Abstract: Proportional electromagnetic actuator comprising: a magnetic casing; an electromagnetic plunger movable relative to the casing and having a first axial half; a first radial gap and a second radial gap which are each formed radially between the plunger and the casing, and which are positioned axially at the first axial half of the plunger. These gaps (26; 28) are formed by concentric annular chamfers (32; 34). A three-way valve for turbojet oil, which is actuated by an electromagnetic actuator with double chamfered gaps.

Abstract: A vapor impermeable solenoid includes an outer housing fabricated from a vapor impermeable material configured to prevent fuel vapor molecules from passing therethrough; windings configured to generate a magnetic flux when energized, a flux collector configured to direct the magnetic flux, a pole piece, and a magnetic armature disposed within the housing and coupled to a seal configured to selectively seal a passage that allows fuel vapor to pass to a purge canister. The magnetic armature is configured to move from a first position to a second position when an electric current is applied to the windings.

Abstract: A cold plate for a linear motor includes a planar housing having a cooled surface for placement against a surface to be cooled, and first and second chambers arranged in the housing, which extend parallel to the cooled surface and are separated by a diaphragm. The housing has two half-shells and the diaphragm, which is disposed between the half-shells and is connected to the two half-shells. The first chamber, facing away from the cooled surface, is connected to a coolant inlet, and the second chamber, bounded by the cooled surface, is connected to a coolant outlet.

Abstract: The actuator (10) comprises a body (12) formed by a single strip of ferromagnetic material, U-shaped and including a first and a second lateral branch (14, 16) facing each other and interconnected by an intermediate branch or portion (18). A first lateral branch (14) of the body (12) has a frustoconical formation (30) which extends in the region outside the body (12). A coil (22) is fixed in the body (12), and its axis (A-A) extends in a direction essentially orthogonal to the lateral branches (14, 16) of this body (12). A ferromagnetic core (28) is mounted so as to be translatable inside the coil (22), from a rest position to a working position, as an effect of the energizing of the coil (22). One end (32) of the core (28), facing towards the first branch (14) of said body (12), has a frustoconical shape essentially complementary to the internal shape (30b) of the formation (30). The frustoconical formation (30) of the first branch (14) of said body (12) is blind and has a planar distal bottom wall (30a).

Abstract: Disclosed is a solenoid configured so that vibration and noise in energization can be reduced. The solenoid is configured to use magnetic action in energization of a coil to drive, in an axial direction, a core at least including a first magnetic resistor. The solenoid includes a shaft attached to the core, and bearings supporting both end portions of the core. The solenoid further includes a second magnetic resistor configured to generate force for moving at least the core in a radial direction by the magnetic action.

Abstract: Object: Device comprising an electromagnet (1) and an actuating element (2) which is operated by said electromagnet and may be, for example, a valve or a clutch, wherein said components are connected to one another by means of threads (4) and (5), with protection of functional spaces in the components or of elastomeric seals against damage and adverse effects on functioning by particles from the threads. Solution: The electromagnet-side thread (4) and actuating element-side thread (5) are axially adjacent in both directions of chambers (6) and (7) which are closed off on in each case the side which is averted from the threads by overlapping cylinder surfaces (11) and (12) on one side and also by further overlapping cylinder surfaces (13) and (14) on the other side. Application: Actuating elements which are operated by an electromagnet.

Abstract: An oil-immersed solenoid is provided with a casing including a base, a cylinder, and a flange in an integral manner, a fixed magnetic pole, a plunger having an armature, a guide pipe, a coil unit including a bobbin around which a coil is wound, and a cover, the fixed magnetic pole is integrated with the casing, and in the state where the plunger, the guide pipe, the coil unit, and the cover are attached in the cylinder of the casing, a front end of the cylinder is swaged, thereby holding the plunger, the guide pipe, the coil unit, and the cover in the casing.

Abstract: A linear solenoid includes a collar, which limits relative movement between a first stationary core and a second stationary core. The first stationary core includes a bearing portion and a fixing portion, which are formed integrally as a single integral member. The bearing portion supports the shaft. The fixing portion is fixed to the yoke while the collar is clamped between the fixing portion and the second stationary core in the axial direction.

Abstract: The electromagnetic actuator comprises an electric coil mounted in a magnetic yoke, first and second pole parts, which are connected to the yoke and each of which extends near a free space in which a magnetic core is translationally displaceable by the action of the power supply to the electric coil and the formation of different magnetic fields in the pole parts. The inventive actuator consists of a tubular part, which is made of a magnetic material, delimits, at least partially, the free space, surrounds the magnetic core for guiding the displacement thereof and has magnetically continues with the pole parts in such a way that the radial air gap between the magnetic core and the magnetic pole parts is reduced.

Abstract: An actuating device, particularly for actuating valves that can be connected externally, includes a housing (10) and a coiled body (12) in the housing and having a coil winding (14). The winding encloses a pole tube (16) at least partially, having a pole core (20) connected at its free end. An armature (22) is guided in a longitudinally displaceable manner at least in the pole tube (16) within an armature chamber (24) and interacts with an actuating device (26) for actuating a valve part. The actuating part (26) is guided within the pole core (20) along an annular body (92), sealing the inside of the pole core (20) and the pole tube (16) relative to the surrounding area.

Abstract: An actuating device, particularly for actuating valves connected externally, includes a housing (10) and a coil body (12) arranged in the housing. The coil body has a coil winding (14) at least partially enclosing a coil tube (16), a pole core (20) connected at the coil tube free end, an armature (22) guided in a longitudinally displaceable manner at least in the pole tube (16) within an armature chamber (24) and interacting with an actuating part (26) for actuating the respective valve part. The pole tube (16) is designed as a receiving sleeve for the armature (22). The sleeve is fixed with its free end region to a fixed bearing point. The fixed bearing point is formed by two support parts (118, 124) of the pole core (20) that delimit a receiving gap between them, in which the free end region of the receiving sleeve is fixed in a clamped manner.

Abstract: A relay includes: a pair of fixed terminals, each being arranged to have a fixed contact on a one-end face; a movable contact member arranged to have a pair of movable contacts that are correspondingly opposed to the respective fixed contacts; and a driving structure operated to move the movable contact member. In a moving direction of the movable contact member, a side where the fixed contacts are located is called a first side, and a side where the movable contacts are located is called a second side. The movable contact member includes: a center section located between the pair of movable contacts and located on the second side relative to the movable contacts; and a pair of extended sections located between the center section and the pair of movable contacts and extended in a direction including a component of the moving direction.

Abstract: A solenoid valve for a liquid propane injection system can prevent bubbles from flowing into a fuel pump due to heat from a solenoid coil, when a vehicle that travels at low speed is instantaneously and rapidly accelerated, using a sealing member and a sealing-reinforcing member, and accordingly keep the vehicle stably traveling by maintaining the fuel-sending performance of the fuel pump and smoothly supplying fuel to injectors.

Abstract: A relay includes: a plurality of fixed terminals arranged to have fixed contacts; and a movable contact member arranged to have a plurality of movable contacts that are correspondingly opposed to the respective fixed contacts. The relay further includes: a driving structure operated to move the movable contact member such that the respective movable contacts come into contact with the corresponding fixed contacts; a plurality of first vessels provided corresponding to the respective fixed terminals and arranged to have insulating property; a second vessel joined with the plurality of first vessels; and an air-tight space formed by the plurality of fixed terminals, the plurality of first vessels and the second vessel to allow the movable contact member and the respective fixed contacts to be placed therein.

Abstract: The invention relates to a solenoid switch for starting devices for starting internal combustion engines, comprising a joint (100) between assembled parts of the solenoid switch. The invention is characterized in that the joint is formed in such a way that a direct penetration of spray water is prevented and pressure compensation is enabled.

Abstract: An electromagnet having a pole tube, and having a coil that encompasses the pole tube and is mounted so as to be displaceable along a longitudinal axis of the pole tube, a first end face of the coil or of the housing thereof bearing on a first counter-bearing disposed at a first end portion of the pole tube, and an elastic element, which is supported on a second counter-bearing and biases the coil and/or the housing thereof against the first counter-bearing, is provided between a second end face of the coil or the housing thereof and the second counter-bearing disposed at a second end portion of the pole tube.

Abstract: An electromagnetic actuating unit for a hydraulic valve with a housing and a closure element. The housing at least partially delimits the electromagnetic actuating unit in relation to the surroundings. The closure element is arranged within an introductory opening of the housing. A sealing-means receptacle is formed on a boundary surface between the housing and the closure element. Furthermore, at least one first channel leads into the sealing-means receptacle and is open towards the surroundings of the actuating unit. A sealing element, which is arranged in the sealing-means receptacle is placed into the sealing-means receptacle via the first channel.

Abstract: An electromagnetic hydraulic valve, having a solenoid (1) with a coil carrier (3), which receives at least one coil (4) in a completely encapsulated manner in an injection-molded encapsulation (7) and carries at least one terminal, wherein the terminal is formed of individual segments (10, 11) which are inserted into radially extending through openings (8, 9) that are formed in the coil carrier (3) and in the insert molding (7) adjacent to the at least one coil (4).

Abstract: A solenoid actuator (1) attached to hydraulic equipment comprises a shaft (5) connected to the hydraulic equipment, a plunger (4) fixed to the shaft (5), a coil (12) which magnetically drives the plunger (4), and a first bearing (7) and a second bearing (8) supporting the shaft (5) on either sides of the plunger (4). A plunger front chamber (74) is formed between the first bearing (7) and the plunger (4), and a plunger rear chamber (75) is formed between the plunger (4) and the second bearing (8). By providing a plunger exterior oil passage (63) on the outside of the plunger (4) to connect the plunger front chamber (74) to the plunger rear chamber (75), working oil flows through the plunger exterior oil passage (63) every time the plunger (4) strokes, thereby preventing a deposit of contaminant on the plunger (4) without increasing a stroke resistance of the plunger (4).

Abstract: A low cost, sealed contactor comprises a hermetically sealed housing with a flat header having internal components for changing the state of said contactor. Terminals are electrically connected to the internal components for connection to internal circuitry and applying an electrical signal to control the state of the contactor. A solenoid-driven plunger with a hollow shaft is included. Power-reducing electronics located within the hermetically sealed housing are also included. Two contact springs are also included to improve electrical performance. O-rings are added to help seal the contactor and keep it hermetically sealed.

Abstract: A controllable solenoid valve having a sealed chamber that isolates the armature cavity from the function fluid or external water sources with oil or dielectric fluid and is ported to a reservoir or to a surrounding housing to maintain fluid communication with the armature cavity. The valve may also have a closed internal chamber filled with oil or dielectric fluid to maintain isolation of the armature cavity from the function fluid or other water sources. The closed chamber may also encompass the electrodes or the coil of the solenoid. In a preferred embodiment, the chamber is in fluid communication with transducers that sense fluid pressure.

Abstract: An object is to provide an electromagnetic actuator that is highly resistant to corrosion and also capable of having high suction power, even in a condition where part of the electromagnetic actuator touches a corrosive liquid. An electromagnetic actuator 50 according to this invention is incorporated into a device using a corrosive liquid 17.

Abstract: A linear solenoid includes a shaft to reciprocate in an axis direction, a movable member fixed to the shaft, a front stator, a rear stator, a coil, a front housing, and a rear housing. The front housing is made of metal, and covers the front stator and the coil in the axis direction. The rear housing is made of metal, and is connected to the front housing so as to define a space to accommodate the movable member, the front stator, the rear stator and the coil. The rear housing covers the rear stator and the coil in the axis direction.

Abstract: A solenoid, in particular for switching pressure controllers or pressure valves, including an armature movable in an armature space, and a coil which can be impinged by current. When the coil is impinged by current, a magnetic field is generated serving for moving the armature, and the armature space can be filled with oil. For de-airing the armature space at least one de-airing channel is provided. In the de-airing channel at least one backflow-preventing element is provided which is permeable in the direction of de-airing.

Abstract: A solenoid actuator (1) comprises a case (9) made of a magnetic material and housing a coil (12) wound on a bobbin (11), and a pressure tube (17) made of a non-magnetic material and fitted into a hollow portion of the bobbin (11). A base (2) and a sleeve (3) made of a magnetic material are disposed in the pressure tube (17). A plunger (4) provided in an operation chamber (74, 75) formed in the base (2) and the sleeve (3) strokes according to energization of the coil (12) to axially drive a shaft (5) fixed to the plunger (4). The pressure tube (17) ensures that magnetic flux is transferred between the case (9) and the sleeve (3) while preventing pressure variation in the operation chamber (74, 75) from being transmitted to the bobbin (11), thereby achieving a high response and a pressure tightness in the solenoid actuator (1).

Abstract: An object is to provide an electromagnetic actuator that is highly resistant to corrosion and also capable of having high suction power, even in a condition where part of the electromagnetic actuator touches a corrosive liquid. An electromagnetic actuator 50 according to this invention is incorporated into a device using a corrosive liquid 17.

Abstract: An electromagnetic switch is provided which is equipped with a built-in electronic control circuit working to control energization of an exciting coil. The electronic control circuit is disposed within a chamber defined by a magnetic plate to be separate from a contact chamber. In other words, the electronic control circuit is disposed between the magnetic plate and the exciting coil, thereby avoiding the adhesion of conductive dusts, as arising from the wear of contacts, to the surface of the electronic control circuit. This results in decreases in electric insulation and short-circuit of the electronic control circuit and also eliminates the need for additional special parts to electrically insulate and shield the electronic control circuit, thus permitting the electromagnetic switch to be reduced in size and produced at a decreased const.

Abstract: A low cost, sealed contactor comprises a hermetically sealed housing with a flat header having internal components for changing the state of said contactor. Terminals are electrically connected to the internal components for connection to internal circuitry and applying an electrical signal to control the state of the contactor. A solenoid-driven plunger with a hollow shaft is included. Power-reducing electronics located within the hermetically sealed housing are also included. Two contact springs are also included to improve electrical performance. O-rings are added to help seal the contactor and keep it hermetically sealed.

Abstract: The invention is an electromagnetically operated mechanical actuator that comprises a first magnetic element (4) applied for generating magnetic field, a second magnetic element (8) consisting of a supporting element fitted with an electromagnetic energizing element, a guiding element (1) providing that the second magnetic element (8) may be moved along a given linear path relative to the first magnetic element (4), and a ferrofluid disposed in the interior of the guiding element (1) such that the ferroflud at least partially surrounds the supporting element. The actuator has electrically controlled latching means adapted for stopping and securing the second magnetic element (8) in an arbitrary linear displacement position relative to the first magnetic element (4). The latching means is an electrically controlled valve (7) adapted for allowing or stopping gas flow in the gas-filled region.

Abstract: The electromagnetic actuator comprises an electric coil (1) mounted in a magnetic yoke (2), first and second pole parts (3, 4), which are connected to the yoke (2) and each of which extends near a free space (5) in which a magnetic core (6) is translationally displaceable by the action of the power supply to the electric coil (1) and the formation of different magnetic fields in the pole parts (3, 4). The inventive actuator consists of a tubular part (7), which is made of a magnetic material, delimits, at least partially, the free space, surrounds the magnetic core (6) for guiding the displacement thereof and has magnetically continues with the pole part(s) (3, 4) in such a way that the radial air gap between the magnetic core (6) and the magnetic pole part(s) (3, 4) is reduced.

Abstract: A solenoid actuator (1) comprises a case (9) made of a magnetic material and housing a coil (12) wound on a bobbin (11), and a pressure tube (17) made of a non-magnetic material and fitted into a hollow portion of the bobbin (11). A base (2) and a sleeve (3) made of a magnetic material are disposed in the pressure tube (17). A plunger (4) provided in an operation chamber (74, 75) formed in the base (2) and the sleeve (3) strokes according to energization of the coil (12) to axially drive a shaft (5) fixed to the plunger (4). The pressure tube (17) ensures that magnetic flux is transferred between the case (9) and the sleeve (3) while preventing pressure variation in the operation chamber (74, 75) from being transmitted to the bobbin (11), thereby achieving a high response and a pressure tightness in the solenoid actuator (1).

Abstract: A solenoid assembly (23) includes a coil assembly (65) having at least one coil winding (73) and an electronic circuit assembly (67), which is in electrical communication with the coil assembly (65). The electronic circuit assembly (67) has a printed circuit board (79) and at least one electronic component (81), which is surface mounted on the printed circuit board (79). A coating material (85) coats all of the plurality of external surfaces of the surface-mounted electronic component (81). A casing (87) over-molds an outer longitudinal surface (77) of the coil assembly (65) and all of a plurality of external surfaces of the electronic circuit assembly (67).

Abstract: A case main body and an upper plate are reliably fitted together, a seal is formed between the fitting surfaces, and a magnetic circuit is prevented from malfunctioning. A solenoid-controlled valve, which connects a solenoid section (2) and a valve section (30), comprises a cylindrical case main body (3) having a solenoid coil (4) housed therein and having a connecting section (3A) at one end, an upper plate (6) having a locking surface (6B) adapted to be fitted to the connecting section (3A), and a connector (5) integrally provided with the upper plate (6). A seal section (20) is joined to an outer surface between the fitting surfaces of the connecting section (3A) and the upper plate (6).

Abstract: A vent assembly is provided for allowing internal contaminants to exit a solenoid. The vent assembly includes a vent membrane interposed between a gasket and a support. The support may have a variable diameter. The vent assembly attaches to the solenoid via a mating cover of the solenoid, which includes a vent opening that aligns with an opening in the gasket and includes a counter bore that captures the gasket. The vent assembly allows contaminants to exit the solenoid through a vent membrane. It also prevents contaminants from entering the solenoid around the vent membrane without the use of injection molding.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electromagnetic actuating apparatus with an armature unit, which is guided axially in a housing and is capable of being moved by means of energizing a coil apparatus, contact plug means, which are held in an insulator unit, being associated with the coil apparatus, and an elongated ground contact of the contact plug means being electrically conductively connected to the housing, and the ground contact interacting electrically conductively at an engagement end which is opposite its free end with a yoke section, which is associated with the housing preferably at the front end, in such a way that, in a fitted state, a cutout formed in the engagement end in the ground contact engages over a projection of the yoke section and/or at least partially surrounds it.

Abstract: An encapsulated solenoid assembly including an electronic actuator and an elongate metallic armor tube for receiving an electrical conductor therethrough which is electrically connected to the electronic actuator. The electronic actuator and an end portion of the armor tube are encapsulated within an outer casing of encapsulation material to integrally couple the armor tube with the electronic actuator without the use of additional connection components or complex attachment arrangements. In one embodiment, the armor tube is corrugated to facilitate bending and to aid in maintaining engagement with the encapsulation material. In another embodiment, the electronic actuator includes a magnetic plunger that is displaceable along an actuation axis, with the armor tube extending along a longitudinal axis laterally offset from the actuation axis.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for making contact between a solenoid and an electronic control unit arranged neighboring a valve block, wherein the solenoid projects away from a side wall of the valve block by a magnetic coil and a magnetic core, contact elements being arranged in an end face region of the solenoid facing towards the valve block in such a way that the contact elements can be directly electrically connected to corresponding contact elements arranged on a wall of the electronic control unit or of the valve block.

Abstract: A solenoid assembly including, in order, a circuit breaker side plate, a solenoid, a clamp bracket, and a bridge diode rectifier assembly, all which mechanically and electrically and engage into a precise configuration.

Abstract: An accommodating base material and an attracting base material are coaxially arranged, and are resin-insert-molded, thereby forming a bobbin base material. Next, inner peripheries of the accommodating base material, attracting base material and bobbin base material are cut, so that the accommodating base material, attracting base material and bobbin base material have same inner diameters. As a result of the cut-forming process, an accommodating member, an attracting member and a bobbin are formed. After insert-molding, the accommodating base material, attracting base material and bobbin base material are cut to have the same inner diameters. Thus, the accommodating member and the attracting member are accurately coaxially formed.

Abstract: An electromagnetic actuator, especially for the closure member of a valve, contains a solenoid unit, which has a cylindrical cavity closed at one end and open at the other end. An axially introduced guide tube for a magnetically movable armature is arrestable in the cavity by means of a securing device engageable in a first recess under spring force. To simplify connection of the actuator with and separation of the actuator from the component to be adjusted, provision is made for the securing device to lie completely within the solenoid unit and to snap automatically into the first recess when the guide tube is moved into a desired position in the cavity of the solenoid unit.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electromagnet, the armature space of which is connected via a venting duct to the environment. It is proposed to provide a siphon in the venting duct.

Abstract: In a motor vehicle starter contactor, a control plunger controls the axial displacements of a contact plate which is arranged in a front cover of the contactor. A fixed transverse core is arranged axially in front of the contactor winding, and an electronic circuit is fitted inside the cover, between the fixed core and a partition which divides the interior of the cover into two compartments. The partition, in the form of a separating plate, has a transverse wall portion and an axial bush in which the plunger slides. The bush has a central bore which is open at the front forwardly of the transverse wall portion, and open at the rear behind the fixed core.

Abstract: This invention relates to electro-magnetic rappers which are used on precipitators. Such structures of this type, generally, employ the use of a wear guide which reduces rapper liner wear.

Abstract: An electromagnetic control valve is composed of a spool section for switching fluid passages on or off, a solenoid section for driving the spool in one direction, a magnetic moving core slidably disposed in the stator, a nonmagnetic shaft fixed to the moving core, and a spring member for biasing the spool in the direction opposite to the one direction. The spool section includes a spool and a sleeve. The solenoid section is connected to the spool section and includes a cylindrical magnetic stator, cylindrical magnetic yoke disposed to surround the stator and a magnetic coil disposed between the stator and the yoke. The stator is fixed to the sleeve at one end and having a bottom at the other end thereof. The shaft has one end to be in contact with the end of the sleeve thereby positioning the moving core in a longitudinal direction in the stator.

Abstract: An electromagnetic relay has a base with a contact arrangement and a rocker armature mounted on the base. Above the base, a magnet system with a coil, a core and two yokes is provided, this system working together with the rocker armature. At least the coil with the core is embedded in the insulating material of a basic body which surrounds the base in box-type fashion with side walls that are integrally formed downwardly, and forms a sealed contact chamber. By means of the basic body surrounding the coil, a high insulation strength of the relay between the coil and the contact system is ensured, as is a high stability of the construction.

Abstract: The invention relates to a starter motor switch in which there are arranged a stationary magnetic core and a winding at the center of which a plunger moves to act on a rod, a portion of which carries a contact intended to establish contact between two terminals, of the type in which the stationary core delimits a chamber and a chamber and of the type in which the stationary core has a cavity in which a portion of the rod is accommodated, wherein it comprises a sealing partition comprising a transverse plate resting against the front face of the stationary core, which is extended by a rim which interacts in a sealed manner with the cover, and comprising a central part, the shape of which complements that of the central cavity with which it interacts in a sealed manner.

Abstract: A solenoid actuated valve has a magnetic armature slidably received in a closed guide member secured to the valve body by a spin welded ring. The armature guide has external peripheral teeth which interengage corresponding internal teeth on the solenoid coil assembly to permit any desired rotational orientation of the coil when assembled onto the guide. The coil assembly is secured in the desired rotational position by interengagement of the teeth and is secured axially by snap tabs formed on the end of the guide.

Abstract: A universal solenoid actuator for use with either a fail-safe or a fail-secure lock mechanism or a push-type or pull-type mechanism comprises a reversible coil assembly, at least one plunger and a module for receiving electricity from a power supply and delivering the electricity to the coil assembly. The coil assembly includes a housing which defines a bore extending through the coil assembly, at least one coil surrounding the bore and first and second fittings at opposed ends of the bore. The plunger is received within the bore and is actuated upon application of an electrical potential to the coil assembly. When used with a fail-safe lock, the first fitting is affixed to the lock. When used with a fail-secure lock, the coil assembly is reversed to affix the second fitting to the lock. Variations of the preferred embodiment of the inventive universal solenoid actuator are disclosed.

Abstract: The present solenoid stator assembly is adapted to be mounted upon a mounting seat of a fuel injector valve. The assembly includes a housing having an upper end, a lower end, and a base adapted to fit on the mounting seat of the fuel injector valve. A substantially E-shaped stator core is disposed within the housing. The stator core includes a top portion having a first end and a second end. A first outer pole piece depends substantially perpendicularly from the first end, and a second outer pole piece depends substantially perpendicularly from the second end. The central pole piece is located substantially central to the first and second outer pole pieces, and depends substantially perpendicularly from the top portion in a direction substantially parallel to that of the first and second outer pole pieces. The first and second outer pole pieces and the central pole piece each have a distal end forming a face, each face being substantially flush with the base of the housing.

Abstract: A stator component is described which comprises first and second limbs defining respective pole faces. Each limb includes an outer surface which is provided with a pair of elongate recesses, each extending in a direction angled to the pole faces. The recesses conveniently intersect one another, and are conveniently formed using a plunge cutting technique.