Abstract: Synthesizer radiating systems providing efficient wideband operation incorporate a radiating element (20a), such as a loop, dipole or whip, which has dimensions which are small relative to wavelength in the radiated frequency band. Energy dissipation is substantially reduced by cycling stored energy back and forth between a radiating element (20a) having a first reactance and a storage element (22a) having the same or opposite reactance, in order to achieve energy efficiency along the lines of a narrowband tuned-circuit antenna. Wideband operation is achieved by synthesizing a representation of an input waveform (at 28) by actively controlling (30) solid-state switching devices (24), responsive to rate control and direction control parameters, which are interactive with the energy transferred between the opposite reactances. Higher efficiencies are achieved by bipolar circuits providing separate positive and negative energy transfer paths between a radiating element and a storage element.

Abstract: An electronic circuit device comprises a printed circuit board having a first surface on which a circuit pattern is formed and on which components are mounted and a second surface on which a ground plane is formed, a coupling stub being formed in part of the ground plane and connected to the circuit pattern; and a plane antenna having an antenna element, formed on a first surface of a dielectric substrate. The printed circuit board and the plane antenna are unified such that the second surface of the printed circuit board and a second surface of the dielectric substrate are opposed to each other and the coupling stub is placed in position to be coupled to the antenna element.

Abstract: An improved driving circuit for a large-current radiator avoids the need to dissipate large powers in the driving circuit by drawing a certain energy value from a power supply to a storage capacitor and then feeding this energy to the radiating antenna. A constant current source provides, when a switching circuit coupled to the radiator is opened, a current to counter the tendency of the radiator otherwise to maintain continuity of current through the switching circuit, keeping to a minimum the voltage across the switching circuit so that essentially no energy will need to be dissipated in the driving circuit. By choosing the stored energy value carefully one can make it just large enough to cover the radiated energy but leave essentially no energy to be dissipated in the radiator driving circuit.

Abstract: A photoconductive switch coupled to an energy storage device wherein the tch is comprised of photoconductive semiconductor material while the energy storage device comprises two spiral metalized arms that make up a spiral antenna. The photoconductive switch is electrically connected to the storage device to facilitate fast discharge of the stored energy through a load. A variation comprises a storage device comprising two separate pieces of substrate material each having a spiral metalized arm. The separate pieces being connected by highly dielectric material to form a spiral antenna ultra wideband radiator.

Abstract: A means for concealing an antenna within an extension of a common roof structure using an electrically shortened element laminated between two layers of non-RF conductive material which add to the strength of the invention as well as concealability. The antenna itself comprises a vertical radiator and a helical counterpoise of metal strip, wire, or deposited metal fed at the center point. The entire antenna is housed between laminated layers of plastic in the form of a vent pipe.

Abstract: An antenna, which may be a search coil, is connected to an operational amplifier circuit which provides negative impedances, each of which is in the order of magnitude of the positive impedances which characterize the antenna. The antenna is connected to the inverting input of the operational amplifier, a resistor is connected between the inverting input and the output of the operational amplifier, a capacitor-resistor network, in parallel, is connected between the output and the noninverting input of the operational amplifier, and a resistor is connected from the noninverting input and the circuit common. While this circuit provides a negative resistance and a negative inductance, in series, which appear, looking into the noninverting input of the operational amplifier, in parallel with the antenna, these negative impedances appear in a series loop with the antenna positive impedances, so as to algebraically add.

Abstract: In a method of transmitting an electromagnetic signal in an optical fiber a polarized optical base signal is generated and input at a first and of an optical fiber, an optical signal emerging from the fiber after the base signal has passed through it is recovered at a second end of the fiber; this emergent signal is processed by electro-optical modulation with the electromagnetic signal which is to be transmitted and polarization conversion is effected, and the optical signal modified in this way is reinput to the said second end of the fiber; an optical return signal emerging from the fiber after the modified optical signal has passed through it is recovered at the first end of the optical fiber and this is analyzed in order to determine the characteristics of the electromagnetic signal.

Abstract: An antenna, which may be a search coil, connected to an active circuit which provides negative impedances, each of which is of the order of magnitude of the positive impedances which characterize this active antenna. In one embodiment, one coil terminal is connected to an amplifier which drives a voltage-controlled current source that, in turn, drives a feedback coil which is coupled to the original search coil. In another embodiment that additionally exhibits an advantageous signal-to-noise characteristic, both terminals of the search coil are connected to a differential amplifier that, in turn, provides the control voltage for a current source, which, as in the first embodiment, drives the feedback winding. The feedback coil is wound to provide positive feedback by additive superposition of both coil fields.The positive feedback provided by the feedback current lowers the antenna impedance which, in turn, increases the effective area of the antenna.

Abstract: Disclosed is an array antenna (10) that may be reconfigured to point in multiple directions. The array antenna includes a driven element (12) coupled to a transmission line (14) and a pair of passive elements (22) and (24). The passive elements (22) and (24) each include three antenna segments that are coupled together by a pair of optoelectronic switches (26) and (28), respectively. When the optoelectronic switches coupled to a particular passive element are closed the element functions as a reflector; when the switches are open, the element functions as a director. Other reconfigurable antennas are also disclosed, including antennas with reconfigurable gain and field pattern characteristics.

Abstract: An active reception antenna arranged on a non-conductive flat supporting piece (1, 2) set in a conductive body (2) of a motor vehicle, has an active four terminal network (5) having two input terminals (6a, 6b) and two output terminals (7a, 7b), an elongated antenna conductor (3a) secured on the supporting piece, an output transmission line (8) having a first section (14) of well defined layout which is connected to the output terminals (7a, 7b) and forms another antenna conductor (14) with a length (20) introducing a non-negligible however defined impedance for high frequencies between one of the output terminals (7b) and a ground contact (10), the input terminals (6a, 6b) being connected to the first mentioned elongated antenna conductor (3a) and to the other antenna conductor (14), providing an appropriate source impedance at the input of the active four terminal network, the output transmission line (8) having a second section (15) which is connected to the ground contact (10) and also to an inner connect

Abstract: The invention is directed to a wristwatch type paging device having a structure for preventing the intrusion of static electricity. The paging device is provided for receiving or transmitting signals. A pager circuit is provided for controlling and operating on the received or signals to be transmitted. A pager body, having a two part wrist band coupled thereto, houses the pager circuit. The body is formed with at least a conductive portion. The band fastens around the wrist of the user and carries antenna portions. A fastener mechanically couples the end portions and electronically couples the antenna portions. The conductive portion of the pager body is set to the AC ground potential (the potential of one of the positive or negative electrodes of the battery). A balanced varactor diode circuit is provided between the antenna portion ends defining an essentially neutral point coupled to one of its positive and negative electrodes.

Abstract: A navigation unit (10) for receiving navigation signals from a source thereof such as global positioning satellites is configured to rack mount and connect with a remote fixed antenna and for detached, self-powered operation using a directly mounted helical antenna (14). The preferred antenna (14) includes antenna elements composed of a thin film of conductive material (50) printed on a flexible dielectric substrate (44) rolled into a tubular configuration.

Abstract: A small, relatively wide-bandwidth, active antenna is usable in a wide range of applications spanning the VLF and SHF bands. The antenna is capable of receiving relatively weak radio frequency signals having a signal strength below that detectable using conventional passive antennas. The antenna includes a lumped constant element forming an electric wave receiving part, and a high impedence amplifier having input terminals connected via leads having a short electrical wavelength at the design frequency, to corresponding ends of the lumped constant element. Output terminals of the antenna are connected to a receiver to provide a small, high sensitivity, active antenna.

Abstract: The present invention provides phased arrays using monolithic technology of diffusions over whole wafers for working in millimetric wave frequency bands. The reflector array includes a plurality of metallizations connected together by diodes whose capacity can be varied. Thus direct control of reactive impedances is obtained. With the metallized strips placed at a distance substantially equal to .lambda./4 from a ground plane, it is possible to control locally the phase of the reflected signal.

Abstract: An active window pane antenna for use in motor vehicles includes an antenna conductor arranged on the window pane and being connected via a conductor of negligible length to an input terminal of an active four terminal network also arranged on the pane. The output terminals of the network are connected via a first section of a transmission line to an antenna connector whose ground contact is connected for high frequencies to a ground point on the body of the motor vehicle. The impedance of the first section of the transmission line is not negligible for the received frequency bands and the input impedance of the four terminal network is balanced with respect to the first section. A second section of the transmission line extends from the antenna connector to a receiver.

Abstract: In a microwave electric power receiver, a microstrip resonator having a line length 1/2 of a wavelength of a microwave to be received is notched to be split at its longitudinally central portion into two portions. A rectification diode is interposed between notched end portions of the microstrip resonator portions to be matched therewith. The diode generates a DC power.

Abstract: A planar antenna has an active circuit block, the whole or part of which is internally mounted to a planar antenna body so that connecting terminal of the block will be connected to a feeding point on power supply plate of the antenna body. Dimensional minimization of the entire antenna can be thereby attained and noise figure of the active circuit can be simultaneously reduced.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to an end-fed rod antenna which is tuned, e.g., to the VHF range and has additional transmitting and/or receiving antennas for the mm-wave range.

Abstract: The pane antenna system has a plurality of antennas arranged on a non-conductive sheet installed in a metal body of a motor vehicle. Each antenna includes antenna conductors secured on the non-conductive sheet and connected to an input terminal of an assigned four-terminal network. The four-terminal networks are located on or in the proximity of the non-conductive sheet in the metal vehicle body. The other input terminal of respective networks is directly connected with an output terminal of the network. The other output terminal is connected via a high-frequency output line to a collecting or interconnecting region for output signals of all four-terminal networks. From the interconnection region all signals are fed via a single cable strand to a receiver. The cable strand includes a plurality of transmission lines, preferably in the form of coaxial cables, and defines an initial portion bridging the interconnection region on the non-conductive sheet and a ground point on the metal vehicle body.

Abstract: The invention provides an inexpensive array of rectifying antennas which employ field emission diodes for rectifying electromagnetic waves of microwave frequencies and higher frequencies.

Abstract: An FM wave antenna including a coaxial cable, a parallel conductor which are provided parallel to a metal conductor such as a vehicle body and an amplifier provided between the coaxial cable and the parallel conductor. The coaxial cable is made up of a central core and inductive outer sheath and one end of the inductive outer sheath is connected to the metal conductor, and one end of the parallel conductor is also connected to the metal conductor. The amplifier amplifies signals from the parallel conductor and inductive outer sheath of the coaxial cable and outputs amplified signals to the central core of the coaxial cable.

Abstract: A micropowered module containing an integrated circuit packaged with a battery. The module is originally in a state of zero power consumption. When the module is to be put into use, a very strong electromagnetic field is applied at a predetermined frequency. A preset pulse code at this frequency will activate logic elements to keep the integrated circuit turned on, in active or standby mode. In standby mode, the power from the battery will avoid data loss.

Abstract: A high frequency amplifier is mounted in the immediate vicinity of a feeder of a microstrip antenna. A microstrip antenna includes a dielectric member and a grounded conductor member which is applied thereto. A second dielectric member is disposed on the side of the grounded conductor member which faces away from the dielectric member, and the high frequency amplifier is mounted on the surface of the second dielectric member which faces away from the grounded conductor member, and is connected to the feeder of the microstrip antenna. A transmission distance between the feeder and the high frequency amplifier, which represents an initial amplifier stage, is greatly reduced, thus drastically reducing disturbances caused by external noises and improving the noise figure of a receiving equipment.

Abstract: The invention relates to an antenna for receiving and modulating transmitted signals having a very low power density on the order of below 1 watt per meter squared, at a selected center frequency above 2,000 MHz. The antenna uses a folded planar dipole section having two separated oppositely disposed U-shape elements, each of said elements having a pair of ends. A capacitor is series-coupled between two of the oppositely disposed ends of the elements, and a diode having a high impedance at the selected center frequency is series-coupled between the other two oppositely disposed ends of the U-shape elements. A metallic backplane is mounted parallel to the planar folded dipole section and spaced from the dipole section a predetermined distance selected to reduce the antenna impedance. The impedance of the diode, the shape of the folded planar diode section and the predetermined amount of spacing of the backplane from the planar folded dipole section are all selected to increase the d.c.

Abstract: The invention pertains to a method and apparatus for generating and radiating electromagnetic energy for use in heating the upper atmosphere. For such an application, the cost per watt is a dominant design factor. The invention minimizes the cost per watt by minimizing the number of active devices utilized. A single active device is used to charge and discharge a short circuited antenna at a rate which is essentially the same as the antenna's resonant frequency.

Abstract: An equal power amplifier system (100) for amplifying a plurality of signals for transmission by an active phase array antenna (20), and a compact plural level beam-forming network (98) for forming a plurality of such signals, for example on excitation patterns for frequency scanned virtual beams, are disclosed. The amplifier system uses at most only a few sizes of power amplifiers (130, 134) to amplify efficiently numerous signals having significantly different amplitudes. This is accomplished by distributing the task of amplifying signal pairs (A.sub.i, B.sub.i) composed of one large amplitude signal and one small amplitude signal to an equal power amplifying apparatus (130; 230), which includes two hybrid couplers (236, 238) and two equally sized power amplifiers (232, 234). The first hybrid coupler (236) divides the two signals (A.sub.i, B.sub.i) for input into the two power amplifiers.

Abstract: A microstrip antenna system that is capable of simultaneously transmitting an outgoing circularly polarized wave while receiving an incoming circularly polarized wave using a microstrip patch antenna element and a signal processing network is disclosed. The signal processing system connects the antenna element to a transmitter and receiver and produces a phase-shifted transmitted signal in order to isolate the receiver from the transmitted signal by nulling it.

Abstract: A millimeter wave dual beam line scanning antenna integral with a tunable solid state oscillator is disclosed. The antenna provides two fan-shaped beams from opposite faces and when the antenna is rotated, a roughly conical shaped scan obtains. Furthermore, variation of the oscillator frequency causes a variation in radiation angle and provides two line scanning beams from opposite faces.

Abstract: An active windshield antenna has a first conductor extending parallel to a metal frame to the vertical line of symmetry of the latter, a second conductor extending in a bending point from said first conductor along the symmetry line, an amplifier has separate transmission paths for a low frequent low medium short wave region and ultra short wave region, the transmission path of the long medium short wave region at an inlet of the low medium short wave amplifier has a high input impedance, and the input impedance of the total amplifier in the low medium short frequency region is high.

Abstract: An integrated receiver antenna device comprising a pair of antenna elements providing a spiral antenna for receiving radio frequency signals over a broadband of frequencies with an extended high frequency limit and providing high sensitivity over the broadband of frequencies. The elements each have first and second ends and provide a pair of interwound conductive windings with their first ends positioned proximate to each other at the center of the antenna for providing sensitivity at the high frequency limit of received radio frequency signal, while the second ends of the elements are displaced from the first ends and positioned at the periphery of the antenna. A detector mixer unit is connected between and positioned proximate to the first ends of the antenna elements for deriving radio frequency signals received by the antenna elements and receiving an input signal for providing an oscillating signal at the detector mixer unit for producing an output signal.

Abstract: A device mounted on a power transmission device of a vehicle is utilized for transmitting an RF signal when a predetermined parameter exists in the power transmission device wherein the RF signal is capable of being received at a remote location. An electromagnetic transducer provides alternating voltage as power which is applied to an oscillator including a crystal filter, a junction field effect transistor and a resistor. The alternating voltage is applied across a drain and a source of the junction field effect transistor. The crystal filter is connected between the drain and the gate of the junction field effect transistor while the resistor is connected between the gate and the source of the junction field effect transistor. A wire antenna has a first end which is connected to the drain of the junction field effect transistor and a second end which is connected to the source of the junction field effect transistor to prevent transmission of any RF signal until the predetermined parameter is exceeded.

Abstract: An aerial circuit comprises a first antenna in connection with an impedance, which is a "negative impedance", whereby a broad frequency range is achieved. The "negative impedance" is based on a second antenna similar to the first antenna, whereby the resulting aerial impedance is zero for all frequencies. A corresponding ferrite or loop aerial system is advantageously usable as a stationary system instead of an antenna of the long wire type, and the signal to noise ratio is better than with conventional ferrite antennas.

Abstract: A high power, broadband, active transmitting antenna for operation in the frequency range below 1 GHz which is in the order of 0.15 wavelength in electrical size. The relatively small antenna is coupled across an electron bombarded semiconductor device in the form of a diode which is penetrated by high energy electrons from an electron gun modulated with the RF signal to be transmitted.

Abstract: An antenna array system which comprises at least one balanced antenna having an electric neutral point and two output end terminals positioned closely to each other, at least one unbalanced antenna having one end thereof dc-coupled with the electric neutral point of the balance antenna and the other end thereof positioned closely to the end terminals of the balanced antenna, first means for picking up a first frequency wave signal such as FM wave signal from the balanced antenna, and second means for picking up a second frequency wave signal such as an AM wave signal from the unbalanced antenna.

Abstract: A low profile electric field sensor is arranged to sense electric field potentials with respect to a local ground plane. The sensor includes an antenna in a generally planar format with a major dimension extending generally parallel to the local ground plane. To maintain signal to noise ratio, while at the same time minimizing the height of the antenna so as to provide a low profile, the antenna is coupled to a charge amplifier. The charge amplifier comprises an operational amplifier, preferably with a capacitor feedback between output and an inverting input, and the antenna is conductively connected to the inverting input.

Abstract: A millimeter wave line scanner is disclosed providing steered fan-shaped ms from opposite faces at substantially equal angles of a semiconductor waveguide, rectangular in cross section, and having a plurality of equally spaced metallic perturbations or strips disposed on one of the two radiating sides or faces. Different angles of scan are selectively obtained by means of at least one distributed longitudinal PIN diode formed on an adjoining side of the semiconductor waveguide having electrical circuit means coupled thereto for controlling the diode's conductivity which acts to change the guide wavelength and accordingly cause a variation in radiation angle of the two equal beams radiating from opposite faces. The waveguide with one or more PIN diodes may also be used as a phase shifter. To reduce losses, a dielectric insulating layer is disposed between each PIN diode and the waveguide, which prevents the propagation of the wave into the PIN diode.

Abstract: A high speed detection system for operation with submillimeter wave radiation comprises a plurality of non-linear elements and an antenna structure for coupling said elements and the radiation. The elements are typically Schottky diodes and are distributed in a one dimension or two dimension planar arrangement. The antenna structure includes a curtain of antennae several wavelengths long, in parallel relation and having point like contact with the non-linear elements.

Abstract: An integrated antenna-detector device sensitive over a broadband of frequencies with an extended high frequency limit comprising a pair of antenna elements each having first and second ends, the first ends of the elements being positioned proximate to each other while the second ends are displaced from the first ends, a detector unit positioned and connected between the first ends of the antenna elements, and signal output means connected with the antenna elements at a location displaced from their first ends. The signal output means delivers detected output signals from the antenna elements, and also delivers a biasing signal to the detecting unit. The device may take a number of forms including that of a dipole antenna having a linear or conical configuration, and in which a plurality of such dipole elements are arranged to form a log-periodic antenna, and where the pair of antenna elements are arranged to provide a pair of interwound spiral conductive windings to form a spiral antenna.

Abstract: An improved microwave proximity sensor including 1/4-wavelength folded dipole antenna performing the functions of a transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna, and a frequency determining element in a microwave oscillator.

Abstract: An array antenna capable of simultaneously radiating several microwave parns wherein the antenna elements are individually energized by p-n junction devices that are controlled by electron beams.

Abstract: A microwave receiver is constituted by an antenna having a reflector and a primary radiator, and a converter having an unbalanced input terminal. A core conductor projected from the unbalanced terminal of the converter is extended inside the reflector through a bore formed therein so as to function as the primary radiator of the antenna. The converter is fixed directly to the wall of the reflector.

Abstract: A compact lightweight high power RF generator for use in military systems combines the principles of vector inversion transform systems with a RF tank circuit. The capacitively stored energy in the lines is discharged by means of high speed switching techniques with the energy store being a part of the tuned circuit.

Abstract: A millimeter wave line scanner is disclosed providing steered fan-shaped ms from opposite faces at substantially equal angles of a semiconductor waveguide, rectangular in cross section, and having a plurality of equally spaced metallic perturbations or strips disposed on one of the two radiating sides or faces. Different angles of scan are selectively obtained by means of at least one distributed longitudinal PIN diode formed on an adjoining side of the semiconductor waveguide having electrical circuit means coupled thereto for controlling the diode's conductivity which acts to change the guide wavelength and accordingly cause a variation in radiation angle of the two equal beams radiating in opposite directions and by means coupling energy of changing frequency to the semiconductor waveguide.

Abstract: A device facilitating the design and adjustment of millimeter wave sources comprising an active component of quasi-microscopic dimensions which has to be coupled with extreme accuracy to the input of a directional antenna having relatively large dimensions. In various embodiments the device exhibits the following common features: an assembly incorporating a solid-state active component, a resonant cavity, means for coupling said cavity to a directional antenna, adjusting means and a directional antenna, said assembly being fitted in such a manner that a simultaneous adjustment of the position of said component in said cavity and of said coupling means, is made possible by acting upon said adjusting means.

Abstract: A dipole antenna consisting of a number of sub-elements, each sub-element comprising a plurality of thin electric conductors or strips of wires arranged on the surface of an insulating cylinder. The conductors in each sub-element have the same length and are distributed around the circumference of the cylinder, so that each such sub-element forms a so-called "thick" dipole element. The lengths of the conductors in different sub-elements are different, so that the sub-elements together will cover a broad frequency band. At least each conductor in the group having the longest conductors are provided with inductive reactances, to prevent excitation of said longer conductors in higher modes at resonance frequencies of the shorter conductors.

Abstract: A miniature antenna which is rugged, extremely light-weight and which is especially adapted for reception across the entire FM band comprising an omnidirectional half-wave dipole having feed structure comprised of curved overlapping dipole element points connected to a solid state amplifier having staggered tuned input and output circuits. The input to the amplifier is maintained essentially balanced to preserve the omnidirectional pattern of the dipole.The physical location of the solid state amplifier is such that it is directly connected to the feed point of the dipole eliminating transmission line losses.The coaxial cable is employed in a diplexed manner for connecting the DC power supply to the solid state amplifier and for connecting the amplified output signal to an impedance converter which is to provide proper impedance match for the antenna input signals of an FM tuner/receiver.

Abstract: The high-power, short-pulse array is a self-contained radiating oscillator system which radiates a high peak-power pulse of radio frequency energy. The radiated pulses contain only a few cycles of RF and hence it is a short-pulse emitter. The device contains a chain or a series of loops which radiate in phase and each loop has a spark gap. The spark gaps are sequentially fired. The radiated waveform can be a single pulse of RF or a train of RF pulses. The device requires only a high voltage power supply for operation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to microwave circuits for operating on microwave radiations. It consists in combining a dielectric resonator and a microwave diode in a hybrid or integrated circuit, in order to provide a circuit which will operate without any external elements other than a direct current supply for the transmitter and a local microwave radiation for the receiver.

Abstract: A microwave element is disclosed that is fabricated from a dielectric material wherein the antenna, the iris, and a microwave cavity portion are formed generally from a single piece of relatively high dielectric constant material. The microwave cavity portion is converted into an actual microwave resonant cavity by covering the microwave cavity portion with a conductive material.

Abstract: A lamp for use on a radio antenna is disclosed. The lamp consists of a neon bulb encapsulated in a transparent or translucent covering, with the bulb leads secured in an electrically conductive tube. The tube is adapted for connection to and support by an antenna, whereby the bulb is responsive to RF energy radiated by the antenna to illuminate the lamp.