Abstract: There is provided mechanisms for average EIRP control of at least two radio power sources. A method is performed by a coordinating controller of a site. The site comprises the at least two radio power sources. The method comprises obtaining, from a respective inner controller of each of the at least two radio power sources, power control feedback information. The method comprises determining, according to an inner control loop for each of the at least two radio power sources, coordinating control information from the power control feedback information. The method comprises performing individual average power control of each of the at least two radio power sources by providing, to each respective inner controller, the coordinating control information, whereby total average transmission power of each of the at least two radio power sources is selectively adjusted based on the inner control loop.

Abstract: Various implementations of the invention compensate for “phase wandering” in tunable laser sources. Phase wandering may negatively impact a performance of a lidar system that employ such laser sources, typically by reducing a coherence length/range of the lidar system, an effective bandwidth of the lidar system, a sensitivity of the lidar system, etc. Some implementations of the invention compensate for phase wandering near the laser source and before the output of the laser is directed toward a target. Some implementations of the invention compensate for phase wandering in the target signal (i.e., the output of the laser that is incident on and reflected back from the target). Some implementations of the invention compensate for phase wandering at the laser source and in the target signal.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided. In an example aspect, a method in an antenna apparatus is provided. The antenna apparatus comprises an antenna array comprising a plurality of antennas. The method comprises comparing output of a first antenna of the plurality of antennas with a threshold based on output of at least one other antenna of the plurality of antennas, and based on the comparing, selectively combining the output of the first antenna with the output of the other antennas of the plurality of antennas to provide a combined signal.

Abstract: A method comprises receiving geographic location data indicative of two or more locations of a vehicle, wherein the vehicle is insured by a first insurance policy. The method further comprises determining a second rating area covering a second location among the two or more locations of the vehicle, wherein the second rating area is different than the first rating area. The method further comprises determining that the second rating area requires a second insurance policy different from the first insurance policy and generating the second insurance policy for the vehicle based on at least the second rating area, wherein the second insurance policy has a second set of coverage parameters different from the first set of coverage parameters. The method further comprises offering the second insurance policy to an owner of the vehicle.

Abstract: An antenna apparatus, which includes an antenna array and a processor, where the processor is configured to determine a first antenna subarray from N rows and M columns of radiating elements of the antenna array, where the first antenna subarray includes X1 rows and Y1 columns of radiating elements, and X1 is greater than Y1, control a phase shift increment change of the first antenna subarray to generate a plurality of first beams, determine a first aligned beam from the first beams based on a first feedback from a receive end, determine a second antenna subarray, where the second antenna subarray includes X2 rows and Y2 columns of radiating elements, and Y2 is greater than X2, and determine a second aligned beam from the second beams based on a second feedback from the receive end.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. A first wireless device may receive a first indication indicating a communication direction for the first wireless device for each of a plurality of time periods for a time interval. The first wireless device may also receive a second indication associated with a second wireless device indicating a communication direction for the second wireless device. The first wireless device may adjust a communication configuration for at least a set of time periods of the plurality of time periods based on identifying a communication direction mismatch between the first wireless device and the second wireless device, where the communication direction mismatch is based on the first indication and the second indication.

Abstract: A MIMO transmission point utilizes respective pluralities of beam weights to transmit corresponding pluralities of beams to each group of wireless devices, with respective numbers of resources being allocated for transmissions to each group of wireless devices. One method comprises: determining an average output power of the transmission point over a period of time in a first direction; comparing the average output power to an output power reference value; determining a fraction of a pool of available resources for the allocation of data to be transmitted by the transmission point as a function of the comparison; for each group of wireless devices, and determining beam gains in the first direction for each of the plurality of beams and weighting the number of resources allocated to the group of wireless devices according to the determined beam gains to obtain an effective number of resource blocks in the resources in the first direction.

Abstract: A method of cancelling interference signals may comprise: receiving, from a transmitting communication node, a first polarization signal including an interference signal and a second polarization signal that is orthogonal to the first polarization signal and includes the interference signal; generating a combined signal by combining the first polarization signal and the second polarization signal using initial combining coefficients; calculating a correlation between the combined signal and one of the first polarization signal and the second polarization signal; selecting final combining coefficients based on the correlation; and generating an output signal by combining the first polarization signal and the second polarization signal using the final combining coefficients.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for a digital beamformed phased array feed. The system may include a radome configured to allow electromagnetic waves to propagate; a multi-band software defined antenna array tile; a power and clock management subsystem configured to manage power and time of operation; a thermal management subsystem configured to dissipate heat generated by the multi-band software defined antenna array tile; and an enclosure assembly. The multi-band software defined antenna array tile may include a plurality of coupled dipole array antenna elements; a plurality of frequency converters; and a plurality of digital beamformers.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus and computer programs are disclosed for controlling the output of a transmission point. One embodiment provides a method for controlling the output of a transmission point for a wireless communications network. The method includes determining an average output power of the transmission point, in a particular direction, over a period of time, comparing the average output power to an output power reference value, and allocating data, to be transmitted by the transmission point in the particular direction to one or more wireless devices, to a pool of radio resources. The pool of radio resources is adjusted as a function of the comparison between the average output power and the output power reference value.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described to support estimation of a transmission quality imbalance between a set of antennas of a first user equipment (UE). The first UE may use the estimated transmission quality imbalance to determine a transmission diversity scheme that may decrease the transmission quality imbalance. The first UE may determine the transmission quality imbalance between the set of antennas by estimating a reception quality imbalance between the set of antennas. The first UE may estimate the reception quality imbalance for multiple subsets of a time period and may combine the reception quality imbalance estimations for the multiple subsets. The combined reception quality imbalance estimations may represent the transmission quality imbalance between the set of antennas, which may be used to determine a transmission diversity scheme for communicating a transmission to a second UE or a base station.

Abstract: A system and method for detecting spoofing of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals using a single antenna is provided.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of calibrating gamma-ray and photon counting detectors, including, but not limited to, monolithic crystal detectors. The method of the present invention is based on the observation that measurement of fan beam datasets allows the synthesis of collimated beam data to derive MDRFs by use of an algorithm that finds the common or intersecting data subsets of two or more orthogonal calibration datasets. This makes the calibration process very efficient while still allowing the full benefits of maximum-likelihood event-parameter estimation that incorporates the statistical nature of the light sensor measurements.

Abstract: A measurement method performed at a receiving device involves sequentially receiving RF signals, each comprising a different set of at least first and second tones at differing frequencies. Complex gain responses (CGRs) for each of the first and second tones of each of the RF signals are measured. A phase offset is determined between: i) a phase of the CGR of the second tone of a first RF signal, and ii) a phase of the CGR of the first tone of a second RF signal. A coherent channel frequency (CCF) response of the second tone of the second RF signal is computed by adjusting a phase of the CGR of the second tone of the first RF signal by the phase offset. A processor executes a signal paths calculation algorithm using the CCF response of the second tone of the second RF signal to determine an angle or time of arrival of the first RF signal.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of determining location information of a signal source. A method of determining location information of a signal source by using an unmanned aerial vehicle according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes determining, at a first location, first location information and first posture information of the unmanned aerial vehicle provided with a linear array antenna; determining, at the first location, a first measurement azimuth between the signal source and the linear array antenna; determining, at least one second location, at least one second location information and at least one second posture information of the unmanned aerial vehicle having the linear array antenna; determining, at the at least one second location, at least one second measurement azimuth between the signal source and the linear array antenna; and predicting the location information of the signal source using the information described above.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) control methods and communications apparatus. In one example method, an EIRP threshold of a spatial grid is determined, where the EIRP threshold of the spatial grid is related to a safety distance of the spatial grid, and a plurality of beams are controlled, so that a total EIRP of the plurality of beams in the spatial grid is less than or equal to the EIRP threshold.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for receiving and processing multiple carriers with multiple antennas. The device includes a plurality of antennas for receiving signals over a plurality of carriers, and a plurality of receive chains connected to each antenna for processing a signal received on each antenna. The signal received on each antenna is split into multiple receive chains for receive processing. The antennas are grouped into a plurality of sub-groups and a signal on a first carrier is received on a first sub-group of antennas and a signal on a second carrier is received on a second sub-group of antennas. A signal on a third carrier may be received on all antennas. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) on the first and second carriers may be implemented using the first and second sub-group of antennas, respectively, and MIMO on the third carrier may be implemented using all antennas.

Abstract: Disclosed is a bathymetric system including a multi-beam emitting and receiving device attached to a carrier vehicle, configured, in a first recurrence, to measure the amplitude of a first plurality of beams reflected off the seabed, and a computer to determine three-dimensional spatial coordinates of a first scan swath. In a second recurrence, the device emits a second incident beam and measures the amplitude of a second plurality of beams reflected off the seabed, the computer determines the three-dimensional spatial coordinates of a second scan swath, so that at least one probe point of the first scan swath is redundant with a probe point of the second scan swath, and the computer calculates an altitude variation of the carrier vehicle using altitude variations of the at least one redundant probe point between the first recurrence and the second recurrence.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for ultrasound multiplexing. In one embodiment, a system comprises: an ultrasound probe comprising a transducer array and a multiplexer, wherein for a first signal and a second signal originating at the transducer array, the multiplexer multiplexes a sum signal and a difference signal formed from the first and the second signals into a multiplexed signal; and a console coupled to the ultrasound probe via a cable, the console including a processor, wherein the console receives the multiplexed signal via the cable, and wherein the processor generates an image from the first signal and the second signal recovered from the multiplexed signal. In this way, the number of processing channels can be reduced, thereby enabling a smaller ultrasound device with less hardware, while also avoiding signal degradation from channel crosstalk and transmission variation.

Abstract: A receiver processes Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals transmitted from satellites and non-satellite signals transmitted from beacons. The receiver comprises an adaptive despreader configured for adaptively despreading a channelizer output signal-to extract received navigation signals and generate baseband symbol data therefrom. The channelizer output signal comprises channelized received navigation signals, each comprising a spreading code that repeats every baseband symbol. A copy-aided analyzer is communicatively coupled to the adaptive despreader and configured for determining geo-observables from the baseband symbol data of at least one received navigation signal.

Abstract: Disclosed is a technique that can provide one or more countermeasures against spoofers. A direction from which a spoofing attack occurs is identified. A beamformer can control an antenna pattern of a CRPA to null out signals from that direction, which can assist a GNSS receiver to avoid error induced by the spoofing attack. Further, after two or more observations, the location of the spoofer can be identified.

Abstract: A wireless apparatus includes a first weight multiplication part, a channel estimation part, a channel response conversion part, and a second weight generation part. The first weight multiplication part includes first weights, each of which corresponds to an individual one of a plurality of beams, and multiplies a signal(s) corresponding to a reference signal(s) transmitted from a wireless terminal(s) by the first weights. The channel estimation part estimates first channel responses for the respective beams by using the signals obtained by the multiplication by the first weights. The channel response conversion part converts the first channel responses into second channel responses by using the first weights. The second weight generation part generates second weights used for wireless communication with the wireless terminal(s) by using the second channel responses.

Abstract: A system for enabling signal penetration into a building comprising first circuitry, located on an exterior of the building, for receiving signals at a first frequency that experiences losses when penetrating into an interior of the building and converting the received signals at the first frequency into a first format that overcome losses caused by penetrating into the interior of the building over a wireless communications link. A first patch antenna array associated with the first circuitry transmits the signals in the first format into the interior of the building via a wireless communications link and for receives signals from the interior of the building in the first format via the wireless communications link.

Abstract: A method of transmitting includes categorizing a transmission between the first device and a second device as one of a plurality of transmission types, and selecting an air interface from a plurality of air interface candidates in accordance with the transmission as categorized. The method also includes sending the transmission to the second device using the selected air interface.

Abstract: There is provided mechanisms for adaptive beamforming scanning. A method is performed by a network device having a non-uniform directional network coverage. The method comprises obtaining a beam pattern indicating spatial directions in which reception of identification signals is to be scanned, wherein the beam pattern is defined by the non-uniform directional network coverage.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an active antenna system comprising a plurality of antennas (2), a radio equipment (3) connected to the antennas (2) and being located adjacent to the antennas (2), wherein the radio equipment (3) comprises for each antenna (2) a separate transceiver module (12).

Abstract: A method and a device for amplifying an input signal include a power amplifier for amplifying a binary input signal, a modulation device for generating the binary input signal on the basis of the input signal, the input signal being a complex-valued signal and the binary input signal being a real-valued signal, the modulation device including an adding device configured to add the complex-valued input signal to a complex-valued carrier signal of a predefined frequency and to thus generate a resulting complex-valued signal, and the modulation device including a combination device connected downstream from the adding device and configured to generate the real-valued binary input signal from the real part and the imaginary part of the resulting complex-valued signal by combining the real part and the imaginary part of the resulting complex-valued signal.

Abstract: Disclosed in the present invention are a method and a device for transmitting channel state information, for solving the problem that due to the limitation of a codebook structure, the prior art can only provide channel state information with limited precision and it is not suitable for a base station to use a transmission scheme of an advanced preprocessing algorithm. The method comprises: a terminal determining a basis matrix according to a candidate wave beam vector set, the basis matrix being a matrix formed by N wave beam vectors from the candidate wave beam vector set, the N being a positive integer; the terminal determining a combined coefficient matrix according to the basis matrix and a channel state parameter; the terminal feeding back the identification information of the basis matrix and the combined coefficient matrix to a base station.

Abstract: Disclosed is a technique that can provide one or more countermeasures against spoofers. A beamformer can control an antenna pattern of a CRPA to generate a survey beam. The survey beam is swept across space to determine a characteristic signature based on carrier-to-noise ratios (C/No) for particular space vehicle signals. Matching C/No signatures can be used to identify the existence of spoofers and invoke a countermeasure, such as nulling.

Abstract: A base station transmits first discovery signals in different transmission directions from the base station through beamforming; transmits, for one or more first transmission directions corresponding to one or more first discovery signals reported from the mobile station, second discovery signals in second transmission directions within a predetermined range from the first transmission direction; and, for transmitting the second discovery signal, transmits the second discovery signal by multiplying, by a correction precoding vector for adding, to the first transmission direction, a transmission angle difference between the first transmission direction within the predetermined range from the second discovery signal and a second transmission direction of the second discovery signal to be transmitted, and by performing beamforming for the second discovery signal to which the correction precoding vector is multiplied, using a first weight matrix for beamforming in the first transmission direction within the prede

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for configuring antenna arrays for scalable radio frequency (RF) architecture are disclosed. A subset of antenna arrays are grouped into K groups and a receive or transmit weight vector is applied to each of the antenna arrays in each of the K groups. A channel response is measured for each of the antenna in the K groups. The response is summed for each group and complex scaling factors are calculated based on the summed response. Based on the scaling factors the antenna weight vectors are updated and the updated weight vectors are applied to the antenna arrays. The steps of grouping the antennas and refining the weight vectors are performed till the antenna weight vectors reach a steady point, i.e. the current antenna weight does not improve the beamforming gain by a predetermined threshold in comparison to the previous antenna weight.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a method used in a control node and an associated control node. The control node controls a serving radio node in a wireless communication network and the serving radio node serves one or more client radio nodes which are connected to the serving radio node via one or more links. The method includes determining to apply a sounding and sensing related configuration for the serving radio node in each link of the one or more links, if at least one link related parameter of the link satisfies a first predefined condition; and transmitting an enablement signal to the serving radio node, the enablement signal indicating enabling application of the sounding and sensing related configuration in the link. The present disclosure further discloses a method used in a serving radio node under control of a control node and an associated serving radio node. Moreover, the present disclosure discloses another method used in a control node and an associated control node.

Abstract: Methods and systems for communication between a network base station and a remote device are disclosed. Disclosed methods include providing, at a base station coupled to the network, a modulated signal to mixers in a retro-directive metamaterial antenna, and receiving an RF transmission beam from the remote device, at the retro-directive metamaterial antenna, and radiating from the antenna a modulated retro-directed beam, using mixer products, directed toward the remote device.

Abstract: A modular antenna system and a method for signal processing using the modular antenna system are provided to overcome the missing scalability of conventional antenna arrays and improve the overall antenna array performance as well as facilitate individually replacing defective or not reliably operating radio-units or radio-subunits in modular antenna array systems and provide a calibration procedure which can be adapted to a scalable antenna array. The modular antenna system includes a base station, and at least one radio-unit comprising at least two radio-subunits. Each radio-subunit includes a radio-module and an antenna-module. The radio-module includes a digital signal-processing unit, at least a transceiver, a front-end and a power amplifier. The radio-subunits provide an identical architecture and are modularly connected together via a connector interface and each radio-subunit has an own IQ-input and an own IQ-output.

Abstract: A system for signal processing is provided that obviates the use of prior-knowledge, such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery, in time compressed signal processing (i.e. it can be knowledge unaided). The knowledge-unaided power centroid (PCKU) is found by evaluating a covariance matrix RSCM for its moments mi. Because RSCM uses a sample signal, rather than SAR data, the power centroid PCKU may be found without needing SAR data.

Abstract: A technology for an enhanced node B (eNB) that is operable to perform beamforming using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) in a cellular network. One or more user equipment (UEs) can be configured to use a same or different multiple port (multi-port) channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) pattern. Feedback reports can be received from the one or more UEs associated with the multi-port CSI-RS pattern at the eNB. A UE-specific or more UEs at the eNB using the feedback report from the one or more UEs.

Abstract: Embodiments relate to a concept for testing a transceiver device (302) which may be coupled to an antenna array (312), the antenna array (312) comprising at least two an antenna elements. It is provided (204) spatial radiation characteristics of an antenna reference or the antenna array (312) and at least one antenna element of the antenna array. It is determined (206), based on the spatial radiation characteristics and a predefined test quantity for a spatially unaware receiver or transmitter test of the transceiver device (302), a spatially aware test quantity for testing the transceiver device (302) using the spatially unaware receiver or transmitter test based on the determined spatially aware test quantity.

Abstract: An access point of a wireless communication network forms beams by applying a weightset for a beamforming weights matrix to signal streams. The Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) that is emitted from an array of antenna elements at the access point is controlled by calibrating the transmission phase and gain of a respective transmit chain for each antenna element, providing a polar radiation model for an antenna element of the array, and determining a weightset for the weighting matrix subject to a constraint that a maximum total EIRP for the beams in combination in any azimuth direction is maintained within a predetermined EIRP limit, based at least on a spatial separation of the antenna elements, the polar radiation model and the calibrated transmission phase and gain of each respective transmit chain.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for operating a transmitter in a millimeter wave communication system is provided. In the method, information of a common and/or control channel is mapped to a dedicated frequency region of a dedicated Radio Frequency (RF) path. Data is mapped to a common frequency region for a common RF path.

Abstract: A method and apparatus configures a beamforming coefficient based on the signal strength information without collecting channel information by adjusting the phase of the antennas through random perturbation. An antenna control method of a base station in a wireless communication system using a beamforming technique includes measuring nth received signal strength at nth phase of at least one receive antenna, measuring (n+1)th received signal strength at (n+1)th phase shifted randomly from the nth phase in one of forward and backward directions, and configuring a beamforming coefficient with the phase at which the received signal strength is greatest through comparison of received signal strengths. The random perturbation-based beamforming method and apparatus of the present disclosure is capable of configuring the beamforming coefficient appropriate for the normal cellular environment using a plurality analog array antenna without channel estimation overhead.

Abstract: An assembly, a method of operating the assembly and antennas for use in the assembly, where two or more antennas (16, 18) each is adapted to output an output signal with one of two or more characteristics, only one antenna outputting a signal with a predetermined characteristic, such as a non-zero amplitude, whereby the output signals from the antennas may simply be added/summed while enabling selection of the signal with the predetermined characteristic using e.g. a simple filter.

Abstract: The present invention compensates output variability caused by the difference in the performance of and the individual difference between converter devices when processing the signals inputted by means of a converter device, and performs highly-accurate signal processing. The present invention is provided with an input means which inputs an input signal through a converter device, a memory means which stores a minimum value of a reference signal inputted through a reference converter device, a comparison means which compares a minimum value of the input signal and the minimum value of the reference signal, and a modification means which modifies the input signal in accordance with the comparison result of the comparison means.

Abstract: A radio interference locator includes a detector circuit having a directional antenna defining a boresight along which electromagnetic radiation is preferentially accepted. The antenna is coupled to a signal detector which generates an electrical signal from a selected radio-frequency (RF) spectral band of the electromagnetic radiation accepted by the antenna. A processor determines the boresight direction at prescribed sample times as well as an associated signal characteristic, such as a signal level of the electrical signal, measured at the sample times. Data are presented that indicate the signal characteristic for the associated boresight direction at each of the sample times. A mobile platform connects the detector circuit and the processor so that they can be freely oriented in space in fixed mechanical formation by a single human operator.

Abstract: The communication device includes: a phased array antenna having a plurality of antenna elements arranged on a plane for receiving signals transmitted from one or more transmitting devices; a signal converter for combining signals received through antenna elements for each sub-array and converting the combined signal for each sub-array into a baseband signal, the each sub-array being grouped from the plurality of antenna elements; a signal processor for decoding playback data based on respective baseband signals for sub-arrays in each resource block and detecting an error of the decoded playback data; and an orientation controller for controlling orientation of the phased array antenna based on the base band signals for the sub-arrays and a signal of a resource block with the playback data having no error.

Abstract: A Wide Area Sensor Network (WASN) is disclosed that utilizes wideband software defined radios (SDRs) to monitor RF energy over a wide frequency range, detect when critical frequencies are being jammed or otherwise interfered with, and locate the source of the interference so that the interference can be eliminated. The WASN may use one or more geolocation techniques In addition, the WASN may detect and locate unauthorized transmitters as well as estimate the transmitted power of authorized transmitters to assure they are not transmitting more power than authorized.

Abstract: In a method and a device a time-varying back-off value is used whereby differences in cell load can be taken into account for a restricted time-period during which the information is believed to be valid. Also, other time-varying variables of interest for the initial DPCCH power setting of the secondary earner can be taken into account when setting the back-off value.

Abstract: A method of transmitting a signal based on multi-stream CPDMA may include: allocating a plurality of data symbols to each of a plurality of data streams based on a frequency hopping pattern; applying a DFT function and a M-times repetition function to the data symbol allocated to the each of the plurality of data streams; applying a spectral weighting vector to the each of the plurality of data streams applying the DFT function and the M-times repetition function; and generating the signal based on the multi-stream CPDMA by performing an IDFT function and a cyclic prefix adding procedure with respect to the plurality of data streams to which the spectral weighting vector is applied, in which the spectral weighting vector is a vector for determining a frequency band in which the each of the plurality of data streams is used.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for splitting signals received via a plurality of antennas. A signal split apparatus of the present disclosure includes a first antenna which receives a first input signal, a second antenna which receives a second input signal, a first phase shifter which shifts phase by applying a first modulation frequency to the first input signal, a second phase shifter which shifts phase by applying a second modulation frequency to the second input signal, a summer which sums the phase-shifted first and second input signals, and an analog-digital converter which converts the summed signal to a digital signal, wherein the first and second modulation frequencies are different from each other. The signal split apparatus and method of the present disclosure is capable of splitting signals efficiently.

Abstract: Communication systems and methods are disclosed. A number of interference sources are obtained based on received signals. A communication is performed using a plurality of antennas and a transmission directivity of the antennas is controlled when transmitting signals. At least null-steering from among null-steering and beam-forming is performed in relation to the transmission directivity of the antennas, when the number of interference sources is less than a first threshold value. Only the beam-forming is performed from among the null-steering and the beam-forming in relation to the transmission directivity of the antennas, when the number of interference sources is greater than the first threshold value.

Abstract: An approach is provided for supporting transmission in a multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) communication system including a plurality of terminals. A preamble portion of a frame is transmitted by a multiple transmit antennas of a hub using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) to the terminals over a channel, wherein each of the terminals determines a characteristic of the channel with respect to the transmit antennas as feedback information. The hub receives the feedback information from the terminals. The hub selects, according to the feedback information, a subset of the antennas for transmission of a remaining portion of the frame to the terminal.