Abstract: A controller for a DC motor comprises an output switching element configured to couple to the DC motor; an input switching element coupled to the output switching element; a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal coupled to a control terminal of the input switching element and a supply voltage applied to the output switching element. A resistive-capacitive (RC) network may be coupled to a control terminal of the output switching element, with the RC network being configured to integrate the PWM signal into a DC voltage. A first resistive network may be configured to set a bias for the output switching element when the input switching element is turned off, and a second resistive network may be configured to set the bias for the output switching element when the input switching element is turned on, such that the controller is effective to provide zero-to-full supply voltage control to the DC motor.

Abstract: A measurement bridge circuit includes a first branch and a second branch. The first branch contains a first resistor which is sensitive to measured variables and an invariable resistor connected in series. A first tap point is located between the first resistor and the invariable resistor. The second branch contains a second resistor which is sensitive to measured variables and a variable resistor arrangement connected in series. The variable resistor arrangement includes a first component having an invariable electrical resistance value and a second component having a variable electrical resistance value. The second component is connected in parallel with the first component in order to vary a total electrical resistance value for the variable resistor arrangement. A second tap point is located between the second resistor and the variable resistor arrangement.

Abstract: A display device having a data voltage generation circuit and a common voltage generation circuit that are both coupled to a common reference voltage is provided. By utilizing a common ground, variations between the data signals relative to the common voltage may be reduced, thereby improving voltage precision and color accuracy. In one embodiment, the data voltage generation circuit may be a gamma adjustment circuit that utilizes a resistor string having a center grounding point. The common voltage generation circuit may share the resistor string and the grounding point with the gamma adjustment circuit. Thus, data voltage signals and common voltage signals may be derived based on the same voltage reference point. Further, by sharing the resistor string, the total number of circuit components in the display device may be reduced, thereby reducing overall chip area and/or manufacturing costs.

Abstract: A resistive structure has an improved electric field profile deposited on the surface of a cylindrical insulating substrate. At least one resistive path or trace is provided with a helix-looking shape and is directly printed on the surface of the insulating substrate. A resistive voltage divider includes first and second resistors electrically connected in series, where each resistor is made of one or more traces of electrically resistive film material applied onto a cylindrical insulating substrate. At least one of the traces is shaped like a helix and is applied onto the substrate by direct printing.

Abstract: A resistive voltage divider includes a first resistor and a second resistor electrically connected in series. Each of the resistors is made of an electrically resistive film material and applied in the form of a trace onto an insulating substrate. The divider's voltage ratio has a value between one hundred and one million, where two ends of the trace of the second resistor overlap at least in part with a first and a second) contacting terminal, respectively, and two ends of the trace of the first resistor overlap at least in part with the first and third contacting terminal, respectively. In order to decrease the parasitic capacitance between the first contacting terminal and the third contacting terminal, the second contacting terminal is placed with at least a screening part between the first and the third contacting terminals.

Abstract: A resistive voltage divider includes first and second resistors, which are electrically connected in series and are made of a resistive film material which is applied in the form of a trace onto an insulating substrate. The divider's voltage ratio has a value between ten and one million. To improve the accuracy of the voltage divider, the first and second resistors are made of the same resistive film material, have a trace length above a corresponding specific trace length, and have approximately the same trace width.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for controlling a locomotive such that the braking effort is maintained at its optimal maximum level throughout the extended range. The method comprises detecting a first reduction in speed of the locomotive; energizing at least one solid state device connected across one or more grid resistors for a first predetermined amount of time to divert current away from the one or more grid resistors for the first predetermined amount of time; and de-energizing the solid state device after the first predetermined amount of time. The solid state device may be an Isolated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) and a plurality of solid state devices are energized, each solid state device being connected across a corresponding resistor grid.

Abstract: A resistance circuit for monitoring a support structure is provided. The resistance circuit may include a first set of resistors disposed at a belt-side and a second set of resistors disposed at a monitor-side. The first set of resistors may be configured to indicate one or more voltages thereacross corresponding to an effective resistance of the support structure. The first set of resistors may include at least one temperature-dependent resistor. The second set of resistors may be configured to indicate one or more voltages thereacross corresponding to an initial effective resistance of the support structure. The second set of resistors may include at least one switched resistor having an adjustable resistance capable of selectively approximating the initial effective resistance.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polysilicon resistor, a reference voltage circuit including the same, and a method for manufacturing the polysilicon resistor. The polysilicon resistor according includes a first polysilicon resistor and at least one of second polysilicon resistors, coupled to the first polysilicon resistor in series. The first polysilicon resistor and the at least one of the second polysilicon resistors are P-type polysilicon, and a doping concentration of the first polysilicon resistor is different from a doping concentration of the at least one of the second polysilicon resistors. The polysilicon resistor formed by serially coupling the first polysilicon resistor and the at least one of the second polysilicon resistors is applied with a constant current such that a reference voltage or a constant voltage is generated.

Abstract: A circuit for trimming a thermally-trimmable resistor, measuring a temperature coefficient of resistance of the thermally-trimmable resistor, and annealing a thermally-trimmable resistor post-trimming, the circuit comprising: a thermally-isolated area on a substrate housing the thermally-trimmable resistor; heating circuitry for applying a signal to a heating resistor; and a constant-power module adapted to maintain power dissipated in the heating resistor substantially constant over a duration of the signal by varying at least one parameter of the signal as a result of a change in resistance of the heating resistor during the signal.

Abstract: An electro-optical device includes: a substrate; a plurality of wiring lines which is formed on the substrate; and an IC which is mounted on the substrate so as to be electrically connected to the plurality of wiring lines. At least a pair of wiring lines among the plurality of wiring lines include a first conductive layer formed on the substrate and a second conductive layer formed on at least the first conductive layer. The first conductive layer and the second conductive layer have different resistance values. The first conductive layer of one of the pair of wiring lines has a plurality of first resistors each extending toward the other wiring line, and the second conductive layer of the other wiring line has a second resistor extending toward the one wiring line. The plurality of first resistors is connected to the second resistor.

Abstract: In a method for sorting PTC elements having different resistance-temperature characteristics, a predetermined voltage that allows a current to sufficiently decay is applied to each of PTC elements A and B, and the PTC elements are sorted on the basis of the difference between the times required for the currents passing through the PTC elements B to reach a predetermined value (e.g., 52 mA).

Abstract: A resistor having a uniform resistance, in which a serial resistance of resistors with different resistance temperature coefficients is not influenced by change in temperature, and a semiconductor device using the same includes: a first resistor having a first width and a first length and having a negative resistance temperature coefficient; and a second resistor serially connected to the first resistor, the second resistor having a positive resistance temperature coefficient, wherein the second resistor has a second width and a second length of different dimensions to satisfy a following Equation x=?(Tp×Rp)/Ta×Ra, where Tp and Ta are the respective resistance temperature coefficients of the first and the second resistors, and Rp and Ra are the respective sheet resistances of the first and the second resistors.

Abstract: In manufacturing a chip resistor by dividing a chip resistance substrate which includes an insulator, resistance film formed on a surface of the insulator, and a plurality of conductive strips disposed on the resistance film at fixed intervals, grooves are formed by removing a predetermined width of the resistance film including at least second prescribed severing lines. After forming the grooves, the chip resistance substrate is severed in longitudinal and lateral directions along first prescribed severing lines for dividing the conductive strips into two parts and the second prescribed severing lines perpendicular to the first prescribed severing lines so as to produce discrete chip resistors.

Abstract: A precision AC input voltage divider of input resistance RI and feedback resistance RF on a substrate is printed as a serpentine pattern for a thin line of resistive material. The input resistance is formed between a first and second terminal, and feedback resistance is formed between the second terminal and a third terminal. A first metallic conductor is formed on the substrate, connected to the first terminal, disposed to be adjacent to the input resistance, and having a distributed capacitive coupling to the input resistance that compensates for corresponding distributed stray capacitance from the input resistance to a circuit ground. A second metallic conductor is formed on the substrate, connected to the third terminal, disposed to be adjacent the feedback resistance, and having a distributed capacitive coupling to the feedback resistance that compensates for corresponding distributed stray capacitance from the feedback resistance to the circuit ground.

Abstract: A precision AC input voltage divider on a substrate is printed as a serpentine pattern for a thin line of resistive material. Bothersome original “bad” stray capacitances to a ground, particularly those to or from the middle of the serpentine, are effectively removed by coupling to their ungrounded ends additional “good” stray capacitances that are themselves driven by the input voltage. The additional good stray capacitances are chosen to supply substantially the exact current needed by the original bad strays, so that the original resistive divider never “sees” the strays at all, and requires in addition only minimal conventional compensation by external parts. The additional good strays are obtained by a metallic conductor that is electrically connected to the input terminal, and runs adjacent to the serpentine resistance for part or all of its length.

Abstract: A circuit protection arrangement particularly useful in protecting battery assemblies. The arrangement contains a first PTC device which has a first switching temperature Ts1, has a resistance at 20° C. R1, has a hold current at a first specified temperature IH1, and is made from a first PTC resistive element composed of a first conductive polymer composition attached to first and second electrodes, and a second PTC device which is electrically connected in series with the first PTC device, has a second switching temperature Ts2 which is less than Ts1, has a resistance at 20° C. R2 which is less than R1, has a hold current at the first specified temperature IH2 which is greater than IH1, and is made from a second PTC resistive element composed of a second conductive polymer composition attached to third and fourth electrodes.

Abstract: An electrical component includes a base body that contains dielectric layers. The dielectric layers are superimposed and contain ceramic. The component also includes outer contacts on an exterior of the base body, and a resistor in an interior of the base body located between two of the dielectric layers. The resistor is connected to the outer contacts, and is made from a layer that forms a path between the outer contacts. The path between the outer contacts has multiple bends.

Abstract: A resistor for driving a motor for an air conditioner blower is provided, in which internal resistance bodies are stacked over one after another between insulation plates in the resistor, to accordingly reduce the volume of the entire of the resistor is reduced, and the resistance bodies are separated into a plurality of metal thin plates not a single plate and stacked over one after another, to thereby increase a line width. Also, a temperature fuse is disposed externally. The air conditioner fan blower motor driving resistor is obtained by stacking resistance bodies made of at least two metal thin plates over one after another. The resistance bodies are formed of an independent resistance body forming a second resistance body and a third resistance body on two separate thin plates, and another independent resistance body forming a first resistance body on another thin plate.

Abstract: An electrical current sensor and utility electricity meter, the current sensor comprising a &pgr; resistor shunt configuration, wherein the resistors comprise layered conductors at substantially equal temperatures to provide a zero temperature coefficient sensor. A fiscal electricity meter is described together with a four-layered current sensor fabricated using PCB techniques.

Abstract: A digital potentiometer, configurable and programmable using nonvolatile memory is disclosed. A unity-gain configured, rail-to-rail operational amplifier, used as voltage follower of buffer, can be inserted, by programming, between an internal wiper terminal and an output terminal of the digital potentiometer. This way, in certain applications, it is possible to take advantage of the low output resistance given by an analog buffer. The operational amplifier can be shutdown and bypassed by a switching device to provide a circuit behavior similar to a digital potentiometer without an output buffer. Using a dual-writing circuitry, first the complemented data, then the data itself, are written in the nonvolatile memory, improving the reliability. A Gray-code counter having a single bit changed at one time and no decode glitch is present. A make-before-break circuitry gives a short overlap conduction time for any adjacent pair of switches; one being turned-off while the other is turned-on.

Abstract: A first resistive element and a second resistive element are serially connected to each other, and a contact element having a lower resistivity than the first resistive element elastically contacts the first resistive element. The resistance between both ends of the first resistive element varies with the contact area between the first resistive element and the contact element. When a predetermined voltage is applied to the first and the second resistive elements, an output voltage, which corresponds to the resistance ratio of the first resistive element to the second resistive element, is obtained from a conductive pattern. When the resistance ratio of the first resistive element to the second resistive element is set in the range of 1 to 3, the linearity is improved and a wide variation range of the output voltage is obtained.

Abstract: Hybrid circuit arrangement having a resistance layer applied at least on one side of a plate-shaped substrate of glass or ceramic and having at least one overload protection arranged on the substrate that is electrically connected to the resistance layer, whereby the protection is formed by a PTC resistor. As a result thereof, the hybrid circuit arrangement is re-employable with the self-restoring fuse even after an overload malfunction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a heating method and a printed circuit board comprising a heating element which generates heat required to heat printed circuit board components. The printed circuit board comprises heat conductor between the heating element and the component to be heated, the heat conductor receiving heat generated by the heating element and conducting the heat along the surface of the printed circuit board beneath the lower surface of the component to be heated. Furthermore, the printed circuit board comprises conductor parts which are narrower that the heat conductor, or which have a smaller cross-sectional surface area than does the heat conductor, and which restrict heat transfer away from the heat conductor to a component other than the one to be heated when the heat conductor functions as a ground plane or a signal path.

Abstract: Current limiters, preferably PTC resistors, are used for limiting short-circuit current when connected in series to capacitors and converter valves. Protective devices operating with these PTC resistors are able to work reversibly and respond without arcing. They have a low inductance and can be used in space-saving designs. Protective circuits with such PTC resistors have a low loss, are shake-proof, and can be integrated into an existing cooling circuit. They respond autonomously and enable a flexible application. The PTC resistors preferably are constructed in a meander shape of porous metal foam or a metal braid or fabric and have electrical contact bridges between their resistor tracks. At least 2 resistor tracks that are electrically connected in parallel are arranged at a small distance on top of each other in such a way that partial currents (I1, I2) flow in opposite directions through resistor branches in superposed track areas formed in this manner.

Abstract: The current-limiting resistor has two connection electrodes (1, 2) which are arranged parallel to one another, a resistance body (3) which has PTC behavior and with which large-area contact is made by the connection electrodes (1, 2) and at least one varistor (4) which is in electrically conductive contact with the resistance body (3). The varistor (4) is of pillar-shaped design and has at least two first portions (4a) routed predominantly perpendicularly to the varistor axis and, arranged between said portions, a second portion (4b) having a reduced cross section compared with each of the first portions (4a). The material of the resistance body (3) fills an interspace (6), which is formed by the at least two first portions (4a) and the second portion (4b), and encloses the outwardly pointing edges (4c) of the at least two portions.This resistor can be operated at high voltages, for example 5 or 10 kV, and advantageously has a single resistance body 3 and a single varistor.

Abstract: A conductive bus member operable over a selected operating frequency range includes a cylindrical main body and first and second legs secured to the main body at first and second points whereby first and second current paths having first and second impedances are defined between the first and second points. A predetermined relationship between the first and second impedances is maintained over the selected operating frequency range.

Abstract: A resistor structure (10) having a heating element (35) and a resistor (32), and a method of trimming the resistor (32). The heating element (35) is separated from the resistor (32) by a layer of dielectric material (19). The resistor (32) has a layer of resistive material (23) on an etch control layer (22). The resistor (32) is trimmed by providing current pulses (62) through the heating element (35). Heat generated by the current pulses flows to the resistor (32) and anneals or trims the resistor (32). A resistor trimming variable, e.g. a voltage across resistor contacts (30, 31), is monitored and the current pulses are modulated in accordance with the value of the resistor trimming variable (63). The trimming step is terminated when the desired resistance value of the resistor (32) is attained.

Abstract: Integrated voltage divider comprising partial resistors (R1 ,R2) formed of paths of polycrystalline semiconductor material applied over a dielectric layer (4) on a semiconductor substrate (5). Under the paths, each forming a partial resistor (R1,R2) in the semiconductor substrate (5), a well (6 and 7 respectively) is formed having a conductivity type opposite to the conductivity type of the semiconductor substrate (5). The total surfaces of the paths forming the partial resistors (R1,R2) are dimensioned so that their ratio equals the inverse ratio of the resistor values of the two partial resistors (R1 ,R2).

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting damped wave disturbances includes a hollow tubular housing of electrically nonconductive material with a pair of electrodes extending through apertures in each end of the housing such that the inner ends of the electrodes are spaced apart a predetermined distance within the housing. Ferro-magnetic electrically conductive particles are disposed loosely within the housing of sufficient quantity to form an electrical bridge between the electrodes when the particles are influenced by a magnetic field. A pair of annular collars of electrically conductive material are fastened to the housing and spaced coaxially apart, with one collar electrically connected to an antenna and the second collar electrically connected to ground. The particles within the housing have a very low electrical resistance when influenced by a magnetic field, so as to form an electrically conductive bridge. The particles also have a very high electrical resistance when not influenced by a magnetic field.

Abstract: A thermistor device includes plural thermistor elements in series, one or more of which is shunted with a varistor so that if such thermistor heats up and drops excessive voltage, the current therethrough is diverted to the varistor until other thermistors in series also heat to a high resistance state. The thermistor and varistor elements are thermally joined so that the various thermistor elements are rapidly brought up to temperature and prevent prolonged voltage drop across a protective varistor.

Abstract: A variable resistor is provided with a series resistor network including first, second and third resistor parts which are connected in series, where the second resistor part is connected to the first and third resistor parts via first and second nodes, respectively, and a fourth resistor part, coupled in parallel to the second resistor part via the first and second nodes. The fourth resistor part includes a plurality of resistors which are connected in series via a plurality of third nodes. The first resistor part has a terminal opposite the first node for receiving an input signal, and an output signal of the variable resistor is obtained via an arbitrary one of the third nodes of the fourth resistor part.

Abstract: A compact and inexpensive variable resistor circuit has a value of resistance that can be set by a data signal. The variable resistor includes a number of variable individual resistances connected in series, and an electronic switch connected in parallel across each individual resistance. The values of the individual resistances are chosen to include a basic resistance value and a compensating resistance value, which corresponds to the impedance of the associated electronic switch in its closed state. The basic value is chosen from the progression 2.sup.0, 2.sup.1, 2.sup.2, 2.sup.3, and so on, so that the resistance of the variable resistor corresponds to the binary value of data applied to control the electronic switches. Other aspects of the invention include input and control circuitry which is designed to minimize its size and allow it to be packaged on an integrated circuit.

Abstract: A semiconductor device comprising at least two pinch resistors or two ion-implanted resistors having a precise resistance ratio therebetween. The pinch resistor and ion-implanted resistor have at least one region contributing to the determination of a resistance value, respectively. In two pinch resistors or two ion-implanted resistors, a ratio in number of a plurality of regions in one resistor to at least one region in the other resistor is selected to be identical to the resistance ratio of one resistor to the other resistor, resulting in that a precise resistance ratio is realized despite different configurations of the two resistors.

Abstract: A variable impedance circuit for use in an external circuit. The impedance value may be altered by an external circuit. The invention consists of a plurality of two terminal impedance elements connected in series. A node is provided between each pair of impedance elements in the series chain. At least one of the first element and last elements in the series chain are connected to terminals which are accessible for connection to the external circuit. Each of the nodes may be connected to a terminal which is also accessible for connection to the external circuit. An electrically reprogrammable read-only memory stores the identity of the node connected such that the identity of this node is retained when power is removed from the invention. When power is returned to the invention, the node which was previously connected to the terminal is automatically reconnected.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for matching the sensitivities of different-sized resistors to changes in resistance due to changes in width resulting from a systematic manufacturing error. In order to produce sets of resistors which can be deployed in predetermined ratios of resistance, the sensitivities of a matching resistor and a reference resistor are equalized by forming the matching resistor as a plurality of parallel strips as opposed to a unitary rectangular section.

Abstract: A voltage dividing resistor device comprises a pair of electrode terminals applied with a voltage, a plurality of resistor bodies coupled between the pair of electrode terminals, an electrode terminal through which a divided voltage is obtained from an intermediate point located among the plurality of resistor bodies, and at least one conductor part formed to overlap with a part of at least one of the plurality of resistor bodies. An effective length of the resistor body which has a part thereof overlapping with the conductor part, is shortened by a length of the conductor part. The length of the conductor part is set depending on the divided voltage which is to be obtained.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for matching the sensitivities of different-sized resistors to changes in resistance due to changes in width resulting from a systematic manufacturing error. In order to produce sets of resistors which can be deployed in predetermined ratios of resistance, the sensitivities of a matching resistor and a reference resistor are equalized by forming the matching resistor as a plurality of parallel strips as opposed to a unitary rectangular section.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for matching the sensitivities of different-sized resistors to changes in resistance due to changes in width resulting from a systematic manufacturing error. In order to produce sets of resistors which can be deployed in predetermined ratios of resistance, the sensitivities of a matching resistor and a reference resistor are equalized by forming the matching resistor as a plurality of parallel strips as opposed to a unitary rectangular section.

Abstract: A variable resistance control employs a substrate provided with a center aperture and a plurality of corner and intermediate locator means disposed about the periphery of the substrate. An adjusting; means constraining a contactor to rotate therewith is journaled in the aperture and the contactor wipingly engages a film type resistive path disposed on the surface of the subsrate. A first plurality of terminal members are disposed in the corner locator means of the substrate a first distance from the aperture. A second plurality of terminal members are disposed in a predetermined number of said intermediate locator means a second distance from the aperture at a distance closer than said first distance. At least one of the terminal members disposed in said intermediate locator means is in an interference path with a projection extending from the adjusting means to arrest rotation of the adjusting means.