Abstract: Tank for electrical transformer comprising a bottom plate, two side panels and two end panels joined to contain an insulating fluid, and reinforcements joined to the exterior of said panels, wherein the two side panels and the two end panels are vertically curving convex panels, wherein the reinforcements comprise a plurality of arched vertical reinforcements distributed horizontally along each panel. The reinforcements may comprise a plurality of bracing horizontal reinforcements joined between said vertical reinforcements. The inner arching profile of the vertical reinforcements preferably matches the outer curving convex profile of the panels. The horizontal reinforcements are preferably planar. The horizontal reinforcements are preferably located at a horizontal plane in the vertical middle of the respective panel. The horizontal reinforcements are preferably located at a middle horizontal plane or at parallel horizontal planes distributed vertically.

Abstract: A coil having a coil body and a plurality of concentric cross-section windings of wire disposed around the coil body, the wire having a spacing between adjacent turns of about 0.25 to 1.0 of the radius of the wire. Also, a coil for a plasma processing device, the coil having a coil body and a plurality of concentric cylindrical cross-section windings of wire disposed around the coil body, the wire having a spacing between adjacent turns of about 0.25 to 1.0 of the radius of the wire and a diameter to length ratio of between about 2:1 and about 3:1.

Abstract: A transformer includes an input-side primary coil, an output-side secondary coil, a core around which the primary and secondary coils are coiled, a casting case housing a transformer body provided by the primary and secondary coils and the core, and a mold resin filling a clearance between the case and the transformer body. The case includes a bottom portion attached with the transformer body, a side wall surrounding the bottom portion, and an opening provided opposite to the bottom portion, the transformer body being housed and the mold resin being filled through the opening. A thickness of a mold layer provided in the clearance between an inner wall surface of the side wall and an outer surface of the transformer body opposed to the inner wall surface is constant for a predetermined length from a point at or near the opening of the case toward the bottom portion.

Abstract: A magnetic core includes a first core having a predetermined magnetic permeability and a second core formed of the same material as the first core. The second core forms a closed magnetic circuit together with the first core. The second core is configured to radiate heat through a heat radiating unit. At least one of the first core and the second core is configured to be wound with a coil. The magnetic core includes a third core that is arranged between the first core and the second core and has a lower magnetic permeability than the first core.

Abstract: A transformer chamber for a wind turbine is described. The transformer chamber includes a liquid-tight tank for receiving a liquid-filled, in particular oil-filled, transformer, a wind turbine structure component includes a component bedframe adapted for receiving such a transformer chamber and a wind turbine includes such a transformer chamber and such a wind turbine structure component. Furthermore, a method for assembling a wind turbine is described.

Abstract: A reactor is provided with a coil, a core, and a case. The coil generates magnetic flux in response to supply of current thereto. The core is made of magnetic powder-containing resin filled in spaces inside and outside of the core. The case accommodates therein the coil and the core. The reactor is also provided with a cooling pipe (cooling member), which is arranged to be in contact with the core. A power converter is provided with semiconductor modules, a cooler, and the reactor. In the power converter, the cooler is arranged partially being in contact with the core of the reactor.

Abstract: A transformer includes a winding member, a magnetic core assembly and an insulating seat. The winding member includes a bobbin, a primary coil and a secondary coil. The primary coil and the secondary coil are wound on the bobbin. The magnetic core assembly includes a first magnetic core and a second magnetic core. The winding member is arranged between the first magnetic core and the second magnetic core. The insulating seat includes a receptacle, at least one ventilation hole, at least one sheltering member and plural pins. The winding member and the magnetic core assembly are accommodated within the receptacle. The ventilation hole is formed in the sheltering member. The first terminals of the primary coil and/or the second terminals of the secondary coil are connected with the pins.

Abstract: An electrical transformer is disclosed which includes an enclosure; a magnetic core assembly arranged within the enclosure, the magnetic core assembly having a first core limb, a second core limb and a third core limb; and three coil assemblies having a first coil assembly, a second coil assembly, and a third coil assembly. At least two diaphragms are arranged within the enclosure, the diaphragms being essentially sealed to a first outermost coil of the first coil assembly, and arranged for guiding a cooling fluid in series through a first inner fluid duct, a second inner fluid duct, a third inner fluid duct and an extra-coil volume along outsides of third, second and first outermost coil coils of the third, second and first coil assemblies.

Abstract: An ignition coil includes a central core, a primary winding, a spool, a secondary winding, and a case outward of the core, spool, primary winding, and secondary winding. The secondary winding is wound on the spool and includes a high voltage end. The ignition coil also includes a cup formed of a metal material in electrical communication with the high voltage end of the secondary winding and is configured to be contacted by a conductive connector that is suitable for connection to a spark plug. The cup includes a generally cylindrical first sidewall press fit with the case and defining a press fit area at the interface of the first sidewall and the case, a generally cylindrical second sidewall spaced radially from the first sidewall, and an annular space defined between the press fit area and the second sidewall.

Abstract: An iron core winding assembly comprises a coil rack and an iron core structure coupled with the coil rack. The coil rack includes a winding portion, a through hole located in the winding portion and at least one lateral wire exit portion extended from the winding portion. The iron core structure includes two end walls and two axial magnetic cylinders located between the two end walls, and two top walls and two bottom walls located between the two end walls to cover the winding portion. Each axial magnetic cylinder runs through the through hole. Each top wall forms a wire exit notch with the bottom wall run through by the lateral wire exit portion. The iron core winding assembly thus formed is positioned transversely on an electronic baseboard at a desired height. By separating the winding portion and electronic baseboard via the bottom wall, electromagnetic interference can be avoided.

Abstract: An air cooling system, method, apparatus and kit applied to lower transformer operating temperatures, such as governed by a tank or container of oil, allowing transformer components to run more efficiently at a lower temperature level, e.g., down from the hot level operating temperatures typical in stressed conventional devices. By lowering the operational levels to within or below the nominal operational temperature ranges for the equipment, and recovering heat generated during operation, several advantages are obtained.

Abstract: A cooling system for a transformer comprises a fan duct and a housing which together enclose an interior space. A transformer located in the interior space is mounted on the fan duct, and has a plurality of core sections surrounded by windings and separated by gaps. An air channeling structure is located between the transformer and the fan duct. A cooling airflow path extends through the air channeling structure, and between core sections of the transformer.

Abstract: A method for cooling a transformer and transformer apparatuses are implemented. A transformer apparatus, according to one embodiment, comprises: a conduction cooled electrical transformer (240) mounted to a cold plate (252); and a heat pipe (262) for supplementing cooling of the transformer (240), the heat pipe (262) comprising a first end (303), a second end (305), and a sealed low pressure cavity containing an amount of a fluid (311), wherein the first end (303) of the heat pipe (262) is located in a hot region of the transformer (240), the second end (305) is maintained colder than the first end (303) by contact with the cold plate (252), and heat produced at the first end (303) by operation of the transformer (240) is moved to the second end (305) by a closed loop vapor cycle in the sealed low pressure cavity using the fluid (311) of the heat pipe (262).

Abstract: An electrical winding body includes an electrically conductive winding and an insulation surrounding the winding. The surrounding insulation surrounds the entire winding and forms a mechanically stable winding body. At least one continuous channel having an opening in the electrical winding body is disposed inside the winding body. An extension element is placed in the openings of the continuous channels to elongate the channels beyond the dimensions of the electrical winding body, thus providing for improved cooling. Side elements are additionally attached on the outer wall of the electrical winding body to create an intermediate space which forms a new cooling channel that produces an additional cooling effect due to an air current created by the chimney effect.

Abstract: An air-core reactor with natural-air cooling of a winding includes first open spaces to let air flow through the winding in parallel with an axis of symmetry of the reactor and second open spaces crossing the first open spaces to let air flow through the winding angular to the axis of symmetry. A ventilation unit to produce a forced-air flow is arranged in such a way to the air-core reactor that a first part of the forced-air flow enters one of the first or second open spaces and at least one guiding element is arranged with respect to the crossing of the first and the second open spaces in such a way that the first part of the forced-air flow leaves and a second part of the forced-air flow enters the one of the first or second open spaces. A shielding element is arranged at another crossing of the first and the second open spaces so that substantially no air can leave or enter the one of the first or second open spaces.

Abstract: A versatile distribution transformer having an electromagnetic transformer and a power electronic module is provided. A pocket having connectors electrically connected to at least one winding structure of the electromagnetic transformer is mounted above the electromagnetic transformer. The power electronic module is removably mounted in a cavity of the pocket. The power electronic module includes a plurality of semiconductor switching devices and a plurality of connectors adapted to slidably engage the connectors of the pocket. The power electronic module is movable between a removed position, wherein the power electronic module is located outside the pocket, and an installed position, wherein the power electronic module is disposed in the cavity of the pocket and the connectors of the power electronic module engage the connectors of the pocket so as to electrically connect the power electronic module to the at least one winding structure.

Abstract: An electrical winding body includes an electrically conductive winding and an insulation surrounding the winding. The surrounding insulation surrounds the entire winding and forms a mechanically stable winding body. At least one continuous channel having an opening in the electrical winding body is disposed inside the winding body. An extension element is placed in the openings of the continuous channels to elongate the channels beyond the dimensions of the electrical winding body, thus providing for improved cooling. Side elements are additionally attached on the outer wall of the electrical winding body to create an intermediate space which forms a new cooling channel that produces an additional cooling effect due to an air current created by the chimney effect.

Abstract: An compact dry transformer (1A) comprising a magnetic material core (2) and a coil assembly (3) assembled onto the core. The core comprises heat dissipating covers (4) with cooling fins (5) snug fitted over the core. The coil assembly is mounted on the core over a heat dissipating shifted inner jacket (9) made of non-magnetic material in close contact with the inner jacket. At least one first heat pipe (11) provided with cooling fins is located between the core and inner jacket in close contact therewith. The coil assembly further comprises a heat dissipating shifted outer jacket (13) made of non-magnetic material snug fitted over the high voltage winding. At least one second heat pipe (15) protruding out of bushings provided with cooling fins is located against the outer jacket in close contact therewith.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a rupture prevention system, which increases a limit of the deformation of a transformer tank, thus primarily preventing a sudden rise in pressure, and which increases the number of rupture disc per unit area, thus preventing the rupture of the tank wherever the arc is generated in tank. The system includes a support part installed in the transformer tank and supporting a shielding plate so that it is not directly attached to the transformer tank. A plurality of rupture discs is mounted to pipes extending outwards from the transformer tank, and is ruptured when pressure in the transformer tank reaches a predetermined pressure level. A plurality of relief tanks is vertically installed at a position neighboring the transformer, and is coupled to the pipes. Further, an oil gauge is mounted at a lower position in each of the relief tanks, and generates a signal when the insulating oil flows into the relief tank.

Abstract: An oil cooling system, which may be employed for transformers feeding traction electric motors and for oil in a high viscosity condition, includes a first heat exchanger between a heat generating source to cooling oil that is connected by delivery and return ducts to a second heat exchanger cooling the oil by transmitting the heat absorbed at the first heat exchanger to an environment having a lower temperature than the cooling oil. The oil cooling system also includes devices flowing the cooling oil from the first to the second heat exchanger and vice versa, and devices monitoring oil flow in the circuit, for example by indicating operating conditions of the cooling system and/or by performing safety operations when the heat generating source becomes overheated.

Abstract: In a vehicle transformer including a core 1, a winding 2, a rectangular tank 3 holding them, a cooling unit 7 for cooling a cooling medium 6 filling the tank 3, and a circulating pump 8 for forcibly circulating the cooling medium 6, a partition member 9 is provided for dividing an interior of the tank 3 into two and the partition member 9 divides a channel of the cooling medium 6 flowing within the winding 2 into a first cooling medium channel 10 and a second cooling medium channel 11, and both of the cooling medium channels 10, 11 are communicated at one end side of the tank 3 and the cooling unit 7 connected to both of the cooling medium channels 10, 11 is provided at the other end for the cooling medium 6 to flow and circulate in the first cooling medium channel 10 and the second cooling medium channel 11. Thereby, the connection between the tank and the cooling unit is simplified and a vehicle transformer reduced in size and weight is obtained.

Abstract: A device and method for reducing the risk of a streamer initiated flashover across a high voltage insulator under normal operating voltages. The device includes a support structure adapted to be grounded and mounted in proximity to the high voltage insulator; and space charge producing conductors wound around the support structure and forming coils for producing space charge in a proximity of an insulator to be protected, and inhibiting a formation of positive streamers, each conductor having a diameter not exceeding 0.1 mm for reducing a corona inception voltage of the support structure upon which each conductor is wound, in both dry and wet conditions.

Abstract: An air-core reactor with natural-air cooling of a winding includes first open spaces to let air flow through the winding in parallel with an axis of symmetry of the reactor and second open spaces crossing the first open spaces to let air flow through the winding angular to the axis of symmetry. A ventilation unit to produce a forced-air flow is arranged in such a way to the air-core reactor that a first part of the forced-air flow enters one of the first or second open spaces and at least one guiding element is arranged with respect to the crossing of the first and the second open spaces in such a way that the first part of the forced-air flow leaves and a second part of the forced-air flow enters the one of the first or second open spaces. A shielding element is arranged at another crossing of the first and the second open spaces so that substantially no air can leave or enter the one of the first or second open spaces.

Abstract: A planar transformer comprises a primary coil board including a primary coil, a secondary coil board including a secondary coil, a heat sink integrally having a spacer portion, and a magnetic core assembly mounted to the primary coil board and the secondary coil board. The spacer portion is inserted into a gap between and facing the primary coil board and the secondary coil board and at least a surface of the heat sink is electrical insulating.

Abstract: An ignition coil includes a coil part having primary and secondary coils, a center core, and a peripheral core, a connector case part, a seal rubber, and a ventilation passage. The coil part is inserted in a plug hole of an engine, and the case part is outside the plug hole. An axial end of the peripheral core is inserted in an insertion hole of the case part. The peripheral core and an inner wall surface of the insertion hole define a ventilation clearance therebetween. A gap between the case part and the plug hole is sealed with the rubber. The rubber is closely-attached to the plug hole and the case part along its whole circumference. The passage, through which the plug hole is ventilated, includes the clearance and a ventilation hole formed at a certain position of the case part away from the rubber to communicate with the clearance.

Abstract: The system utilizes the flow of a medium for cooling an installation, especially a transformer. The fact is utilized that the flow of the medium, e.g. wind, automatically increases with increasing load of the transformer. The novel transformer is formed so that its outer shape and the cooling elements are impinged upon by the natural air flow to a maximum degree. For this purpose, the cooling elements across their length are adapted to have a large cross-sectional area for the flowing medium. The depth of the cooling elements is chosen such that the flow resistance is not too high and so as to achieve a turbulent flow of the cooling air. Distance and arrangement of the cooling elements are chosen such that the transformer tank itself is reached by the flowing medium and serves for cooling.

Abstract: Compact dry transformer (1A) consisting of a magnetic material core (2) provided with a first heat sink consisting of covers (10) having cooling fins (11) on the outer surface thereof. The transformer also consists of a coil assembly (3,4) provided with a second heat sink consisting of enclosures (12) having cooling fins (14) on the outer surface thereof. The second heat sink further consists of jackets (15) with heat pipes (17) containing a thermic fluid having low boiling point at vacuum such as water. The heat pipes consist of evaporator portions and condenser portions having cooling fins (21) on the outer surface thereof. Due to the heat sinks heat dissipation efficiency of the transformer is improved (FIG. 3).

Abstract: A magnetic field generating device comprising a frame about which a current carrying coil of conductor is wound. The frame preferably includes spaced-apart side panels and an auxiliary supplementary cooling system panel. Each of the panels is configured with a plurality of spacers and/or perforations to facilitate and encourage the movement of air within the apparatus. The spacers are preferably provided on the interior surfaces of the primary panels to maintain the coil winding in a centered position therewith. Spacers may also be interpositioned between the various layers of the coil itself to enable airflow into and around the various coil layers. Of course, in the alternate embodiment a plurality of coils may be provided such that each individual layers or combination thereof may comprise an individual coil.

Abstract: An oil-filled pole-mounted distribution transformer comprises a tank housing a transformer core-coil assembly immersed in cooling oil. The tank is made of a corrosion-proof composite material and a radiator is provided for cooling the oil. The radiator is external to the tank and has a hot oil inlet and a cool oil outlet located at different levels into the tank for causing a natural circulation of oil through the radiator by thermal siphoning.

Abstract: A small footprint power transformer constructed so as to exhibit improved heat dissipation characteristics and an enhanced flow of a cooling medium. The transformer construction achieves small footprint by superimposing the core legs with the windings in vertical relationship. Highly heat conductive plane dissipators are inserted between adjacent finished coil discs and extended beyond the winding structure, terminating in fins arranged to assure maximum heat transfer to a cooling medium flowing therepast resulting in substantial reduction of the temperature rise.

Abstract: A planar magnetic device including a planar conductive winding and planar cooling element is disclosed. The planar cooling element includes a number of cooling layers some of which may have apertures therein to create a passage that accommodates fluid flow. In operation, coolant is pumped through the passage of the planar cooling element to remove heat from the planar magnetic device.

Abstract: A controllable inductor comprises at least a tubular core, a main winding (1) surrounding the core and a control winding (3) passing substantially axially through the core. It is adapted for connection to a three phase alternating current network and has for this sake for each phase (14-16) a main winding (1) for connection to the phase, a core and a control winding, and the control windings of the three phases are electrically connected in series to each other.

Abstract: A core assembly for coil units and a method for producing the same which can suppress a raise of temperature are provided. A secondary core (21) made of a ferrite includes a pair of core members (25, 25) which are symmetrical with respect to each other and are adapted to be coupled to each other. Each core member (25) is provided in its coupling surface (44) with a groove or apertune (43). When the core members (25, 25) are coupled to each other, the integrated grooves (43, 43) define a flow path (40) adapted to flow a cooling medium in the secondary core (21). Thus, it is possible to form a flow path in a core made of a sintered material which is too hard to be worked.

Abstract: A controllable inductor including a tubular core, a main winding (1) surrounding the core, a control winding running substantially axially to the core and an element (3) surrounding the core and arranged to support the main winding wound outside thereof in radial layers. The element includes means arranged to provide channels (19) partly defined by the radially inner turn of the main winding. Said channels are communicating with spacings between said layers (2). A member is arranged to generate a flow of air in the channels and through the spacings of the layers for cooling the main winding.

Abstract: A controllable inductor including at least one tubular core (10), a main winding (5) surrounding the core and a control winding (11) running substantially axially through said core and returning substantially axially outside thereof between said core and said main winding. The control winding is divided into a plurality of separate part control windings (12). The cross section of the part control windings is formed in a way that at least some adjacent part control windings inside the core are separated by means of a spacing (20, 26), which is at least partly defined by substantially parallel surfaces (16, 17) of these part control windings.

Abstract: A controllable inductor comprises at least a tubular core (13) a main winding (5) surrounding the core, a control winding (13) passing substantially axially through the core, a ground part (15) arranged inside the main winding and an element surrounding the core and adapted to carry the main winding wound outside thereof at a distance to the ground part while creating a voltage taking air gap between the main winding and this part. The main winding has a first end (10) thereof on high potential and the potential falls towards the second opposite end (11). The element carries the main winding at the first end (10) at a larger radial distance to the ground part than at the second end.

Abstract: A fuel injection valve prevents capillary flow by the provision of controlled pressure compensation. In the region of axial extension of the magnet coil, at least one radially extending transverse hole is introduced into the valve housing and this hole is covered by a diaphragm which surrounds the valve housing in the form of a ring. The diaphragm allows pressure compensation without the risk that moisture will penetrate into the interior of the valve and prevents negative capillary flows. The fuel injection valve is suitable, in particular, for use in fuel injection systems of mixture-compressing applied-ignition internal combustion engines.

Abstract: The inductive charge coupler carrying the transformer primary is supplied with coolant fluid. The inductive charge receptacle mounted on the automobile has interior cooling fluid passages and there is a duct to transfer the cooling fluid from the inductive charge coupler to the cooling fluid passages in the inductive charge receptacle.

Abstract: A transformer assembly comprises a tank body enclosing a transformer and a cooling liquid. A cooling collar is fixedly attached to the outer surface of the tank body. The cooling collar is formed separately from the tank body in a corrugated shape so as to be elastically expandably mounted onto the tank body. The collar is attached to the tank body by a thermally conductive epoxy. The corrugations of the collar define cooling fins for dissipating heat from the tank body. The cooling collar can be of one-piece or multi-piece construction, the latter comprising a plurality of collar segments hooked together in end-to-end fashion.

Abstract: To improve the heat protection of an electronic device (7) in the case of heat radiation coming from the outside, for example solar rays, lateral radiation reflectors (12, 13; 16, 17) of 1 mm-thick aluminium plate polished on both sides and degreased are arranged between the electronic device and the walk (20, 21) of a heat protection casing (1) which laterally surrounds the electronic device. In addition, upper radiation reflectors (14, 15) are provided between the coverplate of the electronic device (7) and a coverplate (4) of the heat protection casing (1), a ventilation opening (18) remaining to the lateral radiation reflectors. In the sidewall of the heat protection casing (1), lower and upper ventilation slots (5,6) are arranged by means of which a chimney effect is achieved in the interior of the heat protection casing. In addition, a bottom plate (2) of the heat protection casing (1) can exhibit cooling openings (3).

Abstract: A device for treating aqueous solutions with magnetic lines of force includes a pipe through which the solution passes. An electromagnetic coil surrounds the pipe and a core consisting of endwise connected alternating short sections of magnetic and non-magnetic material is disposed coaxially with and spaced from the pipe. Located between the pipe and the core is a helical baffle. A housing is spaced from and surrounds the coil. Air circulation vents are located at the upper and lower ends of the housing. Annular cooling fins extend outwardly through the coil with their outer peripheries terminating in the gap between the coil and the housing. A plurality of apertures are formed in the exposed outer portions of each cooling fin with the apertures of one fin being staggered relative to the apertures of the adjacent fins.

Abstract: A transformer (3) having a ferromagnetic core (5, 7) provided with windings and a metal screening device which comprises a screening sheath surrounding the core (5, 7). The screening device comprises supporting caps (25, 27) which are placed on the transformer from opposite directions and between which the screening sheath (13) is clamped at a distance from the core. The screening device may also serve as a holder for the transformer on a chassis of an apparatus.

Abstract: An improved electrical device of the type having a coil and a base and having a thermally conductive electrical insulating material placed between the coil and the base so as to facilitate the flow of heat from the coil to the base, and further having a base with an extended surface area so as to promote the flow of heat from the base to the surrounding air. In one construction, the insulating material is cast in place, thus cementing the coil and the base together.

Abstract: A power supply packaging arrangement which utilizes transformer as the main structural component. Side panels of the package are connected to the transformer. These panels support the transformer, additional power supply circuitry and the top, front and rear sides of the package.

Abstract: A choke for use with alternating current has a ventilated housing with a perforate inner wall and an imperforate outer wall to which the choke is connected vibration-elastically. The space between the inner wall and the jacket is filled with a sound-absorbing material.

Abstract: A coupling transformer for networks with superimposed audio frequency voltage, especially for ripple control systems, with primary and secondary windings rigidly coupled with each other and arranged about an iron core; the primary and secondary windings surround one another coaxially and are separated and insulated from one another by a cast resin insulation, whereby only one of the two windings is embedded in the cast resin insulation while the other, freely accessible winding coaxially surrounds the iron core constructed as rod-type core under formation of at least one cooling channel; an electric shield is additionally provided between the two windings.

Abstract: A sound reducing baffle for air cooled electrical apparatus with a ventilated enclosure comprised of a box-like closure member positioned in front of the ventilating openings and open at the back and top thereof to permit the transfer of air.The sound is attenuated by reflections and absorption within the baffle with little or no interference with the transfer of cooling air to and from the enclosure.

Abstract: Metal-clad switchgear utilizing means to provide for self-cooling of the current transformers and primary disconnecting contacts. The support enclosure for the current transformers and the disconnecting contacts is apertured beneath the location of the current transformers, and air may enter the enclosure to cool the current transformers and contacts. A ventilating duct is in fluid communication with air within the enclosure, and transports the heated air from the enclosure to exhaust vents situated at the top of the metal-clad switchgear housing.

Abstract: This invention relates to improvements in systems for force-cooling transformers of the kind in which an outer helical winding and an insulation barrier nested therein form an axially extending annular passage for cooling-fluid flow. In one form of the invention a tubular shroud is positioned about the helical winding to define an axially extending annular chamber for cooling-fluid flow. The chamber has a width in the range of from about 4 to 25 times that of the axially extending passage. Two baffles extend inward from the shroud to define with the helical winding two annular flow channels having hydraulic diameters smaller than that of the chamber. The inlet to the chamber is designed with a hydraulic diameter approximating that of the coolant-entrance end of the above-mentioned annular passage. As so modified, transformers of the kind described can be operated at significantly higher load levels without exceeding safe operating temperatures.