Abstract: A battery cell monitoring system and method of operating the battery cell monitoring system are provided. The system includes a sense line. A plurality of cell sense units each include a tank circuit having a center frequency and are electrically connected to the sense line. A cell sense reader unit electrically couples to the sense line and includes a variable frequency radio frequency generator for outputting a radio frequency signal having a signal frequency that is variable to the plurality of cell sense units. The cell sense reader unit measures an impedance of the sense line as the signal frequency varies and determines the center frequency of each of the cell sense units. The cell sense reader unit is also configured to determine a cell voltage of each battery cell electrically connected to one of the plurality of cell sense units based on the center frequency determined.

Abstract: An amplifier for modulating the amplitude of an RF signal, the amplifier including: a plurality of amplifier circuits, each circuit being connected to a first power source, each circuit including a charge storage device and an output across which a potential difference supplied by the first power source can be applied; a switching arrangement for switching connections between the first power source, the charge storage device, and the output in each amplifier circuit, wherein each circuit includes a first switched configuration in which the charge storage device is charged by the first power source and a second switched configuration in which the charge storage device, once charged, will apply an additional potential difference across the output. The amplifier is configured to vary the amplitude of the RF signal in proportion to the sum of the potential differences applied across the output in each amplifier circuit.

Abstract: A power divider may coherently divide an RF or microwave input signal into multiple instances of that signal. The power divider may include: an input port that receives the input signal; multiple output ports; and passive signal splitting circuitry that causes a different instance of the input signal to be delivered to each of the output ports all substantially in phase with one another and with substantially equal amplitude, but isolates any signal that is reflected back to one of the output ports from a device to which the output port is connected from any of the other output ports.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a synthesizer for a transmitter includes a transformer, a plurality of core support units and a fixing member. The plurality of core support units includes a support plate, fixing unit and an insertion. The support plate supports a toroidal core around which the primary winding is wound. The fixing unit fixes the toroidal core to the support plate. The insertion portion is formed inside or around the toroidal core and into which the secondary winding is inserted. The fixing member includes a plurality of receiving portions to and from which the plurality of core support units are attached and detached. The plurality of receiving portions are formed along a direction in which the plurality of core support units are stacked.

Abstract: An amplifier receives an amplitude signal of a polar modulated signal at a base terminal of a transistor and receives a phase modulated carrier signal of the polar modulated signal at the base terminal of the transistor. The amplifier combines the amplitude signal and the phase modulated signal to produce a full complex waveform at a collector terminal of the transistor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polar signal generator and method of deriving phase and amplitude components from in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) components of an input signal, wherein the I and Q components are generated at a first sampling frequency based on the input signal, and are then up-sampled in accordance with a predetermined first interpolation factor (N), to generate up-sampled I and Q components at a second sampling frequency higher than the first sampling frequency. The up-sampled I and Q components are converted into the phase and amplitude components, wherein the converting step is operated at the second sampling frequency. Moreover, the phase and amplitude components can be further up-sampled, optionally by different sampling frequencies, to a third and a fourth sampling frequency. Thereby, I-Q generation and cartesian-to-polar transformation can be performed at lower frequencies, which reduces power consumption.

Abstract: An amplitude modulator comprises: a signal processing section for receiving a source signal for wide bandwidth use, splitting the source signal into two source signals for lower frequency use and for higher frequency use, respectively, signal processing the two source signals individually, and outputting a lower-frequency-use source signal and a higher-frequency-use source signal; a first modulation section for modulating the lower-frequency-use source signal and outputting a lower-frequency-use modulation signal; a second modulation section for modulating the higher-frequency-use source signal and outputting a higher-frequency-use modulation signal; a synthesis output section for inputting the lower-frequency-use modulation signal to a first input terminal, the input thereof causing extraction of only a lower-frequency component, for inputting the higher-frequency-use modulation signal to a second input terminal, the input thereof causing extraction of only a higher-frequency component, for synthesizing t

Abstract: Modulators for amplitude-modulating signals defined by phase information and envelope codes are provided with first transistors for receiving the phase information and second transistors for receiving the envelope codes. The first main electrode of one transistor is coupled to the second main electrode of the other transistor and the other second main electrode constitutes an output of the modulator. This modulator can be used in any kind of transistor environment and is simple and low cost. The doped areas of the coupled first and second main electrodes comprise an overlap to reduce cross-talk and to reduce silicon area. Polar transmitters are provided with this modulator and with a circuit for generating a phase/frequency code and the envelope code and with an oscillator for receiving the phase/frequency code and for generating the phase information. A phase shift between the phase information and the envelope code reduce aliases.

Abstract: A circuit for providing AM/PM modulation is described. The circuit provides two drive signals which are later combined in a constructive/destructive fashion. The circuit provides AM modulation with a drive signal having a consistent power level modulated to have varying pulse widths in order to provide variable power within each cycle.

Abstract: A digital amplitude modulator. The digital amplitude modulator is configured to modulate the amplitude of an input carrier signal based on input digital data and generate a corresponding output signal. The digital amplitude modulator includes a first variable gain amplifier for receiving the input carrier signal and generating a corresponding first amplified carrier signal, a second variable gain amplifier for receiving the input digital data and generating corresponding digital amplitude control data and a plurality of selectively activatable amplifier stages. Each amplifier stage receives a replica of the first amplified carrier signal and generates a corresponding second amplified carrier signal when activated. The output signal corresponds to a combination of the second amplified carrier signals generated by the activated amplifier stages.

Abstract: A multi-chip stack structure and a signal transmission method are disclosed in specification and drawing, where the multi-chip stack structure includes first and second chips. The first chip includes a first inductance coil with a first series capacitor, and the second chip includes a second inductance coil with a second series capacitor. The first and second inductance coils are magnetically coupled to each other. The magnetically coupled inductance coils and the capacitors constitute a coupling filter.

Abstract: A communication apparatus has a local oscillator which performs phase modulation based on a phase component of a baseband signal and outputs a phase modulated signal, a controlling circuit which is supplied with an integer portion included in an amplitude component of the baseband signal and generates and outputs a controlling signal based on a size of the integer portion, a subtractor which is supplied with the integer portion and the controlling signal, subtracts a value of the controlling signal from the integer portion, and outputs a result, a MASH (Multi-stAge-noise-Shaping) circuit which is a second-order delta-sigma modulation means supplied with a fractional portion of the amplitude component, an order of the MASH circuit being switchable between a first order and a second order based on the controlling signal, and an amplifier which sets a voltage value based on an output of the MASH circuit and an output of the subtractor, multiplies the voltage value and the phase modulated signal, and outputs a re

Abstract: This disclosure relates to systems and methods for polar modulation without analog filters. Digitals filters, a second order hold interpolator and a reconfigurable third order noise shaper can be used instead of the analog filters used in conventional polar modulators. The polar modulator receives either receives the input in polar coordinates or converts the signal into polar phase and amplitude components. The phase and amplitude components are processed separately using digital signal processing components including digital filters, PLL, interpolator and noise shaper. The processed phase and amplitude components are then mixed to generate the modulated signal.

Abstract: A circuit includes a first semiconductor device and a second semiconductor device. The first semiconductor device has a first source region, a first gate region, and a first drain region. The first gate region and the first drain region are separated by a first distance. The second semiconductor device has a second source region, a second gate region, and a second drain region. The second gate region and the second drain region separated by a second distance. The first distance is greater than the second distance.

Abstract: A low-power multi-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) driver, and a semiconductor device having the same, in which the multi (M)-level PAM driver includes a load unit, first and second current sources, a pair of first input transistors, a pair of second input transistors, and a current source controller, where M is an integer greater than 3. The load unit is electrically connected to an output terminal, and the first and second current sources respectively supply a first amount of current and a second amount of current to the load unit. The pair of first input transistors electrically connects the first current source and the load unit in response to a first bit signal, and the pair of the second input transistors electrically connects the second current source and the load unit in response to a second bit signal. The current source controller activates or deactivates one of the first and second current sources in response to the first and second bit signals.

Abstract: A power amplifier comprises a level-discretization modulator (210) and a mixing and amplifying stage (225), in combination with a properly designed negative feedback path. The feedback path forms an error compensation loop together with a properly selected forward path. The forward path includes at least the mixing and amplifying stage (225), which provides frequency up-conversion to the radio frequency band and switch-based amplification. The negative feedback path includes a down-conversion mixer (280) for down-conversion to the initial frequency band, and compensates for distortion caused by components of the forward path.

Abstract: A phase modulation circuit for outputting a modulated signal of an input signal which has been modulated to a desired phase. The circuit includes a light emitting element for emitting light according to an input signal and outputting a modulated signal, a bias current source for supplying in advance to a light emitting element a bias current smaller than the light emitting threshold current of the light emitting element, a bias current control unit for controlling the bias current according to a desired phase for supplying to the light emitting element a modulation current for causing the light emitting element to emit light according to the input signal, and a modulation current control unit for controlling the modulation current according to the phase shift resolution in the phase modulation circuit. The modulation current control unit controls modulation current further according to the phase range in the phase modulation circuit.

Abstract: Polar modulators include a phase splitter, a controller, variable current sources, transistor circuits, and a combiner. The phase splitter splits a RF carrier signal into quadrature component signals that are 90 degrees out of phase with each other. The controller generates modulation control signals based on information that is to be transmitted. The variable current sources each generate a variable amplitude current signal based on a different one of the modulation control signals. Each of the transistor circuits amplify a different one of the quadrature component signals with a variable amplification based on the variable amplitude current signal from a different one of the variable current sources to generate an amplitude adjusted quadrature component signal. The combiner combines the amplitude adjusted quadrature component signals from each of the transistor circuits to generate a phase-modulated RF carrier output signal.

Abstract: An ASK modulator including a switching diode connected in series to a carrier signal transmitting path, a first resistor connected between one end of the switching diode and a digital signal input end and a second resistor connected between one end of the switching diode and the reference voltage point. The digital signal to be applied to the digital signal input end is divided by the first and second resistors and the switching diode is turned ON and OFF to generate the ASK modulated signal with the logical level of the divided digital signal. In this case, the switching level of the switching diode rises substantially to prevent that the switching diode turns ON by the ringing phenomenon.

Abstract: In a single-chip multistandard video modulator arrangement in which audio signals for transmission with video signals are first modulated onto a subcarrier and then combined with the video signals for modulation onto a VHF or UHF main carrier, the modulated subcarrier signals are passed through a high-pass filter before being combined with the video signals in order to reduce the amplitude of any audio frequency components, and the resulting variations in main carrier amplitude, which tend to produce "sound in vision" effects.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a power supply modulator for a radio transmitter having apportioned input impedance and buffered switching of power modules. A series arrangement of power supply modules, conventionally disposed in a diode cascade, includes individual inductors to apportion the input impedance of the switching power supplies. The switching sequence of the power supplies is controlled by a FIFO buffer, with the sequentially adjacent power supplies being disposed physically remote so that current transients and thermal loads are more uniformly distributed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a power supply modulator for a radio transmitter having apportioned input impedance and buffered switching of power modules. A series arrangement of power supply modules, conventionally disposed in a diode cascade, includes individual inductors to apportion the input impedance of the switching power supplies. The switching sequence of the power supplies is controlled by a FIFO buffer, with the sequentially adjacent power supplies being disposed physically remote so that current transients and thermal loads are more uniformly distributed.

Abstract: An I/Q-modulator or I/Q demodulator circuit in which the modulating signals (2, 3) are input through the output phase transfer branches of the circuit. In relation to the RF-characteristics, a series resistor (16) and a series inductance (20) in the phase transfer circuits are grounded with small capacitors (23, 25). A capacitor (17) having a high impedance at the modulating frequency is located between the branches. Tho modulating signals are not summed through the capacitor (17), and, thus, their phase difference is not weakened.

Abstract: A method for simultaneously imposing a single modulating signal on a number of constant frequency carriers includes applying the single modulating signal and all of the carriers to a doubly-balanced mixer circuit that produces sideband signals that are uncontaminated by the carriers. The sideband signals thus produced are then combined with signals proportional to the carriers in a linear circuit to obtain an output signal equivalent to a signal that would result from combining separately modulated carriers.

Abstract: The universally-applicable circuit arrangement of the invention makes possible an adjustment procedure for holding emitted optical power of a laser constant independent of temperature and aging. This circuit arrangement may be carried out as a three-stage cascade circuit supplied with operating voltages greater than 5 V. In accordance with the purpose of the invention, a circuit arrangement is provided which is universally applicable in a temperature range T=-40.degree. C. to 100.degree. C. for commercially available lasers and can be supplied by a standard 5 V source. In order to accomplish this as per the invention, differential amplifiers acting as current switches are arranged in a first cascade stage and the current sources feeding the differential amplifiers arranged in a second cascade stage. A data signal (D) serving to control the modulating current (I.sub.mod) is logically combined with a pilot signal (P) serving to control the pilot currents (I.sub.P1, I.sub.P2) in at least one cascade stage.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a power supply modulator for a radio transmitter having apportioned input impedance and buffered switching of power modules. A series arrangement of power supply modules, conventionally disposed in a diode cascade, includes individual inductors to apportion the input impedance of the switching power supplies. The switching sequence of the power supplies is controlled by a FIFO buffer, with the sequentially adjacent power supplies being disposed physically remote so that current transients and thermal loads are more uniformly distributed.

Abstract: An amplitude modulator circuit, having an input for receiving an input information signal and an output for providing an output signal, which is proportional to the input signal. The amplitude modulator circuit comprises at least two pass devices for amplifying the input information signal to produce the output signal and applying it to a load. The amplitude modulator circuit further comprises at least two voltage supplies for applying a plurality of supply voltages (at least some of which have different voltages) to the pass devices. The amplitude modulator circuit also includes a driver circuit having an input for receiving the input signal, and at least two driver outputs for driving the pass devices. The driver circuit activates the pass device having the lowest supply voltage that is sufficient to supply the required voltage to the load.

Abstract: A push-pull modulator stage 70 has two possible transmission paths, an electrically short path (7) and a phase delay path (6) with a phase delay element providing a phase shift of approximately 180.degree.. The phase delay element has the form of a low pass filter. In each of the two paths (6, 7) a semiconductor diode (D.sub.1, D.sub.2) is disposed in such a way that they sense the carrier (U.sub.c) with a phase shift of 180.degree. and, correspondingly, switch in unison if no modulation voltage (U.sub.m) is present, thus suppressing the carrier at the signal output (3). When a modulation signal (U.sub.m) is present, the push-pull balance is disturbed and the resistance of one of the two paths (6) becomes lower relative to the other path (7), which leads to the generation of the modulated carrier voltage (Umc). The modulator stage (70) can also be designed as a dual modulator stage and/or can be used as a mixer stage.

Abstract: A microwave vector modulator (4) of the reflective type is used to match a microwave load. The adjustable reflection of the vector modulator is obtained by semiconducting surfaces (18, 19, 20, 21), illuminated by light-emitting means (24, 25, 26, 27).

Abstract: A modulator circuit comprises an input for receiving an audio frequency (AF) signal, an oscillator circuit for providing a carrier wave signal, a mixer circuit for mixing the AF input signal with the carrier wave signal to provide an AM modulated signal, a switch having a first position in which the AM modulated signal is provided to an output and the switch having a second position in which the AM modulated signal is provided to a vector adding circuit where the AM modulated signal is vector added to the carrier wave signal, and the circuit including phase shift circuitry for shifting the phase of the AM modulated signal prior to vector adding with the carrier wave signal whereby to provide an FM modulated version of the AF input signal on the oscillator carrier wave.

Abstract: A modulator suitable for 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is designed as a double modulator (1), wherein a 16 QAM modulator (39) consists of two double modulators (1). One double modulator (1) has two partial modulators (1',1") forming a bridge. Each partial modulator (1',1") has two possible transmission paths: (6',6") with a phase delay line (39',39") which causes a 180.degree. phase shift. On each of the two paths (6',6", 7',7"), a semiconductor diode (D.sub.1 ',D.sub.1 ",D.sub.2 ',D.sub.2 ") is disposed in such a way that they provide the carrier (U.sub.c) with a 180.degree. phase inversion and are accordingly rendered conductive in unison, if no modulation voltage (U.sub.m) is applied, whereby the carrier is suppressed at the signal output (3'). When a modulation signal (U.sub.m) is applied, the balance is changed to push-pull, and one of the two paths (6',6") assumes less impedance compared to the other path (7',7"), which leads to the generation of the modulated carrier voltage (U.sub.mc).

Abstract: Modulator circuit (MOD) with a modulator proper and a correction signal generator. The modulator proper comprises the cascade connection of an amplifier (T11, T21, CS11, T12, T22, CS12) and a first switching circuit (R11, T31, T51, R12, T32, T52), while the generator comprises the cascade connection of the same amplifier and a second switching circuit (R21, T61, T42, R22, T62, T41) having a correction output (P11, P12) coupled to a feedback input (P21, P22) of the amplifier via a feedback circuit (T71, R31, CS21, T72, R32, CS22). The amplifier and the switching circuits are controlled by a modulating signal and a carrier signal respectively and the first and second switching circuits provide a modulated output signal and a correction signal substantially equal to the envelope of the modulated output signal and used to decrease the modulator distortion.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for modulating or demodulating a radio frequency (RF) signal which incorporates a pair of quadrature couplers. In demodulating an RF signal, an LO signal and the RF signal are each phase shifted -90 degrees by the couplers. The RF and LO signals are mixed as are the phase-shifted RF and LO signals. Each mixed signal is low-pass filtered and the filtered signals are added thereby producing an intermediate frequency signal.

Abstract: An RF amplitude modulated amplifier system is presented incorporating a plurality of RF amplifiers which are compensated for unwanted phase modulation. The system includes a common RF driver for supplying a common RF driver signal. A plurality of actuatable RF amplifiers are provided with each having an input circuit for receiving the common RF drive signal. Each amplifier has a fully on condition for amplifying the common drive signal to provide an amplified RF signal, and a fully off condition. Each of these RF amplifiers exhibits a characteristic in that its input circuit has an input impedance which is greater when fully on than that when fully off, thereby tending to present unwanted phase modulation of the plurality of RF amplifiers. One or more of the RF amplifiers are selectively turned fully on in dependence upon the magnitude of an input signal.