Abstract: A slot array antenna includes a waveguide and a horn. The waveguide has a first surface including multiple slots arranged along a longitudinal direction of the first surface to radiate radio waves. The width of the first surface in the lateral direction is greater than half of a wavelength of the radio waves. The horn, fixedly attached to the waveguide, enlarges towards a radiation direction of the radio waves. The horn has upper and lower portions bent inwards twice with respect to a lateral direction of the first surface to form first and second narrow openings. An opening width of the first narrow opening is less than the width of the first surface. An opening width of the second narrow opening is less than or equal to two fifth of the wavelength. Thus, a side lobe generated due to horizontal polarization of the radio waves is suppressed.

Abstract: A slotted waveguide array (SWA) antenna is provided for emitting electromagnetic radiation. The antenna includes a base, a pair of brackets, a pair of spars, a plurality of waveguides, and a radome. The base provides longitudinal and lateral support for the antenna on a platform. The brackets are disposed at longitudinally opposite ends on the base. The spars connect the brackets and are disposed at laterally opposite ends of the base. The waveguides are disposed in stagger array. Each waveguide has a pair of broad walls and a pair of side walls that share longitudinal edges. The broad wall is wider than the side wall. The broad wall includes elliptical slots penetrating each waveguide. The stagger array arranges first and second waveguides share respective first and second longitudinal edges. The radome covers the waveguides and connects to the pair of spars.

Abstract: Due to its geometry, spherical reflector antenna is inherently diffractive, leading to spherical aberration. Disclosed are example embodiments of methods and systems to minimize or eliminate spherical aberration in a spherical reflector antenna system. One of the systems includes: a main spherical reflecting dish; and a spherical feed having a plurality of antenna elements disposed on a spherical surface. The plurality of antenna elements can be disposed on a convex surface of the spherical surface of the spherical feed facing the main spherical reflecting dish.

Abstract: This document describes techniques, apparatuses, and systems for a multi-layer air waveguide with layer-to-layer connections. Each pre-formed layer of the air waveguide is attached to at least one other pre-formed layer by a mechanical interface. The mechanical interface may be a stud-based interface, a snap fastener-based interface, a ball-and-socket based interface, or a pressure contact interface utilizing irregular roughed surfaces of each pre-formed layer. The mechanical interfaces of the pre-formed layers structurally hold the air waveguide together and electrically couple all of the pre-formed layers. In this manner, the cost of manufacturing the air waveguide antennas may be less expensive than previous manufacturing processes.

Abstract: A waveguide structure for a compact and scalable dual-polarized antenna array. In one example, a waveguide device comprises septum polarizers dividing common waveguides into first waveguides associated with a first polarization and second waveguides associated with a second polarization. The sets of septum polarizers may be inverted relative to each other to form first groups of four adjacent first waveguides for each type of waveguide. The waveguide device may also include a waveguide feed network including a first waveguide feed stage including waveguide combiner/dividers coupled between the four adjacent waveguides intermediate waveguides. The waveguide device may further include a second waveguide feed stage coupled with the first intermediate waveguides and the second intermediate waveguides, wherein the second waveguide feed stage extends in a direction perpendicular to the first waveguide feed stage.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, disclosed is an antenna comprising: a first waveguide having a first signal transmission path; a second waveguide connected to the first waveguide; and an antenna unit connected to the second waveguide and having a first opening, wherein the second waveguide comprises a first separator for separating the signal transmission path, and the antenna unit comprises a first antenna unit and a second antenna unit.

Abstract: A divider for dividing a radio signal includes an input port, a plurality of output ports and a cavity having one surface coupled to the input port and other surface coupled to the plurality of output ports. The other surface is formed as a curved surface, and the plurality of output ports is disposed on the other surface at certain intervals. The side of the cavity is slantly formed from the one surface to the other surface at a certain angle. The distances between the input port and the plurality of output ports is the same.

Abstract: The present invention provides a balanced dipole unit and a broadband omnidirectional collinear array antenna formed by the balanced dipole unit. Balanced dipole unit circuits in the balanced dipole unit are symmetrically distributed on two sides of a circuit carrier, and a feeder and a ground wire in the balanced dipole unit are also symmetrically distributed, so that the balanced dipole unit has a completely symmetrical structure. A principle of the symmetrical structure is the same as a differential design principle and a self-balancing principle in the circuit design, thereby reducing current coupling between the balanced dipole units and eliminating the need of using an additional choke circuit when a broadband omnidirectional collinear array antenna is formed by the balanced dipole unit.

Abstract: Radiofrequency module, including: a first layer including an array of radiating elements, each radiating element having a cross section for supporting at least one wave propagation mode, a second layer forming an array of waveguides; a fourth layer forming an array of ports; the second layer being interposed between the first and the fourth layer; each waveguide being connected to a port on the one hand and to a radiating element on the other hand for transmitting a radiofrequency signal between this port and this radiating element; the spacing between two ports being different from the spacing between the radiating elements, so that the surface area of the first layer is different from the surface area of the fourth layer; the waveguides being curved.

Abstract: Apparatus for attaching an orthogonal mode transducer, OMT, to an antenna, wherein said apparatus comprises a frame for receiving said OMT, and an antenna interface device for establishing a radio frequency, RF, signal connection between said OMT and said antenna, wherein said frame comprises a supporting surface for releasably attaching said antenna interface device to said frame.

Abstract: The present invention is an antenna provided with: a plurality of radiating parts formed on a base plate; a waveguide tube inside of which radio waves emitted from the radiating parts propagate; a lens having a plurality of curved surfaces having a substantially hyperbolic shape and disposed in an opening of the waveguide tube; and a protruding part formed in a tapered shape between the plurality of radiating parts. The tip of the protruding part is formed at a position lower than an opening surface.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising: a first cover member configured to define an exterior surface of an electronic device, the first cover member including a first conductive portion (30) defining at least a first edge (32) and a second edge (34) of the electronic device, the first edge (32) being shorter than the second edge (34) and defining an aperture (36) therein; a first feed point (26) coupled to the first conductive portion along the first edge (32) at a first side of the aperture (36); and a second feed point (28) coupled to the first conductive portion along the first edge (32) at a second side of the aperture (36), opposite to the first side of the aperture.

Abstract: It is provided a method for producing a polarization converter The method comprising the following steps: producing a first converter element which has a base side, an upper side extending parallel to the base side, and a longitudinal side oriented obliquely at an angle ?1 to the base side or a curved longitudinal side; producing a second converter element which has a base side, an upper side extending parallel to the base side, and a longitudinal side oriented obliquely at an angle ?2 to the base side or a curved longitudinal side; arranging the first and the second converter element in series in such a way that the obliquely oriented or curved longitudinal sides point in opposite directions.

Abstract: An antenna system (201) comprising a set of transmitting elements (320A-K) and a set of receiving elements (310A-N) formed on a same or different planar surface (210), an electromagnetic lens (220) to focus electromagnetic rays transmitted from the set of transmitting elements (320A-K), a convex secondary antenna (240) operative to reflect the electromagnetic rays and a concave parabolic primary antenna (230) operative to transmit the electromagnetic rays in a first direction such that, the lens, the convex secondary antenna and the concave parabolic primary antenna together provide a transmitting gain in the first direction. The set of transmitting elements are disposed at central area of the planar surface and the set of receiving elements are disposed on the periphery of the central area such that the set of receiving elements occupy larger area on the planar surface compared to the set of transmitting elements.

Abstract: A stackable horn configured such that a plurality of substantially identical horns can be stacked to form an array. Each horn diminishes in interior area from a mouth to a throat thereof and is vertically taller and longitudinally deeper than it is wide. The horn or array may be secured to a support. In the array, the horns are similar or identical and are arranged side-by-side with a space in between or in abutting contact. An aperture is defined in the throat of each horn and a microphone is positioned within the throat of each horn in the array. The arrangement of horns in the array permits beamforming and as a result allows simultaneous detection, tracking, and identification of multiple targets. Listening distance is greatly increased by utilizing the horn or the array of horns.

Abstract: An antenna includes an antenna body formed with a cylindrical shape having a radiation surface, an outer surface and an inner surface, and a plurality of partitions protruding from the inner surface to a central axis of the antenna body, wherein a plurality of radiation apertures is formed by the plurality of partitions, and the plurality of radiation apertures is formed in the radiation surface and is configured to radiate a radio wave.

Abstract: A parabolic cylindrical reflector antenna that comprises two or more antenna feeds each directed towards a parabolic cylindrical reflector, wherein the antenna feeds are positioned in one or more line-arrays parallel to a focal line of the parabolic cylindrical reflector, and the line-array is substantially centered opposing the reflector. The antenna comprises a controller configured to scan along a straight edge of the reflector by electronically adjusting a phase of each of the antenna feeds, thereby changing the incident angle of an energy beam relative to the reflector. The controller is configured to scan along a curved edge of the reflector by moving, using a mechanical positioning mechanism, the antenna feeds in a direction parallel to a directrix of the reflector while maintaining the positioning or by electronically selecting one of two or more parallel line-arrays.

Abstract: A signal distribution network for an N-port antenna arrangement. The signal distribution network comprises first circuitry for receiving at least one input signal and implementing splitting of the at least one input signal into N/2 output signals, where N>1. The signal distribution network comprises second circuitry for providing N output signals to a respective antenna port and implementing splitting of N/2 input signals into the N output signals. The signal distribution network comprises switching circuitry, the switching circuitry being operatively connected between the first circuitry and the second circuitry, the switching circuitry implementing selectable connectivity between the first circuitry and the second circuitry such that the N/2 output signals of the first circuitry are provided as the N/2 input signals of the second circuitry.

Abstract: A parabolic cylindrical reflector antenna that comprises two or more antenna feeds each directed towards a parabolic cylindrical reflector, wherein the antenna feeds are positioned in one or more line-arrays parallel to a focal line of the parabolic cylindrical reflector, and the line-array is substantially centered opposing the reflector. The antenna comprises a controller configured to scan along a straight edge of the reflector by electronically adjusting a phase of each of the antenna feeds, thereby changing the incident angle of an energy beam relative to the reflector. The controller is configured to scan along a curved edge of the reflector by moving, using a mechanical positioning mechanism, the antenna feeds in a direction parallel to a directrix of the reflector while maintaining the positioning or by electronically selecting one of two or more parallel line-arrays.

Abstract: An antenna horn includes an upper waveguide ridge and a lower waveguide ridge shaped to provide impedance matching. The antenna horn operates unimodally within a 6:1 instantaneous bandwidth. A circular array of antenna horns produces an enhanced radiation pattern in a horizontal plane with reduced radiating in the direction orthogonal to the horizontal plane. Furthermore, two circular arrays of half-height antenna horns may be arranged on a collinear axis, offset by one half of a sector width as defined by each horn aperture to reduce coupling.

Abstract: A communications system including an antenna array and electronics assembly that may be mounted on and in a vehicle. The communication system may generally comprise an external subassembly that is mounted on an exterior surface of the vehicle, and an internal subassembly that is located within the vehicle, the external and internal subassemblies being communicatively coupled to one another. The external subassembly may comprise the antenna array as well as mounting equipment and steering actuators to move the antenna array in azimuth, elevation and polarization (for example, to track a satellite or other signal source). The internal subassembly may comprise most of the electronics associated with the communication system.

Abstract: An antenna is provided and includes a radiator aperture assembly including a plurality of radiator sticks, each radiator stick including a row of radiating elements configured to transmit and receive RF energy and a body having opposite sides, conductive elements coupled to the radiating elements and a plate disposed proximate to the radiator aperture assembly through which the conductive elements extend. Complementary opposite sides of the respective bodies of adjacent radiator sticks and a surface of the plate are configured to form a slot radiator.

Abstract: An array of antenna feed elements includes a plurality of horns, each horn having an aperture and configured for transmission of electromagnetic energy therethrough. At least a first horn is configured with an electrically conductive external surface proximate to the aperture, the external surface contoured so as to reduce mutual coupling between the first horn and an adjacent horn. Where the electromagnetic energy is within a radio frequency (RF) band, the external surface is contoured so as to provide an abrupt change in a gap dimension between the first horn and an adjacent horn, the change occurring at a distance behind the aperture of equal to a multiple of one half the characteristic wavelength of the RF band.

Abstract: There is provided a waveguide horn array, a method for forming the waveguide horn array, and an antenna system. The array includes a rectangular metal plate which is processed to have a cross section comprised of a plurality of rectangular holes arranged in the length direction of the rectangular metal plate, the lower part of each hole being formed as a rectangular waveguide, and the upper part of each hole being formed as a horn; and a groove extending in the direction along which the plurality of holes are arranged and having a predetermined depth, which is formed at two sides of the holes on the top surface of the rectangular metal plate. According to the embodiments, it is possible to maintain the good properties of the antenna in terms of bandwidth and directivity, while enhancing the isolation between the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna in the system.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a radar array assembly comprises providing a mounting plate including first mounting holes and second mounting holes, at least some of the second mounting holes being between at least some of the first mounting holes. Grooved posts having longitudinal grooves are installed within the first mounting holes, and panel sections of antenna elements are disposed within the longitudinal grooves of adjacent installed grooved posts. Each of the antenna elements further includes a connector section that is disposed within the second mounting holes.

Abstract: A communication system including a plurality of horn antennas, a waveguide feed network, and a converter unit coupled to the plurality of horn antennas is disclosed. The waveguide feed network is coupled to each horn antenna, splits an information signal into a first component signal having a first polarization and a second component signal having a second polarization and provides a first summed component signal at a first feed port and a second summed component signal at a second feed port. The converter unit receives the first summed component signal and the second summed component signal and compensates for polarization skew between the antenna array and a source.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of harvesting power for charging batteries of a robot traversing an overhead transmission conductor is disclosed. The apparatus is adapted to harvest power from the overhead transmission conductor and provide a DC voltage for charging a battery and includes a first shield wire bonded to a structure that is grounded to the earth, a second shield wire isolated from the structure, and a charging station. The first shield wire, second shield wire, structure, and earth form a loop into which induced currents flow. The charging station is electrically connected to the second shield wire and adapted to convert induced currents flowing along the second shield wire into a DC voltage for charging a battery of the charging station.

Abstract: A patch radiator suitable for operation with circular or dual linear polarizations is described. The patch radiator includes a patch antenna element and a pair of excitation circuits. The excitation circuits include a feed line and a turning circuit configured such that a single feed line enables independent operation of each polarization. This allows for the operation of the patch and therefore array as either linear, slant, elliptical, or circular polarization.

Abstract: A multi-beam former comprises: two stages connected together and intended to synthesize beams focused along two directions in space; each stage comprises at least two multi-layer plane structures, superposed one above the other; each multi-layer structure comprises an internal reflector, at least two first internal sources disposed in front of the internal reflector and linked to two input/output ports aligned along an axis, at least two second internal sources disposed in a focal plane of the internal reflector and linked to two second input/output ports aligned along an axis perpendicular to the axis; the two second internal sources of the same multi-layer structure of the first stage are respectively linked to two first internal sources of two different multi-layer structures of the second stage.

Abstract: An array antenna apparatus includes a radio circuit; an array antenna that includes a plurality of antenna elements; feeder lines that connect the radio circuit to the respective antenna elements; and a delay circuit provided at each of one or more of the feeder lines. An amount of delay of the delay circuit is set so that the sum of a phase delay by the delay circuit and a phase delay due to a difference between a length of the corresponding feeder line and a predetermined reference length is an integer multiple of 360 degrees.

Abstract: A high-throughput multi-beam telecommunication antenna is configured to cover a geographical area from a geostationary orbit. It comprises a single reflector and a feed block configured so that each elementary feed is able to generate a different unique beam, the angular separation of any two adjacent primary beams is substantially equal to the angular separation of any two adjacent secondary beams, and the spillover energy losses associated with each source are between 3 and 10 dB, preferably between 3 and 7.5 dB.

Abstract: A system and method for distributing the power of an electromagnetic signal is presented. In one embodiment, a power distribution cavity includes, a planar cavity, input ports and output ports. The planar cavity is formed with a metallic sheet in the shape of a star pattern with a plurality of elongated star arms extending from a round center portion of the metallic sheet. The input ports are attached to the round center portion of the metallic sheet for receiving an input signal. The signals entering the cavity from the input ports creating independent resonant modes within the cavity that combine producing a tapered aperture distribution of signals at the output ports. The output ports are attached near to the outward ends of the elongated star arms. The planar cavity is thus configured to propagate electromagnetic fields at the output ports that were excited within the cavity by the input ports.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus are provided for providing a tunable substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) for which a parameter of at least some element or portion thereof may be altered or varied to alter the propagation of a signal propagating through the SIW thereby achieving a tunable SIW. In some embodiments a plurality of capacitively variably loaded transverse slots achieve the tunability for the SIW.

Abstract: A beamforming network includes a plurality of signal conditioning devices in signal communication with each other, wherein each of the signal conditioning devices receives an input signal, conditions the input signal by independently and selectively adjusting at least one of a time delay, a phase, and an amplitude of the input signal, and transmits an output signal to at least one of another of the signal conditioning devices, an antenna, and a load.

Abstract: A leaky cavity resonator that includes a waveguide, the waveguide being filled with a dielectric material, and at least two complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs), the CSRRs residing inside the waveguide parallel to each other placed symmetrically both radially and in height, a leaky resonant cavity being formed between the at least two CSRRs and a wall of the waveguide. A frequency band of the leaky cavity resonator is adjustable by varying a distance w between at least one outside perimeter of at least one CSRR and an interior wall of the waveguide. A frequency band of the leaky cavity resonator is also adjustable by varying a size of the leaky resonant cavity. The at least two CSRRs each have at least one stub connecting to a wall of the waveguide. A frequency band of the leaky cavity resonator is also adjustable by varying a size of the stubs.

Abstract: An antenna for broadband satellite communication including an array of primary horn antenna elements which are connected to one another by a waveguide feed network.

Abstract: This disclosure provides an antenna device, which includes a waveguide having a rectangular cross-section and formed with a plurality of slots in at least one side face thereof. The plurality of slots are arranged in a tube axis direction. At least one of the plurality of slots is formed with a predetermined inclination angle from a plane perpendicular to a tube axis direction of the waveguide.

Abstract: An electronically scanned array (ESA) antenna includes a main line along which an electromagnetic traveling wave may propagate and a plurality of array elements distributed along the main line. Each of the plurality of array elements includes a branch line; an antenna radiator at one end of the branch line; an electronically controllable reflection phase shifter at the opposite end of the branch line; a directional coupler which couples energy between the main line and the branch line.

Abstract: A phase shifter operable at microwave or millimeter-wave frequencies includes a dielectric substrate with a bottom surface having a conductive ground plane layer and a conductive patterned layer formed on a top surface to define a conductor pattern. A series of active tuning elements is mounted on the top surface and cascaded along a propagation direction in a spaced arrangement along a longitudinal extent. A housing structure includes a bottom housing structure with a planar conductive bottom surface for contacting the ground plane layer, and a top housing structure fabricated with a channel which extend along the longitudinal extent and provide clearance for the active tuning elements. A bias circuit is connected to the respective series of active tuning elements.

Abstract: A reflective antenna is provided according to one or more embodiments of the invention. In one embodiment, the reflective antenna may include a radome having a fixed orientation within the elevation plane. According to another embodiment, a reflective antenna positioned within the radome. The reflective antenna may include a feedhorn configured to provide electromagnetic energy at an operation frequency. In another embodiment, the reflective antenna may include a reflective surface having multiple electromagnetically loading structures. The reflective surface may be curved in the azimuth plane and configured to reflect the electromagnetic energy relative to at least one focal point. According to another embodiment, the reflective antenna may include a support structure configured to position the feedhorn and reflective surface within the radome in order to angularly steer the electromagnetic energy with respect to the elevation plane.

Abstract: A feed for an antenna configured for use with a radar system or a satellite communication system is configured to operate in multiple bands. The feed comprises a plurality of concentric waveguides. The feed further comprises a first pair of diametrically opposed probes forming a first axis and electrically coupled to at least one of the plurality of concentric waveguides. The feed further comprises a second pair of diametrically opposed probes forming a second axis and electrically coupled to the at least one of the plurality of concentric waveguides. The first and second axis are orthogonal and the first and second pairs of diametrically opposed probes are configured to generate a sum beam and difference beam in the at least one of the plurality of concentric waveguides.

Abstract: Antennas (50) for RFID tags are made to exhibit circular polarization to give the tag an omnidirectional characteristic. The antennas are crossed dipoles (52,54) with respective feed points (56,58). The signal source (60) is coupled to a splitter (62) having output leads (64) directly coupled to the feed point (56) of dipole (52). The other output leads (66) from splitter (62) are coupled to a delay line (68) with the delayed output coupled to a feed point (58) of dipole (54).

Abstract: The present invention is a Radio Frequency (RF) apparatus. The RF apparatus may include a layer of photoconductive material. The RF apparatus may further include a plurality of conductive patches which are disposed within the layer of photoconductive material. The RF apparatus may further include a generating layer. The generating layer may be operatively coupled to the layer of photoconductive material and may be configured for generating light. The generating layer may further be configured for providing the generated light to the layer of photoconductive material. The generated light may be configurable for being provided at a selectable intensity and in a selectable pattern for causing the layer of photoconductive material to be a dynamically controllable optical switch. The dynamically controllable optical switch may be configured for providing a connection between conductive patches included in the plurality of conductive patches.

Abstract: A dielectric ceramic composition has a dielectric constant, K, of at least 200 and a dielectric loss, DF, of 0.0006 or less at 1 MHz. The dielectric ceramic composition may be formed by sintering by firing in air without a controlled atmosphere. The dielectric ceramic composition may have a major component of 92.49 to 97.5 wt. % containing 60.15 to 68.2 wt. % strontium titanate, 11.02 to 23.59 wt. % calcium titanate and 7.11 to 21.32 wt. % barium titanate; and a minor component of 2.50 to 7.51 wt. % containing 1.18 to 3.55 wt. % calcium zirconate, 0.50 to 1.54 wt. % bismuth trioxide, 0.2 to 0.59 wt. % zirconia, 0.02 to 0.07 wt. % manganese dioxide, 0.12 to 0.35 wt. % zinc oxide, 0.12 to 0.35 wt. % lead-free glass frit, 0.24 to 0.71 wt. % kaolin clay and 0.12 to 0.35 wt. % cerium oxide. UHF antennas and monolithic ceramic components may use the dielectric ceramic composition.

Abstract: A phased array antenna system may include a sheet of conductive material with a plurality of aperture antenna elements formed in the sheet of conductive material. Each of the plurality of aperture antenna elements is capable of sending and receiving electromagnetic energy. The phased array antenna system may also include a wide angle impedance match (WAIM) layer of material disposed over the plurality of aperture antenna elements formed in the sheet of conductive material. The WAIM layer of material includes a plurality of metamaterial particles. The plurality of metamaterial particles are selected and arranged to minimize return loss and to optimize an impedance match between the phased array antenna system and free space to permit scanning of the phased array antenna system up to a predetermined angle in elevation.

Abstract: A leaky cavity resonator that includes a waveguide, the waveguide being filled with a dielectric material, and at least two complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs), the CSRRs residing inside the waveguide parallel to each other placed symmetrically both radially and in height, a leaky resonant cavity being formed between the at least two CSRRs and a wall of the waveguide. A frequency band of the leaky cavity resonator is adjustable by varying a distance w between at least one outside perimeter of at least one CSRR and an interior wall of the waveguide. A frequency band of the leaky cavity resonator is also adjustable by varying a size of the leaky resonant cavity. The at least two CSRRs each have at least one stub connecting to a wall of the waveguide. A frequency band of the leaky cavity resonator is also adjustable by varying a size of the stubs.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the production of reflectarray antennas, that is to say antennas consisting of a primary illumination source and a phase-shifting plate consisting of an array of cells each having a coefficient of reflection the phase of which is electronically controlled. According to the invention, each cell consists of a waveguide element closed at one of its ends by a dielectric substrate wafer carrying an electrical circuit formed by three parallel conducting strips. A variable capacitor, produced either in MEMS technology or by means of a ferroelectric element, is implanted by means of bonding wires on the electrical circuit etched on the substrate.

Abstract: A small antenna device having an increased gain is provided. The antenna device includes a multilayer dielectric substrate composed of a combination of a plurality of dielectric layers, wherein a feeding antenna is provided in a lower layer of the multilayer substrate, a reflective metal plate is provided above the feeding antenna, and circular or rectangular metal loops are arranged so as to be of increasing diameter from lower layers toward upper layers in the plurality of dielectric layers.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an array antenna including a designing step which comprises: determining a one-dimensional reference radiation pattern and an associated reference aperture; computing the cumulative phasorial summation of the field distribution of said reference aperture in a reference direction and representing it as a reference curve in the complex plane; determining a polygonal curve optimally approximating said reference curve, subject to predetermined constraints; and determining, from said polygonal curve, an antenna array pattern, each side of said polygonal curve being associated to a particular antenna element of the array.

Abstract: An electronically scanned array (ESA) antenna includes a main line along which an electromagnetic traveling wave may propagate and a plurality of array elements distributed along the main line. Each of the plurality of array elements includes a branch line; an antenna radiator at one end of the branch line; an electronically controllable reflection phase shifter at the opposite end of the branch line; a directional coupler which couples energy between the main line and the branch line.