Abstract: A method and apparatus is disclosed for staging or cooling a substrate between high temperature thermal processing steps. In the disclosed embodiment, one or more cooling stations are located off-line within a wafer handling chamber, outside the thermal processing chamber. After thermal processing, a hot wafer can be loaded on to one station, where the wafer is subjected to forced convection cooling. In particular, the wafer is subjected to cooling gas from above and below through perforated upper and lower showerhead assemblies. The wafer can thus be cooled rapidly on a station while other wafers are transferred into and out of the processing chamber, Desirably, the wafer is cooled on the station to a point at which it can be handled by a low temperature wafer handler and stored in a low temperature cassette.

Abstract: A method for absorbing the moisture of a composite material, which can absorb the moisture of the composite material in a short period of time and which can provide a moisture absorption distribution which is equal to that of a composite material placed under actual environment. At time table, having a plurality of different environment conditions for pressure, temperature and humidity, and periods of time corresponding to the environment conditions, is previously prepared. Then, a composite material is put in a pressure vessel, and the environmental conditions in the pressure vessel are changed on the basis of the time table. Thus, the moisture absorption state of the composite material can be equal to that after the elapse of predetermined years under actual environment. In addition, it is possible to absorb the moisture of the composite material in a short period of time by absorbing the moisture of the composite material under an environment condition of high pressure.

Abstract: The present invention refers to a method for the sub-critical drying of lyogels to produce aerogels. The method for the sub-critical drying of lyogels to produce aerogels provides for the lyogel particles to be disposed as a fixed bed and for a drying gas to be passed through them.

Abstract: A method for drying a polyacrylamide gel, the method comprising contacting the gel with an aqueous solution of a polyhydoxy alcohol other than a polyhydroxy alcohol having at least 3 vicinal hydroxy groups and drying the gel. Examples of suitable polyhydroxy alcohols include 1,2-ethane diol, 1,2-propane diol, 1,3-propane diol, 1,4-butane diol, 1,6 hexane diol, alkyl triol, 1,2,6-trihydroxy hexane, trimethylol propane and pentaerythritol. The gel may be dried between two cellophane sheets positioned in a drying frame arrangement.

Abstract: A tank stores a drying liquid for drying a semiconductor wafer. A boat vertically holds a plurality of target semiconductor wafers to be dried. The semiconductor wafers which are held by the boat are entirely soaked in the drying liquid. After this, the semiconductor wafers are lifted from the drying liquid at a rate in a range from 1 to 3 mm/min, so as to be dried. At this time, the surface of the drying liquid is divided with using a dividing liquid at each side of the semiconductor wafer. The dividing plate divides the surface of the drying liquid, thereby to prevent particles, which are once removed from the semiconductor wafer, from being again adhered onto the semiconductor wafer.

Abstract: Methods for removing soluble material from confined spaces within substrates such as containers, capsules and porous powders comprising extraction with supercritical fluids, the pressure of which is preferably modulated between an upper level and a lower level within a relatively narrow range of fluid pressure and density. The method permits enhanced extraction efficiency, catalytic reaction rates and ability to maintain catalyst activity.

Abstract: Hard shelled capsules and dry, powdered pharmaceutical formulations are treated with supercritical fluids to remove impurities such as mold lubricants and moisture.

Abstract: There is provided an improved method for removing water from oil based drilling fluids used in the drilling of boreholes through the ground wherein MgSO4 (magnesium sulfate) is added to the drilling fluid to scavenge the water therefrom.

Abstract: A method of reducing the purge gas consumption, dry-down time, or both required for start-up and operation of a gas phase fluidized bed reactor system. The method involves contacting a stream of cycle gas having water and/or a polar hydrocarbon with an adsorbing material while the cycle gas is in a closed circulation loop.

Abstract: The present invention includes processes and resulting structures for producing moisture absorbing desiccant entrained polymers. A polymer is caused to assume a molten state, typically by applying heat and melting the polymer. To achieve certain results in the hardened end product, such as rigidity and durability, the polymer normally acts as a moisture barrier in a solidified state, both before and after melting. A desiccating agent is blended into the polymer so that the desiccating agent is distributed within the polymer. A channeling agent is also blended into the polymer so that it is distributed within the polymer. The blending of the components is preferably done before the polymer is caused to assume a molten state. Together, the polymer, desiccating agent and channeling agent create a blended mixture. The mixture is solidified so that the channeling agent forms passages in the mixture through which moisture is communicable to desiccating agent that is entrained within the mixture.

Abstract: A fluid bed processing system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention includes a product chamber, a fluid supply system, and a discharge gate. The product chamber has an open top and an open bottom and the fluid supply system has an outlet positioned to direct a first fluid into the product chamber. The outlet of the fluid supply system is spaced from the open bottom of the product chamber to define a discharge opening which extends substantially around the open bottom of the product chamber and the outlet of the fluid supply system. The discharge gate is movable to a first position covering the discharge opening and to a second position exposing the discharge opening.

Abstract: There is provided a cellulosic-based fiber granule with added non self-associating particulates or fibers. The resulting granule is free-flowing with a densified outer surface and is capable of removing substantially all oil or other fluids from a flat surface such as a floor. The granule is also capable of being incinerated by being formed substantially of organic materials. Cellulosic plant fibers form at least 10 percent up to 99 percent of the granule. There is also provided a method for forming the incineratable absorbent, free-flowing granules.

Abstract: The present invention includes processes and resulting structures for producing moisture absorbing desiccant entrained polymers. A polymer is caused to assume a molten state, typically by applying heat and melting the polymer. A channeling agent is blended then reacted into the polymer so that it is distributed within the polymer. A desiccating agent is then blended into the product so that the desiccating agent is distributed within the product. The product is solidified so that the channeling agent forms passages in the product through which moisture is communicable to desiccating agent that is entrained within the product. The solidified product may be used to form plug type inserts and liners for closed containers, or it may be formed into any shaped article.

Abstract: The present invention provides improved methods of drying pipelines containing water which are to transport hydrate forming gaseous fluids. The methods basically comprise flowing a liquid which forms an azeotrope mixture with water into contact with water in a pipeline, the amount of the azeotropic liquid being sufficient to form an azeotrope mixture with the water whereby as the mixture is evaporated in the pipeline, the water concentration in the remaining mixture does not reach that concentration which will form hydrates with the hydrate forming gaseous fluid.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the manufacture of extremely fine powders, which are ground wet in a mechanical grinder (1) and are subsequently dried. To obtain extremely fine sizes, the powders are ground wet as components of a suspension in the mechanical grinders. An air vortex grinder (4) is used as a dryer to obtain maximum agglomeration-free drying of the powders. The dried powder leaves the drying chamber (5) of the air vortex grinder (4) through an upper product discharge (8) and is fed through a line (9) to a filter cyclone (11). The suspension leaves the mechanical grinder (1) and is blown into the drying chamber (5) of the dryer (4).

Abstract: A disposable, adhesive air filter for use with hand held hair dryers. The filter is used in connection with the air vent openings of the hair dryer and may be applied retroactively onto such dryers. The filter may come in a roll or sheet and may be cut by the user to fit the size of his/her hair dryer. The filter should have adhesive on both sides and will be provided with a removable layer, e.g. a peel off layer, in order for the consumer to attach the filter to air vent holes on the hair dryer.

Abstract: The present invention includes processes and resulting structures for producing moisture absorbing desiccant entrained polymers. A polymer is caused to assume a molten state, typically by applying heat and melting the polymer. To achieve certain results in the hardened end product, such as rigidity and durability, the polymer normally acts as a moisture barrier in a solidified state, both before and after melting. A desiccating agent is blended into the polymer so that the desiccating agent is distributed within the polymer. A channeling agent is also blended into the polymer so that it is distributed within the polymer. Together, the polymer, desiccating agent and channeling agent create a blended mixture. The mixture is solidified so that the channeling agent forms passages in the mixture through which moisture is communicable to desiccating agent that is entrained within the mixture.

Abstract: A method of drying a green particulate article includes the steps of:a. Providing a green article which includes a particulate material and a pore phase material, the pore phase material including a solvent; andb. contacting the green article with a liquid desiccant for a period of time sufficient to remove at least a portion of the solvent from the green article, the pore phase material acting as a semipermeable barrier to allow the solvent to be sorbed into the liquid desiccant, the pore phase material substantially preventing the liquid desiccant from entering the pores.

Abstract: A process is described whereby wet coal may be dehydrated and inhibited against rehydration by immersing in a bath of molten paraffin hydrocarbon for a sufficient period of time to evaporate and expel inherent water from the coal. The hydrocarbon then inhibits any rehydration period. It is also an embodiment of this invention to describe a process whereby the water expelled may be recovered for useful purposes.

Abstract: A carbon dioxide absorber is made by separating sludge from exhaust water discharged upon manufacturing fresh mixed concrete or concrete secondary products, then dewatering the separated sludge, and drying and crushing the dewatered sludge into dry fine particles.