Abstract: Several embodiments of the present technology are directed to bonding sheets having enhanced plasma resistant characteristics, and being used to bond to semiconductor devices. In some embodiments, a bonding sheet in accordance with the present technology comprises a base bond material having one or more thermal conductivity elements embedded therein, and one or more etched openings formed around particular regions or corresponding features of the adjacent semiconductor components. The bond material can include PDMS, FFKM, or a silicon-based polymer, and the etch resistant components can include PEEK, or PEEK-coated components.

Abstract: A clothes steamer for an aircraft cabin, having a closable case fixed to an internal surface of the aircraft cabin. A steam generator is fluidly coupled to the clothes holding cavity configured to selectively increase the humidity of air within the clothes holding cavity. A temperature and humidity sensors are configured to produce a first signal indicative of a temperature within the clothes holding cavity. A cold finger configured to remove water from the air within the clothes holding cavity. A controller is provided which is configured to receive temperature and the humidity sensor signals and to selectively produce at least one of a steam generator control signal and a cold finger control signal to selectively operate the steam generator and the cold finger.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a thermochemical system comprising a reactor, or an enclosure for storing a solid reactive material capable of absorbing a gas, the reactive material and the gas being such that, when placed together, a chemical reaction occurs which results in the gas being absorbed by the reactive material, and a reverse chemical reaction occurs, wherein the gas absorbed by the reactive material is desorbed when heating means are applied to said reactive material when the latter has absorbed the gas. Said thermochemical system is characterized in that the reactor consists of an outer housing which is made of a composite material and which contains a sealed inner housing containing the reactive material, the heating means being arranged between the two enclosures.

Abstract: The invention concerns a touch-sensitive surface (15) electrical control device comprising at least two adjacent active zones (3, 5, 7) for controlling in each active zone (3, 5, 7) a specific electrical function and a coating (13) provided on the touch-sensitive surface (15) and having surface ribs (9) for delimiting said active control zones (3, 5, 7). The invention is characterized in that the lower surface (18) of a rib (9) separating two adjacent active zones is shaped like a tensioned vault (20) between posts (17) which are solely supported outside the active zones of the touch-sensitive surface (15).

Abstract: According to a first preferred embodiment, a resistor arrangement with resistor elements is specified whose first electrodes are conductively connected to each other by means of a flexible, conductive connection element that is curved. The connection element has changes in curvature in the regions arranged between two adjacent resistor elements. According to a second preferred embodiment, a resistor arrangement with resistor elements is specified that are connected to each other by a flexible connection element. The resistor elements each have an arrangement of slot-like recesses.

Abstract: A heated body mat realized by an assembly covered by a protective enclosure. The assembly has a major dimension (e.g., length) and includes a heat reflecting layer disposed between a top foam panel and a bottom foam panel. A resistive heater element is arranged in a single loop that provides coverage over a substantial part of the area of the mat. A plurality of thermostats (preferably 3 or more) are integrated as part of the loop and arranged in a series configuration being spaced apart along the major dimension of the assembly. Each one of said thermostats is normally closed and opens at one or more predetermined threshold temperatures to thereby open the current path loop realized by the resistive heater element. In use, electric power is supplied to the resistive heater element to generate heat that is emitted from the mat.

Abstract: According to a first preferred embodiment, a resistor arrangement with resistor elements is specified whose first electrodes are conductively connected to each other by means of a flexible, conductive connection element that is curved. The connection element has changes in curvature in the regions arranged between two adjacent resistor elements. According to a second preferred embodiment, a resistor arrangement with resistor elements is specified that are connected to each other by a flexible connection element. The resistor elements each have an arrangement of slot-like recesses.

Abstract: It is provided that a reflection plate of semiconductor heat treatment, which is resistant to cracks or deformations by controlling the adsorption of foreign materials and the production of reaction. Said reflection plate 1 for semiconductor heat treatment is composed of a disk-shaped or ring-shaped plate of optically transmissible material and a plate 2 of inorganic material hermetically enclosed in said disk-shaped or ring-shaped plate, in which said plate of inorganic material has at least one side in contact with said plate of optically transmissible material, said at least one side 2a having a surface roughness of Ra 0.1 to 10.0 ?m, said at least one side 2a formed grooves 2c therein.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an over-current protection apparatus, comprising a current-sensitive element, a first electrode and a second electrode. The over-current protection apparatus of the present invention is a three-dimensional multi-layer structure, and can be formed by heating, pressing, etching, cutting and multi-stage deformation to prevent it from breakage during the bending process. Therefore, the over-current protection apparatus with at least one bend is formed.

Abstract: In a garment 10, 12 incorporating an electronic device such as a radio 16, a variable of the device, such as volume, is varied by the use of two cords 22, 24, the electrical resistance of each cord decreasing in accordance with an increase in tension applied to the cord; pulling one cord increases the volume of the radio and pulling the other cord decreases the volume. The stronger the pull, the faster the change in volume. The ends of the cords lie outside the garment and carry toggles 26, 28 for easy operation by a gloved hand. Alternatively the ends of the cord outside the garment may be connected to opposite ends of a manual grip 48.

Abstract: In a garment 10, 12 incorporating an electronic device such as a radio 16, a variable of the device, such as volume, is varied by the use of two cords 22, 24, the electrical resistance of each cord decreasing in accordance with an increase in tension applied to the cord; pulling one cord increases the volume of the radio and pulling the other cord decreases the volume. The stronger the pull, the faster the change in volume. The ends of the cords lie outside the garment and carry toggles 26, 28 for easy operation by a gloved hand. Alternatively the ends of the cord outside the garment may be connected to opposite ends of a manual grip 48.

Abstract: A device to protect electronic circuitry from high voltage transients is constructed from a relatively thin piece of conductive composite sandwiched between two conductors so that conduction is through the thickness of the composite piece. The device is based on the discovery that conduction through conductive composite materials in this configuration switches to a high resistance mode when exposed to voltages above a threshold voltage.

Abstract: Use is made of thermoplastic materials in layered configurations as a thermally stable, rigid but not brittle strip of lengths of six inches to ten feet or more. The layered strip contains layers of conductive fibers in a resin matrix, which, through use of appropriate contact mechanisms and wiring, provide an assembly with an infinite potentiometer scale. The strips are especially useful in linear positioning indicators such as pneumatic and hydraulic cylinder and liquid level gauges. The strips are conductively connected by cutting a bias surface relative to said strips and placing resin thereon.

Abstract: A scanning potentiometer adapted to a hatch edge prevents buckling of an insulating cover (2) which has a contact strip (10) and a resistor strip (14) during bending and prevents undesired contact. The insulating cover (2) has two profiles (3, 4), with a reinforcing device provided in at least one of the profiles (3, 4). In a preferred embodiment, the reinforcing device has tubular conduits (5, 6) that are integrated into one of the profiles (3, 4), namely the profile (3) that includes an actuation surface (7) of the scanning potentiometer.

Abstract: Improved tape assemblies for delivering electrical devices to work stations at which the devices are installed. Each of the devices comprises a laminar electrical component sandwiched between two laminar metal members, and is preferably a PTC circuit protection device. In the assemblies, the electrical components are discrete components, but they are contacted by, and linked together through, laminar metal members which, after the assembly has been divided into separate devices, provide leads which contact and extend away from the electrical component. Preferably the metal members are prepared by cutting and forming a single strip of metal. Preferably the assembly is free from any longitudinally continuous carrier strip which much be discarded after the devices have been separated from each other. Preferably, the assemblies are sufficiently flexible to be wrapped around a reel and unwrapped at the work station.

Abstract: Laminar electrical devices, in particular circuit protection devices, contain two laminar electrodes, with a PTC element between them, and a cross-conductor which passes through the thickness of the device and contacts one only of the two electrodes. This permits connection to both electrodes from the same side of the device. The device also includes layers of solder on the areas of the device through which connection is made, and separation and/or masking members which (a) reduce the danger of short circuits formed by solder flow during installation of the device and/or (b) provide a site for permanent marking of the device.

Abstract: A miniature trimmer resistor has a resistor carrier with resistive path deposited thereon and solder contacts electrically connected to the resistive path. The resistor carrier and solder contacts are formed by means of a single film of electrically insulating material. This film is covered or coated with electrically conductive material in the region of the solder contacts and printed with a resistive enamel in the region of the resistive path.

Abstract: An electrical assembly for an oil burner nozzle has a heating element and a conductive foil assembly for supplying current to the heating element. The conductive foil assembly has a base material in the form of an electrically insulating sheet configured to extend from the heating element in the oil burner nozzle to an access position accessible from outside the oil burner nozzle. Foil conductors are disposed on the electrically insulating sheet and extend from the access position to the heating element. Another electrically insulating sheet selectively covers the foil conductor in a sandwiched arrangement. The conductive foil assembly is folded around the heating element and portions of the foil conductors are placed into electrical contact with the heating element via non-insulated areas of the foil conductors provided by the selective covering.

Abstract: A notebook computer or other electronic device has a flexible cable interconnecting electronic circuitry in a base with electronic circuitry in a cover. A flexible potentiometer is coupled to said flexible cable in a location which bends when said cover is opened and closed with respect to the base. The resistance of the flexible potentiometer has a first value when the cover is closed and has a second value when the cover is open. A detection circuit is responsive to the resistance of the flexible potentiometer and generates an output signal which indicates whether the cover is open or closed.

Abstract: A deflectable substrate such as a phenolic resin has a conductive ink deposited thereon in a pattern preferably with a segmented conductor positioned on top to form a flexible potentiometer in which the resistance consistently and predictably changes upon deflection or the bending of the substrate.

Abstract: A conductive polymeric tape has elongate electrodes, (6) extending along its long edges, and comprises a central longitudinal strip (8) of different resistance to the remainder of the tape. The strip (8) extends part way only along the tape. The tape may also, or instead, contain discontinuities (20) preferably extending across the tape. The purpose of the strip (8) and the discontinuities (20) is to control the passage of electrical current and also the heat output of different parts of the tape.

Abstract: A resistance strip heater includes a pair of elongated, mutually parallel electrical conductors or buses lying on a dielectric substrate. Each bus includes a conductive region extending toward the other conductor, and the locations of the conductive regions of the two buses alternate along the lengths thereof. An elongated resistance arrangement has its axis of elongation parallel to the buses, is physically supported between the buses, and is electrically connected to mutually adjacent ones of the conductive regions, so that the resistance arrangement is electrically connected across the buses. In a particular embodiment of the invention, the resistance arrangement is a plurality of elongated chip resistors arranged in an array. The substrate may be a polyimide sheet, and a corresponding cover sheet may be used. The strip heater can be cut virtually anywhere along its length without affecting its operability.

Abstract: An electrical resistance heating element includes a pair of spaced apart electrical conductors, and a strip of resistive material disposed between the conductors and extending along their lengths. A strip of heat-sensitive, electrically conductive material is also disposed between the conductors and also extends along their lengths. The strips of resistive material and heat-sensitive, electrically conductive material together provide an electrical path between the conductors widthwise along their lengths. The heat-sensitive strip interrupts an electrical path between the conductors and widthwise through the resistive material strip only over portions of the resistive material strip which attain a predetermined temperature.

Abstract: Conductive polymer compositions based on polyvinylidene fluoride have improved properties when the polyvinylidene fluoride has a very regular structure which can be characterized by a low head-to-head content in the repeating units. The improved properties include electrical stability when contacted by organic fluids and/or when maintained at elevated temperatures in air. Such compositions which exhibit PTC behavior are particularly useful in the form of self-limiting heaters which are immersed in organic fluids, especially flexible strip heaters for heating diesel fuel before it passes through a fuel filter.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a heater device used for a floow material with a heater contained therein and the like within a room and a floor material with a heater contained therein, said heater device comprising an insulating sheet, a plurality of belt-shaped electrodes stood in a row side by side at intervals on an upper surface of said insulating sheet, a plastic radiant body layer formed on an upper surface of the insulating sheet and said belt-shaped electrodes and an insulating layer formed on an upper surface of said radiant body layer, and said floor material with a heater contained therein comprising a bed plate, a first resin layer formed on said bed plate, a pair of belt-shaped electrodes provided at an interval on said first resin layer, a radiant body layer formed on an upper surface of said first resin layer and the belt-shaped electrodes, a second resin layer formed on an upper surface of said radiant body layer and a dressed sheet provided on an upper surface of said second resin layer.

Abstract: A heated wiper blade assembly for windshields is provided, in which a plastic blade holder has an upper longitudinal groove for receiving a flat electric heating element enclosed in a ribbon of dielectric. The plastic blade holder also has at its lower portion, a longitudinal slot for receiving a wiper blade therein. A metal cap is positioned over the heating element and crimped around the plastic holder to form a wiper blade subassembly. Such subassembly is then mounted in an enclosing wiper housing such that the upper portion of the blade holder with heating element and metal cap or radiator, are positioned within the housing cavity and the lower portion of the blade holder and the wiper blade, face away from the housing, so that upon application of electricity to the heating element, heat is directed into the housing and also applied to the holder and indirectly to the wiper blade.

Abstract: An electric heating device for warming liquid propane gas (LPG) bottles includes a flexible heat resistant belt adapted to be secured around the outer peripheral surface of the bottle. The belt has embedded therein an electric resistance heating element with end portions of the belt being heating element-free. A dual safety system is provided on the belt for controlling the heating element and includes a low temperature (60.degree.-80.degree. F.) thermostat secured to a heating element-free end portion of the belt so as to be responsive to the temperature of the bottle and a high temperature (180.degree.-200.degree. F.) thermally-responsive device, such as a thermostat, fuse or circuit breaker located, on the portion of the belt in which the heating element is embedded, for controlling maximum temperature of the belt.

Abstract: A heated water vessel for providing drinking water for animals is provided which has a first exterior rubber container and a second rubber interior container wherein the second container is nested within the first, forming an enclosed air pocket between the first and second container. The two containers are sealed together with a breakable adhesive in order to allow the separation of the containers if necessary. An electric self-regulating heating cable is wrapped around the outer surface of the second container and in contact therewith in order to prevent the water within the inner container from freezing over during subfreezing temperatures. The enclosed air pocket does not contain any foamed or other type of insulation.

Abstract: The flat electrical resistance heating element is intended principally for a household article having a heating surface.The heating element comprises a heating resistance cut out from a metal sheet (1) which is coated with a substrate (2) of electrically insulating material resistant to the heating temperature and adherent to the metal sheet (1) and to the material of which the support (5) of the heating surface of the article is made.Use principally in base-heated kitchen utensils and irons.

Abstract: Diesel fuel is heated prior to filtration by passing it in thermal contact with a laminar heater immersed in the fuel. The heater has a resistance at room temperature of 0.30 to 0.75 ohm and comprises a PTC conductive polymer resistive heating element sandwiched between equispaced imperforate metal foil electrodes, particularly electrodeposited foil electrodes, coextensive with resistive heating element. The conductive polymer has a resistivity at room temperature of 20 to 2000 ohm - cm. The resistive element has a cross-sectional area in a plane parallel to the electrodes of 3 to 10 square inches and the electrodes have a microrough surface in direct physical contact with the conductive polymer.

Abstract: Ordinary inexpensive magnetic recording tape is used to create a novel resistance element which may be made pressure sensitive to perform a number of tasks involving robot finger control intrusion alarm systems, and portable weighing scales. A pressure insensitive resistance element is also used as an efficient, inexpensive heating tape element, or to make precision resistors having little bulk, and resistive networks which may be customized by a user.

Abstract: Elongate electrical devices, comprising two conductors with electrical elements connected in parallel between them, have improved performance if the power supply is connected to one conductor at the near end and to the other conductor at the far end. Particularly useful devices are heaters, e.g. PTC conductive polymer heaters. The power supply is connected to the far end of the device through a connection means whose electrical properties can be correlated with those of the device in order to obtain a wide range of useful results. For example the connection means can have PTC, NTC or ZTC character and can be a simple conductor or another elongate device. The power supply can be DC or single-phase, two-phase or three-phase AC.

Abstract: A heater including a substrate having semiconductor bus stripes along each edge of one face. The semiconductor stripes are connected by a plurality of identically oriented bars. The bars include a feeder segment at each end and a divided segment connecting the feeder segments. The feeder segments are spaced 1/4 inch apart. The divided segment is divided into equally spaced heating elements, each having a width equal to the width of the space between adjacent heating elements. The width of each heating element is 1/16 inch.

Abstract: Ordinary inexpensive magnetic recording tape is used to create a novel resistance element which may be made pressure sensitive to perform a number of tasks involving robot finger control intrusion alarm systems, and portable weighing scales. A pressure insensitive resistance element is also used as an efficient, inexpensive heating tape element, or to make precision resistors having little bulk, and resistive networks which may be customized by a user.

Abstract: A sheet heater including a substrate, a semi-conductor pattern (typically of colloidal graphite) having a pair of spaced-apart conductor contact portions and a heating portion extending between and electrically connected to the contact portions, and a pair of conductors one of which overlies and engages each of the contact portions. Each of the conductors is wider than the respective underlying contact portions of the semi-conductor pattern, and includes a pair of longitudinally-extending strip portions with a central portion including a plurality of longitudinally-shaped openings therebetween. The strip portion at one edge of the conductor overlies and engages a respective contact portion; and a sealing layer of insulating material overlies the respective conductor and is sealed to the substrate along the edges of the conductor and through the longitudinally-spaced openings.

Abstract: The resistivity/temperature characteristics of PTC conductive polymers which have little or no cross-linking can be modified by stretching. The rate at which resistivity rises with temperature is increased, and the peak resistivity is decreased; however, the decrease in peak resistivity is substantially smaller than that observed with PTC conductive polymers having a high degree of cross-linking. Therefore, heat-recoverable electrical devices, particularly for covering telephone and other cable splices, comprise (a) a layer of a PTC conductive polymer which has little or no cross-linking, (2) an adjacent heat-recoverable layer of a PTC or ZTC conductive polymer which has a relatively high level of cross-linking, and (3) electrodes which can be connected to a power supply so that current passes through the layers and causes recovery of the device; preferably an uncrosslinked PTC layer is sandwiched between two cross-linked ZTC layers. Non-recoverable devices, e.g.

Abstract: A wall, floor or ceiling heater comprises a plurality of self regulating, preferably PTC conductive polymer, heater elements each of which is connected to two or more connection elements. The elements are held by a support. In a preferred embodiment the heater elements are positioned parallel to each other, and perpendicular to the connection elements. The support is preferably made from a rigid material which is hinged to allow the heater to be folded or rolled for easy transport.

Abstract: An electrically heatable hair wrapper capable of being cut to any predetermined length from a flat, elongated, flexible base carrying a plurality of parallel resistance heating circuits. The circuits extend along the length of the base in a periodic serpentine pattern with the opposite ends of each pattern being electrically connected to continuous parallel buses extending along the longitudinal edges of the base. The flexible base is provided with indicia for indicating where the base and buses may be cut intermediate each adjacent pair of serpentine patterns so as not to destroy the continuity of the selected resistance heating circuits. A bendable, shape-retaining, cuttable wire along each longitudinal edge of the base outwardly of the parallel buses holds the wrapper in any desired shape. A longitudinally flexible flap integrally formed with at least one longitudinal edge of the base is foldable over the base to retain a hair tress between the base and flap during use of the wrapper.

Abstract: A heating element for textiles is disclosed, which comprises a plane textile element and, combined with this, metal conductors, which can be connected to a source of electrical current and which oppose the electrical current flowing through them with a heat-producing resistance. As resistance elements, the conductors have metallic fibers or filaments with a denier like that of natural or synthetic textile fibers. The metallic fibers or filaments have an average cross sectional thickness of about 8 to about 24 microns.

Abstract: An electric heater is described. The heater is composed of a plastic or a rubber strip conductor with a heat resistant and electric conductive chemical dispersed therethrough and electric conductors disposed on either side of the strip conductor so that when the electric conductors are coupled to a source of electrical energy current will flow through the strip and generate heat. The strip conductor then is covered with a polyethylene layer which is adhered thereto, and the polyethylene layer in turn is covered by a PVC layer.

Abstract: A self-regulating heat producing strip is disposed along each wall of a room. The strip includes at least one pair of spaced apart electrical conductors extending longitudinally along the base of at least one wall and spaced therefrom. Self-limiting conductive material is in physical contact with and forms a heat generating zone between the conductors. An electrically insulated jacket longitudinally covers the conductors and the self-limiting conductive material. Connectors are provided for connecting the conductors to a power source to generate heat in the heat generating zone between the conductors.

Abstract: A PTC heater assembly comprises at least one PTC heater surrounded by an envelope of high thermal conductivity, thus greatly increasing the power output of the heater under operating conditions. In a preferred assembly a strip heater, comprising (i) an elongate strip of a conductive polymer PTC composition, (ii) electrodes embedded in said strip, and (iii) an insulating jacket, is sandwiched between a pair of metal, e.g. aluminum, sheets.

Abstract: There is provided an electrical heating pad which includes an encapsulated electrical resistance heater. The upper surface of the pad is comprised of electrically conductive material for imparting antistatic properties to the upper surface of the pad.

Abstract: The heater of the present invention includes a paper or plastic substrate on which is printed a semi-conductor pattern (typically a colloidal graphite ink) having (a) a pair of longitudinal stripes extending parallel to and spaced apart from each other and (b) a plurality of identical bars spaced apart from each other and extending between and electrically connected to the stripes. A metallic conductor (typically copper stripping) overlies each of the longitudinal stripes in face-to-face engagement therewith, and the conductors are held in tight engagement with the stripes by a sealing layer that overlies the metallic conductors and is sealed, at opposite sides of the semi-conductor stripe associated with the particular metallic conductor, to portions of the substrate that are free from the printed semi-conductor pattern.

Abstract: A heating cable includes a pair of spaced apart electrical conductors extending the length of the cable. A matrix of filled polymeric material in physical contact with the conductors forms a heat generating web therebetween. The filled polymeric material has a volume resistivity selected to provide a predetermined heat output per unit length of cable. A plurality of macroscopic perforations are punched through the web between the two conductors so that the actual heat output per unit length of cable is a desired value less than the predetermined heat output per unit length. An electrically insulative jacket longitudinally covers the conductors and the web.

Abstract: A flexible carrier film with a printed circuit thereon is provided in comation with a terminal device which provides a plurality of terminal connection pins. A first part of the printed circuit contains a plurality of conductors, and a second part contains a plurality of resistor strips for supplying voltage levels to each conductor. In order to connect the first and second parts without crossings, a grid of connection strips is provided between the conductor strips and resistor strips and connected thereto. The film is bent along a score line extending through the grid and at a right angle thereto, with the conductor strips and resistor strips located on the outside of the folded film. The film is then clamped to the terminal device at the score line so that each connection strip is clamped on both sides of the score line.

Abstract: In a heating element comprising an electrical resistance layer disposed between two areal electrodes extending generally parallel to one another, the resistance layer is formed to be thermally insulating and is permeated with electrically conductive plastics material having a positive temperature coefficient of electrical resistance. The conductive plastics may comprise thermoplastics material incorporating a particulate filler of granular, spheroidal or bubble form, and the electrodes may be coated black to serve as black bodies. The element may be disposed within a thermally insulating member acting as a heat shield.

Abstract: A thin bed sorption/desorption apparatus includes a heater element laminated within a high temperature chemically inert polymer with an adhesive on the outside of the laminate being used to attach a thin film of small particle size sorptive material. Various embodiments of the apparatus are each arranged to provide a flow of a sample to be analyzed across the surface of the sorptive material. The method for making the thin bed sorption/desorption apparatus includes the steps of encapsulating a thin-film heater element in a laminated structure of a polyimide which is a high temperature, chemically inert polymer. The outside surface of the laminate is coated with a polyimide adhesive which is diluted with dimethyl formamide. The sorptive material in the form of a powder having a maximum particle size of 100 mesh is applied to the wet adhesive. Subsequently, the coated structure is heat cured at approximately 220.degree. C.

Abstract: Elongate electrical devices, comprising two conductors with electrical elements connected in parallel between them, have improved performance if the power supply is connected to one conductor at the near end and to the other conductor at the far end. Particularly useful devices are heaters, e.g. PTC conductive polymer heaters. The power supply is connected to the far end of the device through a connection means whose electrical properties can be correlated with those of the device in order to obtain a wide range of useful results. For example the connection means can have PTC, NTC or ZTC character and can be a simple conductor or another elongate device. The power supply can be DC or single-phase, two-phase or three-phase AC.

Abstract: A multilayer thermistor and a method of making it are disclosed. The thertor has a positive temperature coefficient of resistance (PTCR) and a room temperature resistance lower than prior art thermistors of the same size. The thermistor is comprised of a plurality of layers of material having the PTCR characteristic laminated in alternation with layers of electrodes, the outer two layers of the thermistor being PTCR layers. Alternate electrodes are electrically connected in common to a pair of conductors forming thereby parallel resistance paths across each layer. The more resistance paths the thermistor has, the lower the overall resistance of the device.