first pins, a plurality of switch transistors, and a second driving unit including at least a plurality of first sub-pins and a plurality of second sub-pins. Each electrode block is electrically connected to the first driving unit through at least one touch signal line; a drain of at least one first switch transistor is electrically connected to the same first sub-pin through a same first lead; and a drain of at least one second switch transistor is electrically connected to the same second sub-pin through a same second lead.

Abstract: A water sensor for detecting water in gas oil filters having a first and a second electrode a first and a second earth connection for earthing the first electrode and the second electrode; a first switch arranged in the first earth connection; a second switch arranged in the second earth connection; a first and a second current connection for injecting a first current into the first electrode and a second current into the second electrode; and a current-generating circuit connected to the first electrode and to the second electrode through the first current connection and the second current connection respectively, and designed to inject the first current into the first electrode and the second current into the second electrode, the first current and the second current being the same.

Abstract: A touch panel where touch/fingerprint recognition electrodes, including sub-pixels, pixels or pixel arrays in a row, share one sensing line is disclosed. The self capacitive touch panel comprises (m×n) sub-pixels, m and n being positive integer, respectively, and a driver configured to drive the sub-pixels. Here, touch/fingerprint recognition electrodes of sub-pixels in a row share one sensing line. Touch point detection and fingerprint recognition may be selectively driven through the touch panel and a readout method.

Abstract: A mutual capacitive touch panel includes a first electrode layer and a second electrode layer. The first electrode layer includes a plurality of first electrode series and a plurality of second electrode series. The second electrode layer includes a plurality of electrode strips, and each electrode strip crosses the first electrode series and the second electrode series. Each first electrode series includes a plurality of first electrodes and a plurality of second electrodes electrically connected with each other, and each first electrode and a corresponding one of the second electrodes are disposed abreast and form an electrode set. Each second electrode series includes a plurality of third electrodes electrically connected with each other, and each electrode set and each third electrode are arranged alternately along a direction.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a touch screen configured to display screen information and receive a touch input; a touch sensing module including a first sensing layer having a plurality of first electrode lines and a second sensing layer having a plurality of second electrode lines extending in a direction intersecting the first electrode lines; a plurality of first and second switches configured to selectively connect the plurality of first and second electrode lines to a circuit board; and a controller configured to in response to the received touch input having a touch pressure below a predetermined pressure, control the first switches to connect respective first electrode lines corresponding to a touch area of the touch input, and execute a first function corresponding the received touch input, in response to the received touch input having the touch pressure equal to or above the predetermined pressure, control the second switches to connect respective first and second electrode lines corresponding to t

Abstract: The in-cell touch display panel has a display area and a non-display area. Multiple pixel structures are disposed in the display area. Transparent conductive layers, metal layers, and first to fourth insulation layers are disposed in the pixel structures. The thickness of the third insulation layer is greater than or equal to that of the second insulation layer. The thickness of the third insulation layer is 1.2 or more times of that of the fourth insulation layer. The thickness of the third insulation layer is greater than or equal to 5000 ?. The sum of the thickness of the third insulation layer and the thickness of the fourth insulation layer is greater than or equal to 7000 ?.

Abstract: Example embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a touch display device.

Abstract: Disclosed are segmented sensors and related systems, methods, and devices. In one embodiment, a capacitive sensor includes a first gird of sensor lines, a second grid of sensor lines, and an isolating region defined between the first grid of sensor lines and the second grid of sensor lines. Also disclosed are touch controllers configured for operable coupling to, and detecting touches at, a segmented sensor, and related systems, methods, and devices. In one embodiment, connectors of a touch controllers are configured for operable coupling to sensing lines from different segments of a segmented sensor and touch controllers are configured to detect touches at the different segments.

Abstract: A motor vehicle operating unit for a motor vehicle, having a haptic feedback device and an operating surface rotatable about an axis of rotation, the axis of rotation being substantially parallel to a plane spanned by the operating surface in the initial position of the motor vehicle operating unit, the haptic feedback device being arranged so as to control the operating surface such that the operating surface rotates about the axis of rotation. A method of confirming a switching command by means of a motor vehicle operating unit is furthermore described.

Abstract: An analog to digital converter (ADC) device includes ADC circuitries, a calibration circuitry, and a skew adjustment circuitry. The ADC circuitries are configured to convert an input signal according to interleaved clock signals, in order to generate first quantization outputs. The calibration circuitry is configured to perform at least one calibration operation according to the first quantization outputs, in order to generate second quantization outputs. The skew adjustment circuitry is configured to determine maximum value signals, to which the second quantization outputs respectively correspond during a predetermined interval, and to average the maximum value signals to generate a reference signal, and to compare the reference signal with each of the maximum value signals to generate adjustment signals, in order to reduce a clock skew of the ADC circuitries.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for determining existence of a foreign material on a surface of a fingerprint sensor of a terminal are provided. The method includes the following. A current capacitance value of the fingerprint sensor of the terminal is obtained. A first difference between the current capacitance value and a preset capacitance reference value is calculated. Determine that the foreign material is present on the surface of the fingerprint sensor when the first difference is within a preset foreign-material threshold range. The preset capacitance reference value is a capacitance value tested with no foreign material on the surface of the fingerprint sensor before leaving the factory and is stored in a system in advance. The preset foreign-material threshold range is set in advance according to experimental data of capacitance-change tests performed on the fingerprint sensor when different conductive foreign materials are on the surface of the fingerprint sensor.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and processing nodes for activating beamforming based on monitoring uplink conditions of one or more wireless devices attached to a serving access node, wherein the one or more wireless devices are assigned to a high power class and, upon determining uplink conditions meeting a threshold, activating a beamforming transmission mode of the serving access node. The uplink conditions meeting the threshold trigger at least one of the one or more wireless devices to transmit using a high powered transmission mode.

Abstract: Touch sensor panel configurations and methods for improving touch sensitivity of some or all of the electrodes or portions of the touch sensor panel are disclosed. The touch sensor panel configurations can allow increased speed at which the panel can operate. In some examples, the performance of a given touch electrode can differ from the performance of another touch electrode due to differences in capacitance and/or resistance. The performance of the touch sensor panel can be limited by the touch electrode with the lowest performance relative to the other touch electrodes. The configurations and methods can increase the performance of the touch sensor panel by minimizing the capacitive coupling and/or resistance of touch electrodes. Examples of the disclosure can provide configurations of touch sensor panels and methods for improving optical uniformity of the panel.

Abstract: A touch screen panel includes a plurality of sensing electrodes arranged in a touch active area, a charge pump circuit for generating an output voltage based on an input voltage and at least one clock signal, a clock signal generator for generating the clock signal, and a touch driver for generating touch driving signals by using the output voltage and applying the touch driving signals to the sensing electrodes. In the touch screen panel, the clock signal and the touch driving signals are synchronized with each other.

Abstract: Disclosed are a preparation method for a touch panel, a touch panel, and a display device. The preparation method for a touch panel comprises: step S10, forming a pattern comprising a first electrode chain and an insulating layer on a substrate, by using a patterning process for once, wherein the insulating layer is formed on the first electrode chain and the insulating layer covers the first electrode chain; and step S11, forming a pattern comprising a second electrode chain on the substrate on which the step S10 is finished, by using a patterning process for once, wherein the second electrode chain and the first electrode chain are spatially crossed and are insulated from each other.

Abstract: A membrane switch device includes first and second membrane layers, a spacing layer between the membrane layers, and a flexible printed circuit board. The first membrane layer includes a first surface and first conductive wires on the first surface and extending to a first wire area to form first contact pads. The second membrane layer includes a second surface and second conductive wires on the second surface and extending to a second wire area to form second contact pads. A wire-connecting end of the flexible printed circuit board is between the first membrane layer and the second membrane layer. A first protection layer of the flexible printed circuit board and the first contact pads are not overlapped with each other, and a second protection layer of the flexible printed circuit board and the second contact pads are not overlapped with each other.

Abstract: A compensation method for an induced amount in a touch sensor and a touch panel thereof are provided. The compensation method uses a fake finger circuit to simulate the situations when a user touches the sensing nodes of the touch sensor with a finger, and obtains the gain coefficient of each of the sensing nodes, which are used to compensate for the induced capacitance generated by the sensing nodes as a result of being touched by an external object. In this way, the extra effects caused by the difference in basic capacitance can be eliminated by the gain coefficient.

Abstract: The display device includes a detection circuit, a touch detection region including a plurality of detection electrodes, a peripheral region around the touch detection region, a plurality of wirings passing the peripheral region from the detection electrodes so as to be connected to the detection circuit, and at least one auxiliary wiring extending parallel to the wirings so as to be connected to the detection circuit.

Abstract: One illustrative system disclosed herein includes a processor configured to determine a haptic effect and transmit a haptic signal associated with the haptic effect. The illustrative system also includes a multifunction haptic output device configured to receive the haptic signal and output the haptic effect. The multifunction haptic output device includes a single haptic actuator.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for sensing a conductive object by a mutual capacitance sensing array is described according to an embodiment of the present invention. The mutual capacitance sensing array comprises one or more sensor elements. Each sensor element comprises an outer frame including a conductive material. A cavity is formed within the interior of the outer frame.

Abstract: A mobile terminal including a touch panel including a plurality of touch panel electrodes; a stylus pen configured to perform transmission and reception of an electric signal with the touch panel using capacitive coupling and without using a separate power supply to the stylus pen; and a controller configured to, when the electric signal is received from the stylus pen through the capacitive coupling, detect a location of the stylus pen with respect to the touch panel based on signal magnitudes of at least two touch panel electrodes from which the electrical signal is detected.

Abstract: A flexible conductive diaphragm comprises at least one conductive film, and the conductive film comprises a flexible support layer (1), a flexible sensitive layer (2) overlapped on the flexible support layer (1), a flexible conductive layer (3) overlapped on the flexible sensitive layer (2), and an electrode (4) electrically connected with the flexible conductive layer (3). A method for preparing the flexible conductive diaphragm and a flexible vibration sensor based on the flexible conductive diaphragm are provided. With the combination of the techniques such as the flexible material, the nano-material and the arrayed micro-structure, the flexible vibration sensor has the characteristics of high sensitivity, low preparation cost, light weight, small thickness, small size, and being foldable and flexible, and can be applied in wearable or adherable electronic devices.

Abstract: A display includes a touch sensor panel, a panel controller, a case, and a signal generation circuit. The touch sensor panel includes a touch sensor. The panel controller measures a capacitance of the touch sensor. The case accommodates the display, in which at least the touch sensor panel and the panel controller are disposed. The signal generation circuit is capable of applying an AC signal to a ground of the panel controller. The case is electrically connected to the ground of the panel controller. When the signal generation circuit applies the AD signal to the ground, the panel controller measures the capacitance of the touch sensor.

Abstract: A processing system for an input device, including: sensor circuitry configured to receive resulting signals from a plurality of force sensors of the input device; and processing circuitry configured to: determine a first position of a first input object and a second position of a second input object on a surface of the input device; determine a plurality of force values based on the resulting signals; calculate a first aggregate force metric for a first region of the input region based on a first subset of the plurality of force values; determine that the first region has an input force based on a first comparison involving the first aggregate force metric; calculate a first distance between the first position and a first region and a second distance between the second position and the first region; and determine that the first input object is applying the input force in response to the first distance being smaller than the second distance.

Abstract: A display panel and a display device are disclosed. The display includes a first substrate and a second substrate disposed opposite to the first substrate. The first substrate includes a plurality of touch electrodes arranged in an array. The second substrate includes a plurality of auxiliary touch electrodes, and a projection of each of the plurality of auxiliary touch electrodes partly overlaps with projections of two adjacent touch electrodes of the plurality of touch electrodes in a direction perpendicular to the second substrate. In the touch operation, a coupling capacitor is formed between the touch medium and the auxiliary touch electrode, another coupling capacitor is formed between the auxiliary touch electrode and the touch electrode, so that more touch electrodes are involved in each touch operation, thus reducing the difficulty of determining the touch position and the precision requirement for the touch operation.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a touch display substrate and manufacturing method thereof. The method includes forming a touch signal line on a base substrate through patterning process; depositing a photoresist layer, and forming a first thickness photoresist layer, a second thickness photoresist layer and a photoresist layer opening area through patterning process, the touch signal line being located in the photoresist layer opening area; depositing a first insulating layer on the photoresist layer, the first insulating layer comprising a first area and a second area, wherein the first area is located on the first thickness photoresist layer, the second area is located on the second thickness photoresist layer and the photoresist layer opening area, the first area and the second area of the first insulating layer are disconnected; removing the photoresist layer and the first insulating layer located on the photoresist layer; and depositing a second insulating layer.

Abstract: A method for determining a stimulus is provided. The method includes determining a touch condition based on the rate of change of electrode capacitance, measuring a characteristic of the electrode capacitance in response to the touch condition being met, and evaluating the measured characteristic to determine the touch stimulus. The method can improve the ability to determine a touch stimulus over existing methods, including the ability to determine fingerprint and handprint biometrics, for example.

Abstract: A capacitive switch includes a drive circuit, a detection circuit, a reference circuit and an identification unit. The drive circuit outputs a drive signal and a switching signal, wherein the drive signal is outputted to a first node and a second node. The detection circuit is sequentially coupled to the first node and the second node according to the switching signal and generates a first detection signal according to the drive signal. The reference circuit is sequentially coupled to the second node and the first node according to the switching signal and generates a second detection signal according to the drive signal. The identification unit includes a first input terminal and a second input terminal respectively coupled to the first node and the second node, and identifies a phase shift between inputted detection signals received by the first input terminal and the second input terminal.

Abstract: Disclosed is a power supply provides electric power—with appropriate voltage and amperage for the planned use—to supports—that can be shielded electrical materials—wherefrom flexible, charged conductors exit. These may be disposed exiting from lower supports in the ground, or from the supports of one or both sides of lateral and/or upper structures delimiting the entry/exit locations of the restricted access area and having dimensions and shapes most suitable to the specific use intended. This system renders it possible to prevent pedestrian and/or vehicles in general without a cabin from accessing the area, with access allowed to vehicles with a cabin, including convertible vehicles with a closed hood, although simultaneously or immediately before or after the passage of authorized vehicle(s), preventing intrusions, invasions, assaults etc. to the restricted access area.

Abstract: A portable electric fence kit for the erection of a temporary electric fence comprising: a primary fence section which is portable and non-electrified having two or more poles, a secondary fence section having two or more insulated poles secured to the poles of the primary fence section and having the ability to be electrified using a plurality of wires spanning the distance between the insulated poles, a plurality of wires spanning the distance between the insulated poles, system controls operationally associated with the fence sections, a power source operationally associated with the fence sections and the system controls, the power source providing electricity to the secondary fence sections and a coupling means which allows for one section of the fence kit and its wires to be coupled to another section of the fence kit and its wires.

Abstract: A capacitor sense system includes a pad for coupling to an external capacitor. A current digital to analog converter (DAC) supplies current to charge the external capacitor. A reference capacitor is charged by a current source. A first comparator compares a voltage across the external capacitor sensed at the pad to a reference voltage and generates a first comparison. A second comparator compares a voltage across a reference capacitor to the reference voltage and generates a second comparison. The stored first and second comparisons are used to control the current DAC. First and second AC coupling capacitors are coupled respectively between the pad and the first comparator and between the reference capacitor and the second comparator. Sensing at the pad allows more accuracy and the AC coupling capacitors provide better matching and allow for different DC biases to be set for the external capacitor and the first comparator.

Abstract: Disclosed is a touch window. The touch window includes a cover substrate; a substrate on the cover substrate; and an electrode on the substrate, wherein the substrate includes one surface facing the cover substrate and an opposite surface opposite to the one surface, the electrode is disposed on the opposite surface, and the cover substrate and the substrate have flexible curved surfaces.

Abstract: Electrodes of a sensor unit are fewer than segments; and, are arranged so that at least one electrode has an overlapping portion in each segment. An element data configuration part repeats processing of correcting a number m of provisional element data on the basis of predetermined information determined in accordance with an electrode pattern and a segment pattern on an operation surface so that a number n of provisional detection data calculated from the number m of provisional element data on the basis of the predetermined information approach a number n of detection data output from a capacitance detection part.

Abstract: According to one aspect, the invention relates to a proximity detector (10) of a motor vehicle device (Eq), the proximity detector (10) comprising:—a detection antenna (1) generating a detection signal when a user (U) is in the proximity of said device (Eq);—a printed circuit (2) processing the detection signal in order to command an action of said device (Eq);—and a conducting rod (3) for electrical connection of the detection antenna (1) to the printed circuit (2).

Abstract: A level shifting circuit can be used to adjust the level of the input signal to a desired output level while maintaining the duty cycle of the input signal. The level shifting circuit can include a capacitor to AC couple the input signal to an inverter that is self-biased at the threshold voltage for the inverter. The AC coupling of the input signal permits the input signal to “ride on” the threshold voltage and transition the inverter between states depending on the value of the input signal. The inverter can be biased at the threshold voltage by connecting the output of the inverter in feedback with the input of the inverter using one or more resistors.

Abstract: A flexible touch screen panel includes a thin film substrate including a first section and a second section and first sensing electrodes disposed in the first section and the second section, the first sensing electrodes being connected to one another along a first direction. The first sensing electrodes include a first stack structure in the first section and a second stack structure in the second section, the second stack structure being different from the first stack structure.