Abstract: In a method for determining a temperature of a revolving drum of a laundry dryer, said drum has an outer wall and thereon at least one strip-shaped delimited detection region comprising thermochromic material having a transition temperature in the range of a temperature that is to be expected and to be determined. Optical detection means arranged adjacent to the revolving part are configured, in particular as a reflected light barrier, to detect the color transition of the thermochromic material in the event of the transition temperature being exceeded or undershot. At the revolving drum the thermochromic material or, if appropriate, the color transition thereof is detected by means of the detection means. A temperature of the drum is then determined as corresponding to the transition temperature in such a way that the temperature thereof is determined as corresponding to one of the two temperature ranges below the transition temperature or above the transition temperature.

Abstract: The invention provides an apparatus including: a rotatable belt having an outer surface and an inner surface, the outer surface partially coming into contact with a sheet; a plurality of rollers being arranged in a direction of movement of the sheet and including a first roller and a second roller adjacent to each other, the plurality of rollers being pressed against the outer surface and the moving sheet being nipped between the plurality of rollers and the outer surface; a blowing mechanism configured to blow hot air from between the first roller and the second roller toward the sheet; and a heating unit including a heater and a contact surface coming into contact with the inner surface, the heating unit being configured to be able to set the contact surface thereof to have a predetermined non-uniform temperature distribution.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of determining the presence of a drying rack based on image data of the laundry located in a treating chamber of a laundry treating appliance.

Abstract: A method for estimating the temperature of a laundry load in a treating chamber of a laundry dryer.

Abstract: A method includes determining how to adjust one or more manipulated variables using at least one model. The one or more manipulated variables are associated with a sugar dryer. The method also includes generating one or more control signals to control one or more controlled variables associated with the sugar dryer. The one or more controlled variables include an outfall temperature associated with the sugar dryer, and the one or more manipulated variables include a rate at which wet material is provided to the sugar dryer. The sugar dryer could include multiple sugar dryers. At least two of the sugar dryers could operate using different fuels. The one or more control signals could be generated to control the rates at which the wet material is provided to the multiple sugar dryers based on costs associated with the different fuels.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for treating a moving substrate of indefinite length. The apparatus has a control surface positioned in close proximity to a surface of the substrate to define a control gap between the substrate and the control surface. A first chamber is positioned near the control surface, with the first chamber having a gas introduction device. A second chamber is positioned near the control surface, the second chamber having a gas withdrawal device. The control surface and the chambers together define a region wherein the adjacent gas phases possess an amount of mass. Upon inducement of at least a portion of the mass within the region, the mass flow is controlled to significantly reduce dilution of the gas phase component in the adjacent gas phase. This is accomplished through the introduction of a controlled gas stream thereby reducing the flow of an uncontrolled ambient gas stream due to pressure gradients in the system.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for treating a moving substrate of indefinite length. The apparatus has a control surface positioned in close proximity to a surface of the substrate to define a control gap between the substrate and the control surface. A first chamber is positioned near the control surface, with the first chamber having a gas introduction device. A second chamber is positioned near the control surface, the second chamber having a gas withdrawal device. The control surface and the chambers together define a region wherein the adjacent gas phases possess an amount of mass. Upon inducement of at least a portion of the mass within the region, the mass flow is controlled to significantly reduce dilution of the gas phase component in the adjacent gas phase. This is accomplished through the introduction of a controlled gas stream thereby reducing the flow of an uncontrolled ambient gas stream due to pressure gradients in the system.

Abstract: A web coating process and apparatus employing a coating applicator, dryer or curing station and web-handling equipment for conveying the web past the coating applicator and through the dryer. The web is enclosed from at least the coating applicator to the dryer or curing station in a close-coupled enclosure or series of close-coupled enclosures supplied with one or more streams of conditioned gas flowing at a rate sufficient to reduce materially the particle count or change materially a physical property of interest in a close-coupled enclosure.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of operating a laundry treating appliance having a rotatable drum defining a laundry treating chamber. The laundry in the laundry treating chamber may be imaged and a fluffing state of the laundry determined based on the imaging of the laundry. The operation of the laundry treating appliance may be based on the determined fluffing state.

Abstract: Method for controlling a drying course of a laundry dryer including the steps of (a) starting a drying course by using high temperature drying air, and sensing dryness of a drying object periodically, (b) determining a dryness saturation time point at which the dryness sensed thus exceeds a preset reference value Q, (c) determining a load of the drying object according to the drying saturation time point T_sat, and (d) varying a drying algorithm depending on the load of the drying object determined thus, whereby preventing a small amount of laundry from sticking to a drum in a drying course by varying a control algorithm of the drying motor in a case an amount of the drying object is determined to be small accurately with reference to a saturation time point of an electrode sensor.

Abstract: A drying apparatus includes a thermal roll for contacting and heating aluminum web in a continuous sheet form. The thermal roll includes a roll surface, having a static friction coefficient ? defined by contact with the web. The static friction coefficient ? satisfies a condition of: t+V?G wherein ? G = ? ? · ? A ? ? 1 = ? ? · t · sin ? ( ? / 2 ) where t is tension applied to the web; G is roll retaining force with which the roll surface frictionally retains the web; V is thermal expansion force generated by thermal expansion of the web retained on the roll surface; ?A1 is pressing force caused by the tension to the web and applied to the roll surface by the web; ? is a wrap angle at which the web contacts the roll surface. Thus, distortion of the web can be prevented even with a great difference in the temperature from the thermal roll.

Abstract: A method and system for drying printed ink on the face of a substrate material such as a mailpiece. The method comprising the steps of (i) providing a dryer having at least one variable output element for producing a plurality of dryer configurations, (ii) developing data correlating each of the dryer configurations with at least one print characteristic, (iii) storing the developed data in a memory storage device, (iv) obtaining the print characteristic associated with a particular print job and comparing the print characteristic with the developed data to define a desired dryer configuration, (v) adapting the dryer to assume the desired dryer configuration based upon the print characteristic, and (vi) drying the ink printed on the face of the substrate material. The system may include a taggant introduced into the ink and a means for identifying the taggant to determine the type of ink and the desired dryer configuration.

Abstract: The invention relates to a drying roll for drying a fibrous material web, in particular a paper, cardboard or tissue web in a machine for producing and/or finishing said fibrous material web. The roll can be heated on the interior by a gaseous heat transfer medium and the internal surface of its jacket is provided with elevated sections that extend at least radially inwards, the height of said elevations being greater than the average radial thickness of the condensate layer that forms on the internal surface of the cylinder jacket during operation. The roll is equipped with elements that drain condensate from the condensate chamber that incorporates the areas lying between the elevations. The condensate chamber or at least one condensate sub-section is in hydraulic contact with at least one front-end region of the cylinder.

Abstract: A device for drying substrate comprising a processing vessel housing a specified number of substrates such as semiconductor wafers installed erectedly in parallel to one another, a first substrate supporting member supporting substrates within the processing vessel, the processing fluid supplying section supplying to the processing vessel, the processing fluid for performing processing such as cleaning processing on the substrates, a processing fluid exhausting section exhausting processing fluid from the processing vessel, and a drying fluid supplying section supplying, to the processing vessel, the liquid drops of drying fluid for performing drying processing on the substrates.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus and method for the uniform drying of boards, such as gypsum wallboards. The apparatus includes a dryer through which a series of boards are conveyed in a side-by-side relationship. While in the dryer, heated air is delivered over the boards via a series of separate air channels. A bypass duct delivers a portion of or a totality of unreheated air to the outermost channels where the cooler air displaces a volume of the warmer air. As a result, the air in the outermost channels is cooler than the air in the interior channels. Air from the outermost channels is then directed over the exposed longitudinal edges of the boards.

Abstract: Provided is a method for manufacturing a regenerated collagen fiber and a drying apparatus therefor in a manufacturing process of a head decorating regenerated collagen fiber, the method enabling suppression of fluff (fiber breakage) and process trouble and providing outstanding curl retentive property and little hackling loss.

Abstract: A system for maintaining calender rolls of a paper machine clean when producing high-gloss paper or coated paper, such as LWC or MWC. To prevent a coating agent, such as coating dye, from adhering onto and soiling a smooth surface of a calender roll, with an overheating phenomenon, the system has a second measurement station (10) provided with measuring and indicator means for producing an output indicating soiledness of the web (W) or a humidity profile. When the output of the second measurement station (10) indicates excessive soiledness or an uneven humidity profile, the system performs at least one of: cleaning the surface of the smooth-surfaced calender roll; changing the nip load in the calender (5); making a correction adjustment of the CD-directional humidity profile of the web (W); cutting the web (W) and conducting it into the pulper; and/or changing the running speed of the web (W).

Abstract: A method of drying a paper web is provided. The method utilizes a dryer, such as a through-dryer, having a first dryer section and a second dryer section. Within the first dryer section, a relatively wet paper web is dried at an elevated temperature, such as between about 400° F. to about 500° F. After being dried by the first dryer section, the web is relatively dry and is further dried by the second dryer section at a reduced temperature, such as between about 300° F. to about 400° F. A variety of control techniques can also be utilized to control the temperature of each dryer section.

Abstract: A web-formed material (1), preferably a pulp web (1), is passed through a drying plant, comprising blow boxes arranged in a plurality of drying decks, floating above lower blow boxes, which at their upper sides blow out hot process air against the web-formed material (1). Water, in the form of steam, escaping from the web-formed material (1) is discharged by the process air, at least part of which is recirculated (43) whereas the non-recirculated process air is discharged as exhaust air (41) and is replaced by a corresponding portion of supply air (42) with a low water content. The temperature of the process air is controlled (4).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for performing a semiconductor process wafer drying process, the method provides a semiconductor wafer having a process surface disposed in an enclosed drying space following exposure of the process surface to water; supplying a solvent vapor to the drying space at a predetermined concentration from a solvent vapor source and at least one solvent vapor supply line; determining at least one of a solvent vapor concentration and a solvent vapor temperature in the drying space; and heating in response to the determined solvent concentration at least one of at least a portion of one of the solvent vapor source, the at least one solvent vapor supply line, and at the drying space to alter the solvent vapor concentration in the drying space.

Abstract: A system, method, and apparatus for supplying a gas-liquid vapor to a process tank for performing semiconductor manufacturing. In one aspect, the invention is a method of supplying a gas-liquid vapor to a process tank comprising: supplying a gas stream through at least one hydrophobic tube; exposing the outside surface of the hydrophobic tube to a liquid so that the liquid permeates the hydrophobic tube and enters the gas stream, forming a gas-liquid vapor inside the tube; and transporting the gas-liquid vapor to the process tank. In another aspect, the invention is an apparatus for supplying a gas-liquid vapor to a process tank comprising: at least one hydrophobic tube adapted to carry a gas; and a housing forming a chamber that surrounds the tube, the chamber adapted to receive a liquid that can permeate the tube, forming a gas-liquid vapor.

Abstract: A drying machine according to the present invention includes an interface unit connected to a separate washing machine with a data communication line for receiving load information from the washing machine, a rotatable drum containing a load of wet clothes which are previously washed by the washing machine, and an air supply system coupled to the drum for supplying dry air into the drum. The machine further includes a heater coupled to the air supply system for heating the dry air, and a dryer controller generating a control signal to the heater in accordance with a set of operation values which are determined based on the load information.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining an approximate mass of a fabric load in an automatic clothes dryer wherein the dryer utilizes a motor including a centrifugal switch which closes upon the motor achieving a predetermined speed at a start of the motor. A timer device is provided which is capable of timing intervals of time measured in milliseconds. A current detecting mechanism is arranged in a current supply line for the dryer motor and is arranged to start the timer upon detecting a start of the dryer motor. A voltage measuring mechanism is arranged at a power supply for the motor to provide a voltage measurement. An arrangement is provided to detect the closure of the centrifugal switch of the motor and is arranged to stop the timer upon detecting the closure of the centrifugal switch to provide a start time. A calculating device is provided for receiving the start time and the voltage measurement and for providing a calculated mass of the fabric load in the dryer.

Abstract: A system and method of moving a meniscus from a first surface to a second surface includes forming a meniscus between a head and a first surface. The meniscus can be moved from the first surface to an adjacent second surface, the adjacent second surface being parallel to the first surface. The system and method of moving the meniscus can also be used to move the meniscus along an edge of a substrate.

Abstract: An air impingement arrangement and method for compensating for the curling tendency of a paper or board web which is being treated. Air impingement is disposed in connection with a paper or board process or with its finishing process and extends across the width of the web (10) running in the vicinity thereof, forming a contact-free web treatment zone, in which process the web is dried in at least one dryer unit (3, 5, 7) that applies single-wire draw. In accordance with the invention, air impingement directed at the web (10) is produced by the air impingement arrangement (20) in the web treatment zone, said air impingement including, one following after the other, at least one hot blowing with air and at least one cold blowing with air. The invention also relates to a paper or board machine provided with this kind of air impingement arrangement.

Abstract: A photographic processing apparatus includes a photographic paper processing bath train. A drier, positioned downstream from the train, heats air and dries the photographic paper. Feeding racks feed the paper in a predetermined travel path which begins on an upstream side of the train, extends therethrough, and ends at the drier. A memory is accessed to estimate expected travel time t1 for passing of the paper through the travel path. The memory is accessed to estimate expected warmup time t2 for warming up the air in the drier to a target temperature T2. A controller compares the time t1 and the time t2, initially starts heating in the drier if the time t2 is longer than the time t1, and starts actuation of the feeding racks when a time difference (t2-t1) elapses after start of the heating to synchronize drier warmup to temperature T2 with paper reaching the drier.

Abstract: The invention relates to an oven for drawing fibres at elevated temperature, which oven is on two sides opposite one another provided with guide rolls dictating a zigzag up-and-down drawing trajectory for the fibre in the oven. In the oven according to the invention the drawing trajectory is at least 20 metres long and the rolls are driven. The invention also relates to a process for drawing fibres using the oven according to the invention, in particular to a process for producing highly oriented polyethylene fibres.

Abstract: This invention relates to a three-stream atomizing nozzle for use with a rewet shower. The nozzle has an air stream divider that separates the atomizing air from the source into three streams. The first stream is a straight air stream staying closest to and around the atomized water jet. The second stream is a swirl running around the first straight stream. The third stream is also a straight stream that wraps around the first straight stream and the second swirl. The nozzle also has a mixing chamber in which the three air streams are mixed together for the atomizing purpose. The nozzle can from the combination of the three air streams produce fine water droplets that are suitable for a paper rewet shower and more importantly creates a tailorable water mass profile. The mass profile can be tailored into a shape that is close to a square shape which is ideal for rewet showers as a square profile creates minimal coupling between adjacent zones.

Abstract: A calender, a system, and a method of regulating the humidity in a calender. The calender includes a housing having at least two side pieces and a roll stack located at least partially between the side pieces, wherein a space is formed by the roll stack and the web between the side pieces, and a fan positioned to blow dry air into the space. The system is for regulating the humidity in a calender, the calender being used to treat a moisture-containing material web and including a housing having at least two side walls and a roll stack, the calender defining a space bounded at least by the roll stack, the web, and the at least two side walls, and includes a device for reducing the humidity of the space, wherein the humidity level in the space is reduced to a level which is below a saturation point. The method includes reducing the humidity of the space, wherein the humidity level in the space is reduced to a level which is below a saturation point.

Abstract: A process for drying a web provides for guiding a web having a moisture content and subjecting the web to laser radiation to remove at least some portion of the moisture content. A system for drying a web includes at least one laser, a moisture measurement device, and a control device, wherein the control device receives input from the measurement device and influences the at least one laser.

Abstract: A system and method are disclosed including a vapor dryer chamber (12) with a lid (14). A heater (16) is disposed within the vapor dryer chamber to vaporize liquid drying medium (24), preferably isopropyl alcohol, in the bottom of the vapor dryer chamber (12). Cooling coils (18) disposed within an upper portion of the vapor drying chamber (12) condense the drying medium vapor. A vapor monitor assembly (30) is disposed within the vapor dryer chamber (12) to monitor the vapor concentration within vapor dryer chamber (12). A controller (40) is associated with the vapor monitor assembly (30) and evaluates vapor concentration measurements from the vapor monitor (38).

Abstract: A method of drying a paper web is provided. The method utilizes a dryer, such as a through-dryer, having a first dryer section and a second dryer section. Within the first dryer section, a relatively wet paper web is dried at an elevated temperature, such as between about 400° F. to about 500° F. After being dried by the first dryer section, the web is relatively dry and is further dried by the second dryer section at a reduced temperature, such as between about 300° F. to about 400° F. A variety of control techniques can also be utilized to control the temperature of each dryer section.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method by means of which the machine-direction moisture of a web being calendered or coated and calendered can be controlled in an optimal manner that takes into account moisture content changes along the entire path of the coating and drying process. Advantageously, all the dryers and the calender of the coater section are controlled in an integrated manner in order to obtain a controlledly processed product which is optimized in regard to energy consumption and product quality. Each process section and unit contributing to the drying of the web is identified by means of a mathematical submodel describing the specific evaporation rate in the respective process section/unit and, by chaining these submodels, a composite model is compiled for the entire process, whereby the composite model makes it possible to manage the drying operation in the process so that the individual units are controlled as a portion of the overall process.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for processing an electronic component precursor comprising the steps of contacting a carrier gas with a process chemical stream to entrain the process chemical in the carrier gas thereby forming a fluid stream and injecting at least a portion of additional process chemical into the fluid stream to form a localized region of increased concentration of process fluid is provided. The methods and apparatus also provide injecting a portion of additional carrier gas into the fluid stream to form a diluted region of decreased concentration of process fluid is also provided. The methods and apparatus further provide controlling the concentration of process chemical in the localized region as well as in the fluid stream.

Abstract: A process of forming a thick film structure comprising depositing a layer of thick film on a supporting carrier and drying the thick film layer in a plurality of controlled stages, and an apparatus for executing the process.

Abstract: A vapor collection method and apparatus capable of capturing vapor compositions without substantial dilution. The method and apparatus utilize a material that has a surface with an adjacent gas phase. A chamber is positioned in close proximity to a surface of the material. The position of the chamber creates a relatively small gap between the surface of the material and the chamber. The adjacent gas phase between the chamber and the surface define a region possessing an amount of mass. At least a portion of the mass is drawn through the region by induced flow. The utilization of a small gap limits the flow of mass that is external to the chamber from being swept through the chamber by induced flow.

Abstract: A process and a device for drying and smoothing a web. The process uses an apparatus including at least one dryer section having a plurality of heated cylinders and a calender having a plurality of smoothing nips, and includes guiding the web over the plurality of heated cylinders in the at least one dryer section, drying the web in the at least one dryer section to a maximum dry content of approximately 93%, adjusting a moisture cross-profile of the web in the dryer section, and guiding the web to the calender. The device includes a dryer section comprising beginning, middle, and end sections, a calender, and at least one adjusting device located in the end section for moistening the web, wherein the web is guided through the dryer section prior to being guided to the calender.

Abstract: A drying section for drying and controlling shrinkage of a moist fiber web in a paper making machine is provided, the web having a predetermined width and opposed transverse ends. Such a drying section comprises a plurality of drying section members configured to receive and forward the web in a machine direction. Each drying section member has opposed ends in a transverse direction. The drying section members further comprise a first drying section member and a second drying section member, with the second drying section member being separated from the first drying section member so as to define an intermediate zone therebetween. The drying section further comprises a primary belt set having a belt member wrapping about each of the opposed ends of each of the drying section members. Each belt member is configured in an endless loop and has a width less than half of the width of the web.

Abstract: An adjustable deckel profiler is disclosed, for use in apparatus for drying a moving paper web. The profiler is a slidable member which interacts with impingement air to control and adjust the air against the moving web. Means are provided for adjusting and setting the profiler relative to cross machine drying air profiling.

Abstract: Method of producing an impulse dried wetlaid fibrous web-shaped material, such as paper or non-woven, having a three-dimensional pattern of alternating raised and recessed portions, which have been provided in connection with impulse drying, at which the wet fibrous web is passed through at least one press nip (12) comprising rotatable roll (13) which is heated and that the fibrous web during the passage through the press nip is given a three-dimensional pattern of alternating raised and recessed portions either by means of a patterned wire (11) and/or by a pattern on the heated roll (13) To the fibrous web there has been added a material that softens or melts in the temperature interval 100-400° C. and that at least the parts of the fibrous web that is located closest to the raised portions of the heated roll (13) are heated to such a high temperature that said material softens or melts and by that provides an increased amount of bonding points in the fibrous web.

Abstract: A method for controlling the drying process taking place in the dryer section of a paper machine. The dryer section comprises at least one drying cylinder unit and at least one air impingement unit. Optimal evaporation is first compiled in a manner known, for example, on the basis of a recipe or by utilising a machine-direction quality model or quality profile, when the geometry of the dryer section, the process parametersrequired, such as machine speed, paper grade and total evaporation required are known. Limit values are calculated for at least two controlled variables of the dryer section, such as the steam pressure and the temperature of blowing air, making use of drying quality models, such as models representing the adhesion and brightness of paper. After this the dryer section is divided an the basis of the distribution formed by the limit values of the controlled variables into drying segments, so that in two adjacent segments, the limit value of at least one controlled variable is different.

Abstract: Method of producing a paper having a three-dimensional pattern of alternating raised and recessed portions which is given the paper in connection with impulse drying. The paper web has a varying material composition as seen in its thickness direction, so that it at least in an outer layer contains an amount of a material that softens, melts or hardens in the temperature interval 100-400° C. or in some other way contributes in stabilizing the pattern structure that has been given the paper. It is further referred to an impulse dried paper produced according to the method.

Abstract: A method of drying veneer sheets by continuously shingling discrete wood veneer-sheets to form a layup where the leading edges of adjacent sheets are offset by a distance X with the lower, veneer sheet leading in the direction of movement the one there above and continuously feeding the so formed layup in the direction of movement into a drier where the veneer sheets while still in the layup are dried. The dried veneer sheets are then separated into discreet dried veneer sheets and are thereafter individually tested.

Abstract: A method and device for controlling a process gas (10) during drying of a product in a drying chamber, in which the process gas is brought into contact with the product so that a substance, for instance water, is taken up by the process gas and transported out from the drying chamber and makes use of a control paradigm for controlling process variables of the process gas (10). In the process, and by the device, a first group of process variables including the process gas content (x) of the substance removed from the product and the pressure conditions (z) inside the dryer hood are monitored and controlled.

Abstract: A method of drying wood comprises the step of drying wood in a drying chamber at a controlled temperature and a controlled humidity. The temperature and the moisture content inside the wood while being dried are monitored continuously or intermittently, and the temperature and the humidity in the drying chamber are controlled based on the resulting data.

Abstract: A process for producing paper having a three-dimensional structure of alternating raised and recessed portions including passing a wet paper web through a heated press nip so the paper web is simultaneously dried by means of impulse drying and given a three dimensional structure. The heated press nip includes a heated pressure roll with a three dimensional pattern of alternating raised and recessed portions in its surface and a compressible surface. The compressible surface can be a compressible press felt which supports the wet paper web prior to and through the heated press nip. The compressible press felt may be pressed against a resilient compressible surface in the heated press nip away from the heated cylinder. The wet paper web may be a papermaking pulp containing at least 10%, and preferably at least 30% or 50% by weight of a high-yield pulp such as TMP or CTMP.

Abstract: A method and device for drying a coated web. The coated web is first conveyed through a web heating unit (10, 32, 40), in which the temperature of the coated web is raised, typically to drying temperature, by directing jets of heating air at the coated web, the humidity a1 of the said heating air jets being higher than the humidity a2 of the drying air jets. After this the coated web is conveyed through at least one air dryer (34, 36, 38; 42, 44, 46), in which drying air jets are directed at the coated web for drying the coated web.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for drying a coated paper web (W) or the like web. The apparatus (10) comprises sequentially in the running direction of the web—a turning device (16) arranged on the first side of the web and provided with blow nozzles (20), with which the running direction of the web to be dried is turned in a non-contacting way, and web drying devices (30, 30′) arranged on the first and the second sides of the web, in which the web is dried in a non-contacting manner. The apparatus further comprises a counterpart (18) provided with overpressure nozzles (24), arranged on the second side of the web at the point of the turning device (16), for stabilizing the web run by means of blows generating a local overpressure between the web (W) and the carrier surfaces of the overpressure nozzles (24).

Abstract: A calendering method which enhances the smoothness of surface sized paper/paperboard by a combination of temperature and moisture gradient calendering processes without the fiber sticking/picking problems that affect runnability and without using waterboxes. The moisture gradient calendering is performed so that the cross direction moisture profile can be corrected and high smoothness levels can be obtained. Heated calender rolls form a hot pressure nip having a temperature greater than the temperature of the moisturized web. Lubricant is applied to both sides of the web to prevent fiber sticking/picking in the hot nip. The lubricant may be applied by the size press, by the moisturizing showers or by separate lubricant showers. The smoothness developed by moisturizing and hot nip calendering is substantially irreversible.

Abstract: A papermaking machine has a heated Extended Nip press following the pressing section. High temperature pressing raises the exit solids out of the press to 55 to 65 percent. The web then enters a high intensity dryer section where the web is pressed onto a dryer roll in intimate contact with the roll where it is dried up to approximately 90 percent solids. A coating on the dryer roll and the Extended Nip backing roll is composed of ceramic, metal and a fluorocarbon to allow the web to be separated from the backing roll and the dryer roll with ease. The dryer roll is internally heated by steam or preferably gas to between 200.degree. F. and 500.degree. F. An aircap positioned over the web on the dryer blows hot air at a temperature of 200-500.degree. F. at a velocity of 15,000 to 30,000 feet per minute onto the web.