Abstract: A dual band polarization filter can be produced at low expense includes two hollow waveguide sections arranged one behind the other. A fin-type conductor structure is provided in each hollow waveguide section. The fin-type conductor structures produce polarization and frequency band separation of the signals fed into the hollow waveguide sections, these signals being associated with two different frequency bands and two polarization directions.

Abstract: A microwave phase shifting device utilizing the rotation lateral to a longitudinal axis across a square or circular waveguide by a slab of dielectric material to provide a differential phase shift between a linear to circular polarization in a high frequency microwave signal.

Abstract: In an ultra high frequency (UHF), high power broadcast television (TV) antenna system that includes a radiating antenna located at the top of a tower structure many hundreds of feet high, a transmitter at the bottom of the tower and a circular waveguide transmission line between the transmitter and the antenna carried by the tower, an undesired polarization mode that is transverse to the desired polarization mode for which the antenna system is adjusted is excluded at the top of the tower structure at the end of the circular waveguide transmission line so that the undesired polarization mode does not energize the radiating antenna and, in particular, the undesired polarization mode does not energize the antenna and produce a ghost image in a TV receiver after reflecting from the bottom end of the circular waveguide transmission line back up to the antenna and does not add a standing wave in the circular waveguide transmission line.

Abstract: A waveguide filter particularly well suited for use in the millimeter and submillimeter wavelength range of the spectrum. The filter includes a number of uniformly spaced gratings installed in a waveguide section and having grating strip patterns contoured to conform with a selected waveguide mode, such as the circular TE.sub.11 mode. The gratings are angularly oriented in the manner of a free-space plane-wave quasi-optical filter and provide similar desired frequency characteristics, but without the disadvantages of large size and the need for planewave launchers.

Abstract: Differential phase-shifter operating in a wide frequency band, with constant differential phase shifting. This device is characterized by the fact that it produces a differential phase shift between two perpendicular polarizations, with constant frequency. This way, differential phase shifters with the desired flatness in the band can be obtained, either of 180.degree. (polarizers for systems of linear polarization) or of 90.degree. (polarizer for transforming the circular polarization into linear polarization and vice versa). Such a phase shifter can be used generally in antenna systems.

Abstract: A compact satellite broadcasting receiver comprises a circular waveguide, a strip-line-shaped probe projected into the circular waveguide, a reflecting element provided downstream of the probe in the circular waveguide and a microwave circuit having a strip line provided around the circular waveguide and connected with the probe. Furthermore, a satellite broadcasting receiver capable of simultaneously receiving two kind of microwaves polarized perpendicularly to each other is realized by joining two compact satellite broadcasting receivers as mentioned above with their strip-line-shaped probes placed at a right angle.

Abstract: A circular waveguide dual antenna feed for TVRO reception, which transfers horizontally and vertically polarized received signals in the circular waveguide simultaneously into two coaxial lines parallel with and offset from the circular waveguide axis. For coupling to existing LNA's, the separate coaxial lines from the circular waveguide are extended into a rectangular waveguide which couples to the input-mixer of the conventional LNA. Alternatively, the separate coaxial lines can be coupled separately to two LNA's or they can be combined into a single output terminal. Switching means are provided in each channel so that each channel can be rendered operative or inoperative, as desired. Diode switches are shown. The device requires no moving parts.

Abstract: A polarized receiving apparatus in which there is provided a first waveguide for transmitting polarized signals and a second waveguide secured to the first for receiving polarized signals at one end thereof. An antenna means is provided having integrally formed portions including a receiver probe portion disposed in the second waveguide and extending generally axially of the second waveguide for receiving one polarization of the incident signal, a launch probe portion concentric with the axis of the first waveguide and extending generally axially of the first waveguide for launching said signal therein, and a drive portion intermediate the receiver and launch probe portions with said drive portion including a first gear. A drive source is supported in a housing member which defines the first waveguide and this drive source comprises at least a second gear adapted to mesh with the first gear for driving the antenna means.

Abstract: The configuration of a waveguide antenna feed is determined by a shaped body of solid dielectric material which is coated with a conductive material. The conductive material functions as a waveguide wall for constraining electromagnetic wave propagation within the dielectric body. The body includes a mode converter and a coupler to a lead-in structure. A polarization converter, if desired, can be integral with the dielectric body.

Abstract: A microwave coupler for coupling microwave energy from a first waveguide to a second waveguide disposed side by side along a propagation length includes a common coupling means, and specifically, orifices along the propagation length wherein the coupling orifices are sized to promote coupling of a favored field mode of electromagnetic energy according to a Bessel function distribution of energy along the length of the waveguide. The Bessel function distribution provides for wideband, low-loss coupling of the favored field mode and maximal isolation from non-favored field modes. The invention is particularly useful for extracting a type TE.sub.21 circular mode signal from a signal containing TE.sub.11 and TE.sub.21 circular modes wherein the TE.sub.21 mode signals are used for generating elevational and azimuthal tracking signals.

Abstract: A phase-shifter apparatus which imposes a desired phase shift on an electromagnetic wave traveling through a waveguide, and divides the power in an output waveguide into two parts. The phase shifter apparatus includes a quarter-wave plate for changing the polarization of the linearly polarized wave to a circularly polarized wave, a rod of ferromagnetic material with a magnetic field for imposing a desired phase shift on the circularly polarized wave traveling through the rod, a quarter-wave plate for converting the circularly polarized wave to a linearly polarized wave, and a septum polarizer in the output wave guide for dividing the power. The output waveguide has the power divided between two ports, and independent phase shifts are imposed on the electromagnetic waves of each port.

Abstract: A polarized signal receiver, transmission and launch probe in a waveguide assembly for receiving a selected one of linearly polarized electromagnetic signals in one of the waveguides and for launching the selected signal into a second waveguide, the axes of the waveguides being disposed at right angle. The probe comprises a signal receiver probe portion disposed in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the first waveguide and a launch probe portion having its axis perpendicular to the axis of the second waveguide. The launch probe portion is mounted in a controllably rotatable dielectric rod, such that rotation of the rod causes rotation of the signal receiver portion for alignment with a selected one of the polarized signals. The transmission line between the signal receiver probe portion and the signal launch probe portion consists of a pair of bifurcated branches forming a rectangle disposed along the axis of the first waveguide.

Abstract: A dielectric substrate machined into a monolithic polarizer grating including structural support and matching regions, effective for transforming linearly to circularly polarized states of microwave radiation.

Abstract: A UHF broadcast antenna system uses circular waveguide for the run from the high-power final amplifier to the antenna. Undesired cross-polarization components are formed in the circular waveguide due to unavoidable tolerances. Correction of the cross-polarization components is accomplished by a correction apparatus for sampling the principal polarization-plane signal, and reinjecting the sample with controlled amplitude and phase into the circular waveguide in the plane of the cross-polarization component for cancelling the cross-polarization.

Abstract: An antenna is provided equipped with a device which rotates the direction of the rectilinear polarization of a wave transmitted to a receiver (or transmitted by a transmitter) associated with the antenna, with respect to this same wave such as it is received by the antenna (or transmitted by the antenna). The device is formed from a square cross-section wavequide which is twisted in steps and which steps may be adjustable and which is twist guide inserted in the primary source of the antenna, between the horn of the antenna and the receiving (or transmitting) means associated with the antenna.

Abstract: A multiplexing device for a multiband antenna. It essentially comprises, in series from the coupling input to the antenna: a common guide permitting the passage of a high frequency band and a low frequency band, into which issue by means of two coupling holes staggered with respect to one another along the common guide, two orthogonal guides which constitute the inputs for the two orthogonal polarizations of the lower band; a junction; and a polarization duplexer for the higher band. The coupling holes contain resonators forming a short-circuit for the higher band frequencies.

Abstract: A rotatable polarized signal receiver, having a rectangular waveguide orthogonally coupled to a circular waveguide, has a receiver probe portion oriented in the circular waveguide and a signal launch probe portion extending into the rectangular waveguide. A dielectric insert located in the circular waveguide transforms circularly polarized signals to linearly polarized signals. Since the receiver probe portion can be rotated right circular or left circular polarization can be selected and received.

Abstract: A rotatable coupling probe is disposed within a waveguide housing to provide accurate rotation of the plane of polarization between a rectangular input waveguide element and a circular output waveguide element, the rotation being controlled by an external sensing switch and motor unit connected to the probe.

Abstract: The invention is embodied in a waveguide polarizer of the kind arranged to alter the propagation modes of an incident wave to produce elliptical or circular polarization. The phase shift is produced by the simultaneous use of dimensional perturbation and dielectric loading distributed along a waveguide section. Embodiments are illustrated using square, circular and crossed waveguide sections. The use of relatively light, symmetrical and continuous loading provides improved performance over that which can be attained by discrete element phase shifters or those that make use of only a single kind of loading.

Abstract: A circuit component for separating and/or combining two pairs of high-frequency signal waves lying in different frequency bands, the waves of each pair having the same frequency but mutually orthogonal planes of polarization, comprises two mutually identical and aligned 3dB couplers bracketing a filtering assembly between them. Each 3dB coupler has a central guide of square cross-section surrounded by four collateral guides, each connected with the central guide by a coupling guide letting only the waves polarized in one plane--regardless of frequency--pass therebetween. The filtering assembly has sets of baffles in line with the central and collateral guides of both couplers, these baffles defining slots giving passage to only the waves of one of the two bands while reflecting the others.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for coupling orthogonal polarized microwave signals from a reflector to signal processing circuits. The system includes successively a horn, a bandpass filter, a polarizer, a mode separator, and a housing for containing the circuits. The system is constructed from two half-shells. The horn, bandpass filter and polarizer form a waveguide portion which is coupled to the circuits by the mode separator.

Abstract: The wide ends of two similar horn structures are juxtaposed and joined by a rotary bearing extending thereabout which permits relative rotational motion between the two horn structures. A field shaping lens may be disposed at the relatively rotatable horn juncture to help insure substantially planar wavefront shapes across the relatively rotatable joint. An annular aperture may also be provided between the relatively rotatable horns and electrically loaded so as to present an approximate short circuit electrical impedance at the intended frequency of operation.

Abstract: A combiner for transmitting and receiving co-polarized microwave signals in a selected propagation mode in at least two different frequency bands, the combiner comprising a main waveguide dimensioned to simultaneously propagate signals in the different frequency bands, at least a portion of the main waveguide being overmoded; at first and second junctions spaced along the length of the main waveguide for coupling signals in the different frequency bands in and out of the main waveguide, at least the first junction being located in an overmoded portion of the main waveguide and having side-arm waveguide means associated therewith for propagating signals in one of the different frequency bands; filtering means disposed within the main waveguide and operatively associated with the first and second junctions, the filtering means having (1) a stopband characteristic for coupling signals in a first one of the frequency bands between the main waveguide and the first junction and the side-arm waveguide means associat

Abstract: A continuously-variable septum for rotation of electric field polarization in a circular waveguide comprising a continuous, serpentine-shaped, electrically conductive filament.

Abstract: A waveguide structure carrying microwaves with two mutually orthogonal planes of polarization and in two different frequency bands, transmitted and received by an associated antenna, comprises two orthomode transducers in the form of coaxial cylindrical guide members of different inner diameters, the smaller-diameter transducer terminating in a short-circuiting end wall while the larger-diameter transducer, adjoining same at an annular shoulder, extends to a feed horn confronting a reflector. Each transducer is formed with two elongate peripheral access slots, opening onto respective rectangular-section branches, which are longitudinally bisected by mutually perpendicular axial planes while being relatively offset in axial direction.

Abstract: A receiver for counterclockwise and clockwise circularly polarized microwave signals of the type comprising a receiving antenna with a feeder system, a polarization converter, a polarization filter and a circuit for converting the microwave signals of both polarization directions from the high frequency to the intermediate frequency plane. A portion of the feeder waveguide belonging to the feeder system of the receiving antenna is designed as a bandpass filter which is effective for both polarization directions. A microstripline substrate, which carries the frequency converting circuit, is connected with the output of the feeder waveguide and is provided with an arrangement for coupling in the energies of the waveguide modes of both polarization directions. The polarization converter is either directly integrated in the feeder waveguide or the polarization conversion is effected by coupling the waveguide modes into the microstripline circuit.

Abstract: A variable ratio power combiner employs, as its major coupling component, one or more septum polarizers and associated 90.degree. differential phase shifters or quarter waveplates in place of conventional OMTs. Advantageously, a septum polarizer is a relatively simple component that serves the same function as an OMT and polarizer combination. Because it has an essentially T-shaped configuration, it can bring a pair of waveguide arms together in the same plane back-to-back, so that the resulting power combiner may provide the desired symmetrical coupling. Normally the variable ratio power combiner requires only symmetrical inputs for the sources and not both symmetrical inputs and outputs, so that only a single septum polarizer and associated quarter waveplate are employed, with an OMT used for the output. For a completely symmetrical configuration, however, the other OMT may be replaced by a separate septum polarizer/rotatable quarter waveplate arrangement.

Abstract: A multi-port, multi-frequency combiner comprising a main waveguide having a cross-section in the shape of a right-angle parallelogram and dimensioned to simultaneously propagate co-polarized signals in different frequency bands and at least one signal that is orthogonally polarized with respect to the co-polarized signals, at least a portion of the waveguide being overmoded; a plurality of junctions spaced along the length of the main waveguide for coupling selected signals in the different frequency bands in and out of the waveguide, at least one of the junctions being located in an overmoded portion of the waveguide, each of the junctions having an unbalanced or pseudo-balanced feed with only a single side-arm waveguide for transmitting and receiving the signals; and filtering means disposed within the main waveguide and operatively associated with each junction therein for signals in the highest frequency band, the filtering means having (1) a stopband characteristic for coupling signals in the highest fre

Abstract: A crossed waveguide type polarization separator comprises a crossed waveguide for propagating orthogonal linear polarized waves, at least one conductor septum fitted in the crossed waveguide to totally reflect only one polarized wave in the linear polarized waves, at least one subwaveguide for receiving one linear polarized wave formed by the total reflection of the conductor septum, and a waveguide for receiving the other linear polarized wave which is not reflected by the conductor septum.

Abstract: A waveguide apparatus guides a first pair of horizontally polarized transmit and receive frequency signals independently of and in parallel with a second pair of vertically polarized transmit and receive frequency signals. The waveguide apparatus is constructed to operate across the 3.7 to 6.425 GigaHertz band with a very narrow bandwidth for the transmit frequency and a very narrow bandwidth for the receive frequency and with a single size of rectangular waveguide for separating the transmit and receive frequencies. This construction simplifies frequency separation filtering techniques and provides effective operation over this broad band with an apparatus which is efficient in terms of space, compact and implemented by a simple package.

Abstract: Each antenna of the phased array is supplied a lineal polarized wave which has been shifted in phase and rotated in polarization in accordance with a cascade connection of a NRCP, Faraday rotator and a RNRCP. The control windings of the Faraday rotator and the rotating polarizer determine the amount of phase shift and rotation of the polarization of the propagating wave.

Abstract: Microwave phase-shifting apparatus includes a section (20) of waveguide of circular cross-section having a closed end (23) and an open end. A fixed phase-shifting member (20) is located within the section to convert plane-polarized incident energy to circular polarization. A rotatable shaft (27) of dielectric material projects through the end wall of the section along the longitudinal axis, and carries a rotatable element (28). This element is of such a form and in such a position that linearly-polarized microwave energy entering the waveguide section is reflected out of the section with a reflection coefficient having a phase angle component which may be continuously adjusted over a range of 360.degree. by rotation of the shaft, in either direction.

Abstract: A rotatable polarized signal receiver in a system for receiving linearly polarized electromagnetic signals includes a signal conductor having a receiver probe portion, oriented in a circular waveguide parallel to the polarization of the incident signal, and signal launch probe portion extending into the rectangular waveguide orthogonal to the direction of signal transmission therein, mounted concentrically in an insulator rod through perpendicular coupling of the circular and rectangular waveguides.

Abstract: A transducer for coupling to an antenna with a first polarizing duplexer for working in a low-frequency band, a between-guide transition element formed from a variable-section guide and a second polarizing duplexer for working in a high-frequency band. In the polarizing openings of the first duplexer are placed dipoles resonating at the mean frequency of the high band which cause a short-circuit for the high frequencies and let the low frequencies pass. A set of quasioptical filters, situated in the body of the first duplexer, between the polarizing openings of this first duplexer and the transition element, causes a short-circuit for the low frequencies and lets the high frequencies pass.

Abstract: A microwave apparatus comprises a waveguide section including a stepped septum. The septum is positioned so as to divide the waveguide into two channels. The steps comprise a plurality of first steps which advance progressively in one direction and at least one second step, or the equivalent, which follows the first steps and which returns in an opposite direction. The invention is intended to enable the production of a circularly polarized microwave signal without requiring the use of phase adjustment techniques.

Abstract: A wave guide of an antenna feed assembly has a wave polarization rotary section comprising a plurality of closely spaced conductive pins extending across the diameter of the wave guide. A first group of such pins adjacent the output end of the wave guide to an amplifier are stationary while a second plurality of pins are rotatable about the axis of the feed in progressive steps through each pin to 45.degree. positions selectively to one or the other side of the plane formed by the stationary pins to rotate one or the other of the 90.degree. polarized waves 45.degree. into the plane of the stationary pins and thence to the amplifier. The movable pins are received in a collar rotated by a conventional motor, the pins being located in slots of varying lengths in the collar so that each rotatable pin lies at the same angle to both of its adjacent pins.

Abstract: The invention provides a mode coupler arrangement comprising a main waveguide coupled via arrays of slots to two sets of subsidiary waveguides over a common length. One set of subsidiary waveguides is such as to support one mode of propagation and the other set another mode of propagation. In a preferred embodiment the slots in one set of subsidiary guides are staggered by (1.lambda./4) relative to the slots in the other set of subsidiary guides and the guides of one set are longer than the guides of the other set.For TE11 communications mode signals, the two sets of subsidiary guides are of different frequency, with each subsidiary guide arranged such that its variation of wavelength with frequency coincides with that of the main waveguide only in the frequency band for which that subsidiary guide is provided.

Abstract: In orthogonal mode transducers, typically a first rectangular waveguide capable of carrying a signal having a first polarization and a second rectangular waveguide capable of carrying a signal having a second polarization orthogonal to the first polarization are coupled to a common central waveguide which is capable of carrying signals having both the first and second polarizations. However, in the past, difficulties have been encountered in manufacturing such orthogonal mode transducers because of the necessity of matching these respective waveguides which do not have the same cross-sectional shape and which must be oriented in a particular manner relative to one another to achieve the desired result.

Abstract: A septum polarizer offering an exceptionally low axial ratio over a wide frequency band. A first trapped mode resonator or resonator pair is inserted in the circularly polarizing waveguide within the same plane as the septum and tuning screws to create a desired resonant response at a frequency lower than the cutoff frequency of the polarizer. Optionally, a second pair of trapped mode resonators is inserted in two opposing waveguide walls that are orthogonal to the septum, to create a desired resonant response at a higher frequency than the upper frequency limit of the polarizer. The resonators serve to flatten the phase response of the polarizer throughout its passband, thereby maximizing the purity of circularly polarized radiation produced thereby.

Abstract: This specification discloses a polarization network for selectively converting between linear and circular polarization. The network includes a twistable waveguide having a generally rectangular cross section. Coupled to the twistable rectangular waveguide is a transducer waveguide which acts as an interface between the rectangular waveguide and circular waveguide. A polarizer having a generally circular cross section is coupled to the transducer waveguide and can convert transmitted electromagnetic waves between linear and circular polarization. A coupling means permits relative rotation between the transducer waveguide and the polarizer and selective securing at any of three rotational positions. A first position permits a linearly polarized signal to pass through the polarizer remaining linearly polarized. A second position converts between a linearly polarized signal and a right hand circularly polarized signal.

Abstract: A four-port network for separating signals comprised of two doubly polarized frequency bands for an antenna feeder system in directional or satellite radio operation, wherein a first polarization converter for converting linear polarization to circular polarization, and vice versa, is designed for the lowest inherent ellipticity in the lower frequency band and is connected ahead of a symmetric polarization filter for the lower frequency band, and a second polarization converter which compensates the remaining ellipticity in the upper frequency band is connected between the symmetrical polarization filter and a further polarization filter for the upper frequency band.

Abstract: In the illustrated embodiments a dual branching is coupled to two simple branchings via coupling elements which are rotationally symmetrical so as to accommodate different spacial dispositions of the two simple branchings while maintaining electrically completely symmetrical passageways and consequent phase synchronism therein. When the dual branching is connected with an antenna for directional or satellite broadcasting operations, the sending and receiving frequencies, with respective polarizations at the respective simple branchings, may be separated with the use of a bandpass arrangement and 3-dB directional couplers for the respective separated frequencies.

Abstract: A junction for connecting together two waveguides whose major transverse axes are inclined to one another, composed of elements connecting the frontal faces of the waveguides in such a manner that their major axes are adjustably inclined to one another, flanges covering the nonoverlapping frontal faces of the two waveguides, and reactance components disposed at the point of discontinuity produced by the angular offset between the waveguides for compensating for such discontinuity over a broad frequency band.

Abstract: A cross polarization compensating system, in which two elliptically polarized waves of opposite polarities are applied to a cascade connection of two successively connected rotatable 90.degree. phase shifters and an Orthomode (Trademark) transducer. Two cross polarized wave components of the two elliptically polarized waves are detected from the two perpendicularly intersecting output terminals of the Orthomode (Trademark) transducer. Two in-phase components of the same phase as their co-polarized components of the two cross-polarized wave components and two orthogonal components each having a phase difference of 90.degree. from corresponding one of the co-polarized waves of the two cross-polarized wave components are detected from the two output terminals of the Orthomode (Trademark) transducer.

Abstract: The polarizer with a circular waveguide in the inner wall of which are formed identical circular corrugations positioned in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis XX of the guide. The corrugations have four quadrants: a first pair of quadrants opposed by the apex in which the depth of the corrugations is less than in the second pair. By positioning the waveguide in such a way that the incident field E is parallel to the limit between two adjacent quadrants, the phase velocity of the orthogonal components C.sub.1, C.sub.2 of field E is dependent respectively on the admittance of the quadrants of the first pair and the quadrants of the second pair. This leads to a phase difference at the polarizer outlet and the corrugations are defined so that this difference is substantially 90.degree..

Abstract: A polarization separator or diplexer for ultra-high frequencies utilizing waveguide sections of rectangular and/or round cross-section in which the signals passing through are phase synchronized over a particular frequency range and which can be manufactured very inexpensively and is operable over a broad frequency band and wherein the arms of the series branching waveguides and the E and H offset portions have a ratio of the narrow to wide sides of at least 1:4 and the first portion of the double branching for providing a connection and transition to the coaxial waveguide comprises an impedance level transformer which has variations in the cross-section of the inner conductor and the outer conductor.

Abstract: A rectangular waveguide to circular waveguide coupler and vice versa. The upler includes a first section of circular waveguide spaced by a gap from a reflective-plane conducting wall, the latter having a hole for passage of an electron beam if the coupler is used in a traveling wave tube, and a second section of circular waveguide disposed external to, and coaxial with, at least a portion of the first waveguide section and extending to the wall to provide a conductive boundary surrounding the gap. The region between the first and second waveguide sections forms an input port of the coupler; the first waveguide section forms the output port of the coupler. Electromagnetic waves in a TE.sub.01 coaxial waveguide mode are applied to the input port from a rectangular waveguide supporting the dominant TE.sub.10 mode. The second waveguide section has a cut-off determining dimension r.sub.e proportioned to support both the TE.sub.01 and TE.sub.

Abstract: A microwave polarization transformer comprises a number of dielectric plates each having embedded therein one or two networks of parallel conductive wires in which switchable diodes are inserted. The plates are perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the waves on which they act and so oriented that the general direction of the wires of each network includes an angle of 45.degree. with the direction of the electric field of the linearly polarized incident wave.

Abstract: A compensating arrangement for two aligned, angularly relatively offset, end-to-end positioned wave guides of identical cross section. The compensating arrangement has a plate member inserted between face-to-face arranged terminal flanges of the two wave guides. The plate member has an aperture corresponding to the cross-sectional area of the passage defined together by the two wave guides; and two oppositely located capacitive loads extending into the aperture and being symmetrically located with respect to the bisector of the angle defined by the minor transverse axes of the wave guides. The capacitive loads are reactance members for a broad-band compensation for the discontinuity between the angularly offset wave guides.

Abstract: A microwave feed forward passive coupling system for separation of at least a first and a second signal portion into at least first and second signal components of differing frequencies. The first and second signal portions have a majority of the second and first components respectively and a minority of the first and second components respectively. A second sample of the second signal portion and a part of the first signal portion are combined to produce substantially the second component. In addition, a first sample of the first signal portion and a part of the second signal portion are combined to produce substantially the first component.