Abstract: Disclosed herein is an RF printed rectifier manufactured using a roll to roll printing process, comprising: a printed antenna manufactured using conductive ink through the roll to roll printing process; a printed diode manufactured using the conductive ink through the roll to roll printing process; and a printed capacitor manufactured using the conductive ink through the roll to roll printing process, wherein an alternating current is input through the printed antenna, and a direct current is output through the printed diode and capacitor.

Abstract: A controlled power supply comprising: a) an array of low voltage current sources; b) a plurality of switch power supplies coupled to each of the storage capacitors and respective ones of the pulse loads being coupled to each of the switch power supplies; c) each of the storage capacitors being configured for storing energy during an inactive portion of a load switching cycle of the respective switch power supply to which the corresponding storage capacitor is coupled when the pulse loads are inactive; d) a respective output capacitor in association with each of the switch power supplies for feeding voltage to the respective pulse loads during an active portion of the load switching cycle; and e) the respective storage capacitor being configured for supplying the stored energy via the respective to the respective switch power supply to which the storage capacitor is coupled to each of the pulse loads coupled to switch power supply during an active portion of the load switching cycle.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a chip carrier (15) for contacting with a chip (16) and an antenna (13) disposed on an antenna substrate (17, 54, 61), wherein the chip carrier features a strip-shaped carrier substrate (18) which is provided with a chip contact arrangement (29) located at a distance from longitudinal ends (25, 26) of the carrier substrate for electrical contacting with a chip and which is provided with two antenna contact surfaces (27, 28) having the chip contact arrangement therebetween for electrical contacting with the antenna, wherein the chip contact arrangement and the antenna contact surfaces are located on an application surface (31) of the chip carrier and at least one insulation surface (20) is formed on the application surface (20) between the chip contact arrangement and the antenna contact surfaces.

Abstract: A system comprising at least one antenna and a circuit, wherein the circuit is at least in part not a semiconductor chip or a die. The at least one antenna and the circuit are arranged on a package. Alternatively described is a system comprising at least one antenna and at least one circuit, wherein the at least one antenna and the at least one circuit are arranged on a package, wherein the at least one circuit performs a radio-frequency and optionally a base-band and/or a digital functionality.

Abstract: One component is provided with an electrical connection wire and the other component is provided with an electrical connection pad. The process includes a wire routing step along at least one out-and-back path so as to form at least first and second rectilinear portions on the outward and return paths while running through at least one loop connecting the two portions. In addition, the process includes a step for attaching the wire to the pad at at least one electrical conduction point in such a way that each of the rectilinear portions is connected to the pad.

Abstract: A high-frequency circuit includes: a first earth pattern provided on a second main surface of a dielectric substrate; a signal pattern provided on a first main surface of the dielectric substrate and configuring a microstrip line together with the dielectric substrate and the first earth pattern; a second earth pattern provided on the first main surface and spaced from the signal pattern; a metal member electrically connected to the second earth pattern, and facing the signal pattern with a spacing therebetween; and a metal casing electrically connected to the first earth pattern and the second earth pattern, and housing the dielectric substrate, the microstrip line and the metal member.

Abstract: A coupling structure for an antenna device including a housing, which retains an antenna element for transmitting or receiving a communication signal, and a wire harness, which extends out of the housing. The coupling structure includes a coupling member that couples the wire harness to a conductor when coupling the housing to a coupling location.

Abstract: A rectenna capable of power conversion from electromagnetic (EM) waves of high frequencies is provided. In one embodiment, a rectenna element generates currents from two sources—based upon the power of the incident EM wave and from an n-type semiconductor, or another electron source attached to a maximum voltage point of an antenna element. The combined current from both sources increases the power output of the antenna, thereby increasing the detection sensitivity of the antenna of a low power signal. Full wave rectification is achieved using a novel diode connected to a gap in the antenna element of an rectenna element. The diode is conductive at a zero bias voltage, and rectifies the antenna signal generated by the desired EM wave received by antenna. Further, the diode may provide a fixed output voltage regardless of the input signal level. The rectenna element of the present invention may be used as a building block to create large rectenna arrays.

Abstract: An antenna includes a resistive element formed in a casing, and a feed line formed in the casing and electrically coupled to the resistive element. The positioning of the resistive element and the feeding is such that the feed line is approximately perpendicular to the resistive element. The positioning of the feed line and the resistive element may result in the antenna being sized to allow integration of the antenna into a sensor head.

Abstract: An embodiment of the invention provides a wireless communication-improving sheet member capable of increasing a possible communication distance of an IC tag for wireless communication, a wireless IC tag, an antenna, and a wireless communication system. In at least one embodiment, a first spacer has an arrangement face on which on which the wireless IC tag is disposed without a wired connection, and an auxiliary antenna is disposed on the first spacer on an opposite side to the arrangement face, the auxiliary antenna resonating with electromagnetic waves used in the wireless communication. The auxiliary antenna has a first conductor layer as a resonant layer and a second spacer. The second spacer is disposed on an opposite side to the first spacer with the first conductor layer interposed therebetween. A discontinuous area is disposed in the first conductor layer of the auxiliary antenna.

Abstract: Antenna and related structures and circuits are described having a ground plane or ground counterpoise system that has at least one element whose shape, at least is part, is substantially a deterministic fractal of iteration order N?1. Using fractal geometry, the antenna ground counterpoise has a self-similar structure resulting from the repetition of a design or motif (or “generator”) that is replicated using rotation, and/or translation, and/or scaling. The fractal element will have x-axis, y-axis coordinates for a next iteration N+1 defined by xn+1=f(XN? ybN) and yN+1=g(XN? yN? where XN? yN define coordinates for a preceding iteration, and where f(x,y) and g(x,y) are functions defining the fractal motif and behavior, in another aspect, a vertical antenna is top-loaded with a so-called top-hat assembly that includes at least one fractal element.

Abstract: An antenna for a Radio-Frequency IDentification (RFID) system is disclosed that comprises a resonant structure, an RFID load element, and a floating coupling element. One of the two terminals of the RFID load element is connected directly to the resonant structure, and the other terminal is connected to the floating coupling element. The floating coupling element is electrically isolated from the resonant structure; its presence provides an improved impedance match to the RFID load element.

Abstract: A communication module includes an infrared (IR) receiver to receive an IR signal, and an antenna to receive a radio frequency (RF) signal. The IR receiver and the antenna are configured into a single mountable module.

Abstract: A method and device bracket are presented for reconfigurable radiation desensitivity. The method includes: accepting a radiated wave from a source such as a transmitter, antenna, microprocessor, electrical component, integrated circuit, camera, connector, or signal cable; in response to the radiated wave, creating a first current per units square (I/units2) through a groundplane of an electrical circuit such as a printed circuit board (PCB), display, connector, or keypad; accepting a control signal; and, in response to the control signal, creating a second I/units2 through the groundplane. This step couples the groundplane to a bracket having a selectable effective electrical length. Typically, the groundplane is coupled to a bracket with a fixed physical length section to provide a combined effective electrical length responsive to the fixed physical length and the selectable effective electrical length.

Abstract: Architectures and implementations of a transceiver system for wireless communications are presented, the system including one or more antennas supporting a single frequency band or multiple frequency bands, a transmit circuit, a receive circuit, and an isolation circuit that is coupled to the one or more antennas and the transmit and receive circuits and provides adequate isolation between the transmit circuit and the receive circuit.

Abstract: An amplifier unit to adapted to be placed in an antenna mast of a radio system that uses time division duplex. The amplifier unit includes transmitting and receiving branches in parallel, with the transmitting branch being used as a bypass path for a low noise amplifier (LNA) in the receiving branch. The unit is set to the transmitting mode, receiving mode and bypass mode by means of pin diode switches. A passive bypass mode comes into effect automatically, if the unit loses its supply voltage. At least one pin switch is located transversely in the transmitting branch for switching off the unit, when it is set to the receiving mode. The structure of the unit advantageously includes another, redundant, transmitting branch with series switches, which branch is used for improving the characteristics of the transmission path for transmitting signals, when the biasing of the pin switches is possible.

Abstract: A multi-band built-in antenna for a mobile communication terminal having a main board and a casing for protecting the main board, is disclosed. A transmission line is formed to be spaced apart from one outside surface of the main board by a predetermined interval and configured to include an external conductor, a dielectric, and a central conductor so as to transmit signals. A ground clip is configured to ground the transmission line by fastening the transmission line. A radiator is formed by bending the dielectric and central conductor of the transmission line, other than the external conductor of the transmission line, and is configured to operate in multiple bands. An open stub is connected to the ground clip, is bent a plurality of times, and is configured to be operated in a low frequency band, which is lower than the high frequency band.

Abstract: A system to capture a remote RFID electro magnetic interrogation of a warehouse or distribution center environment through the propitious use of an external directional antenna. The system comprises a directional external yagi antenna affixed to the exterior of the distribution center or warehouse distribution center; an electric motor attached to a boom of the external yagi antenna to enable the antenna to change direction; a directional finding equipment spliced to the circuit of the external yagi antenna, and multiple transformers, the antenna and interrogation units mounted to a ceiling of the warehouse or distribution center to modulate and reradiate signals of the remote microwave or ultra high frequency interrogation to interrogate transponders attached to articles at the articles' resonant frequency and re-radiate responses to the external yagi antenna for capture by the cellular transmission tower.

Abstract: A miniature fiber radio transceiver is disclosed that has an elongated form factor. In some embodiments, the form factor has the dimensions of one half of a millimeter by one half of a millimeter by fifty millimeters to give the transceiver an elongated shape similar to the shape of a single strand of hair. The miniature fiber radio transceiver may also include an energy source in the form of a piezoelectric fiber composite transducer having a plurality of elongated elastic piezoelectric fibers embedded in a composite material. The piezoelectric fibers can scavenge electrical energy from mechanical energy to generate charge pulses that provide the electrical energy for the operation of the transceiver.

Abstract: An electrical component with a diversity front-end circuit that is exclusively designed to transmit received signals is disclosed. The diversity front-end circuit is capable of receiving incoming signals in at least two frequency bands simultaneously. The diversity front-end circuit includes at least two receiving paths coupled to a diversity antenna, wherein the received signals of the respective frequency band are transmitted in each receiving path.

Abstract: The invention relates to a case assembly for antenna amplifying system, an antenna amplifying system and a mast antenna incorporating such a system. According to the invention, the case assembly for antenna amplifying system having a general shape elongated along a longitudinal axis (34) comprises a control module (16) and two amplifying modules (9a, 9b) aligned therewith along the longitudinal axis (34), the control module (16) and both amplifying modules (9a, 9b) each comprising two longitudinal lateral walls (11a, 11b, 11c, 12a, 12b, 12c), an upper surface (36a, 36b, 36c) and a lower surface (37a, 37b, 37c) and having a small thickness.

Abstract: An antenna device has a divider producing first and second signals, and amplifiers amplifying the signals at a changeable amplitude ratio of the first signal to the second signal. A Rotman lens gives first phase differences to first high frequency waves, produced from the first amplified signal at an input port and transmitted to output ports, and gives second phase differences to second high frequency waves produced from the second amplified signal at another input port and transmitted to the output ports. An antenna forms a beam composed of electromagnetic waves, having the first phase differences and electric power corresponding to the first amplified signal on an antenna surface, and electromagnetic waves, having the second phase differences and electric power corresponding to the second amplified signal on the antenna surface, and radiates the beam in a particular direction corresponding to the phase differences and the amplitude ratio.

Abstract: An antenna for a Radio-Frequency IDentification (RFID) system is disclosed that comprises a pair of resonant cavities. The antenna is realized by folding the ends of a ribbon of conductive material, such as metal foil, over the middle part of the ribbon. The antenna generates a higher voltage than prior-art antennas used in RFID systems, and it makes possible RFID systems with an improved range. In an alternative embodiment, the antenna comprises a reflector that enables the RFID system to better tolerate the presence of nearby metal objects.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a device is disclosed that includes: a first substrate, a plurality of antennas adjacent the first substrate; a plurality of oscillators integrated in the first substrate, each oscillator providing an output signal to drive a corresponding subset of the antennas; and a plurality of photodetectors corresponding to plurality of oscillators, each oscillator being adapted to injection lock its output signal to an electronic photodetector signal from the photodetector produced in response to an illumination of the photodetectors with a free-space optical signal modulated such that the photodetector signals are globally synchronized with each other, whereby the output signals driving the plurality antennas are also globally synchronized across the plurality of antennas.

Abstract: A printed circuit board (PCB) assembled to include at least one millimeter wave antenna and a radio frequency integrated circuit (RF IC). The PCB comprises a square-shaped cavity in the PCB, wherein one of the edges of the cavity is substantially parallel to connecting pins of the at least one millimeter wave antenna; a RF IC placed in the cavity, wherein one side of the RF IC including RF pads is substantially at the edge of the cavity that is substantially parallel to the connecting pins; and traces connecting the RF pads and the connecting pins, wherein the connection between the at least one millimeter wave antenna and the RF IC shortens the length of the traces.

Abstract: An apparatus including: an antenna having operational frequencies; and an electrical circuit including a first electrical component adjacent the antenna and a second component for decoupling said electrical circuit from the antenna at the operational frequencies of the antenna.

Abstract: An antenna apparatus of a portable terminal and method for implementing characteristics of the antenna apparatus of the portable terminal are disclosed. The antenna apparatus includes a circuit board including a power feeder and a ground, a radiation unit, a power feeder connecting unit for electrically connecting the power feeder to the radiation unit and for feeding electric power to the radiation unit, and a ground connecting unit including at least two paths which have different lengths for electrically connecting the ground to and disconnecting the ground from the radiation unit selectively.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device for adjusting the beam direction of a beam radiated from a stationary array of antenna elements, wherein at least two antenna element feed points are coupled to a common signal source via a feed line structure having a source connection terminal to be connected to said source and at least two feed connection terminals to be connected to said antenna element feed points, said feed line structure being at a distance from and in parallel to a fixed ground plane on at least one side of said feed line structure, wherein a movable element is located adjacent to said feed line structure so as to change the signal phase of signal components being transferred between said source connection terminal and the respective feed connection terminals, said movable element being movable for effecting a controlled phase shift of said signal components so as to adjust said beam direction.

Abstract: Systems and methods for controlling a micro electromechanical device using power actuation are disclosed. The disclosed micro electromechanical systems comprise at least one electrostatically actuatable micro electromechanical device and an actuation device. The micro electromechanical device comprises a first conductor and a second conductor having a moveable portion which in use may be attracted by the first conductor as a result of a predetermined actuation power. The actuation device comprises a high frequency signal generator for generating at least part of the actuation power by means of a predetermined high frequency signal with a frequency higher than the mechanical resonance frequency of the moveable portion of the micro electromechanical device.

Abstract: Key antennas are provided for an electronic device such as a laptop computer. The electronic device may have radio-frequency transceivers that transmit and receive signals using the key antennas. An antenna resonating element may be mounted beneath a keycap of each key antenna. The antenna resonating element may be spirally wrapped and integrated into the keycap. The key antenna may function as an antenna and may also function as an input key for an electronic device. A flexible communications path may pass through a hole in a conductive housing of the electronic device and may be used to couple the antenna resonating element to the radio-frequency transceiver. The antenna resonating element may be coupled to the radio-frequency transceiver by a weak spring. The weak spring may form a portion of the antenna resonating element.

Abstract: Optimizing a wireless power system by separately optimizing received power and efficiency. Either one or both of received power and/ or efficiency can be optimized in a way that maintains the values to maximize transferred power.

Abstract: An antenna is connected to a connector disclosed in the present disclosure, and the connector has a clamping slot adapted to fix a radio remote unit (RRU). A clamping slot tight side may be set on the connector to fasten the RRU, and an RRU fastening hole may be set on the connector to fasten the RRU. An RF apparatus integrated with a connector is also disclosed. According to the present disclosure, the antenna and the RRU are fixed to the connector. This makes it unnecessary to provide additional spaces and supports for installing the RRU. Hence, the RRU can be installed in a proper position and the installation costs can be reduced. In addition, the distance between the antenna and the RRU is shortened. Thus, the cable (when necessary) between the antenna and the RRU is shorter than that in the prior art. This greatly reduces signal transmission losses.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an assembled structure of an antenna and a speaker built in a wireless communication terminal, and more particularly, to an antenna integrated with speaker in which an antenna and a speaker are integrated into a single module. The present invention provides an antenna integrated with speaker comprising: an antenna carrier including an upper frame and a lower frame which are coupled to each other, the upper frame having a radiator mounted thereon; and a speaker mounted at the antenna carrier, wherein the speaker is coupled to a mounting hole formed at the lower frame through a coupling means from the outside of the antenna carrier. It is possible to obtain an effect of minimizing defect and loss of a speaker which may occur during the assembly of the antenna to thereby maximize efficiency of production.

Abstract: A distributed antenna system having a transport portion including at least one overhead power line for transmitting system information along its length, and a distribution portion including at least one local access point disposed along the length of the power line for providing local access to information transported by the transport portion.

Abstract: The antenna device has an antenna element, a transistor circuit connected to the antenna element, and an inductance circuit earthed to a shunt between the antenna element and the transistor circuit. The electronic device has the antenna device and a radio circuit connected to the transistor circuit.

Abstract: An antenna array core comprising a plurality of microwave modules, a control layer, a mounting layer, and a signal distribution layer. The control layer is capable of distributing control signals to the plurality of microwave modules. The plurality of microwave modules are attached to an upper surface of the mounting layer and the mounting layer is made from a heat conductive material capable of cooling the plurality of microwave modules. The signal distribution layer is located below the mounting layer, wherein the signal distribution layer is capable of transmitting microwave signals to the plurality of microwave modules and wherein the arrangement of the plurality of microwave modules on the mounting layer, the control layer, and the wave distribution network form a layered architecture for the antenna core. The architecture is a balance between, size, thermal control, manufacturability, cost, and performance so as to be a unique solution.

Abstract: The present invention provides a remote antenna system employing digital imaging means by which the operator can view both the antenna pointing data and the coverage landscape from the antenna radome perspective. The present invention also provides a method for antenna positioning data acquisition and positioning control employing remotely acquired image data.

Abstract: A system to capture a remote RFID electro magnetic interrogation of a warehouse or distribution center environment through the propitious use of an external directional antenna. A method of manufacturing said external directional antenna from a composite of aluminum shavings and ceramic powders. This remote RFID electro magnetic interrogation signal is contemplated to emanate from a cellular telephone transmission tower transmitting in the ultra high frequency or microwave band. This electro magnetic RFID interrogation signal is harvested by the external directional antenna and relayed to a ceiling mounted transformer/amplifier/antenna unit located within the confines of the warehouse or distribution center. The initial signal is modulated and re-radiated within the environment to resonate with the frequencies of the RFID passive transponders to be interrogated.

Abstract: A radio receiving apparatus deterioration of a receiving sensitivity of an antenna used in the radio receiving apparatus due to noise generated from a circuit board disposed within the radio receiving apparatus. The radio receiving apparatus includes a body, a printed circuit board provided within the body, an antenna provided at an area outside of the body and adapted to receive an external signal, and a noise attenuation member provided at the printed circuit board and adapted to attenuate noise generated from the printed circuit board, to prevent deterioration in the receiving sensitivity of the antenna.

Abstract: An antenna and button assembly is provided for a compact portable wireless device such as a wireless headset for a handheld electronic device. An antenna structure is mounted within a button structure. The button structure includes a switch actuation member that extends past the antenna structure and into engagement with a switch. The switch actuation member may reciprocate within the button structure. A user may press upon an exposed end of the switch actuation member to operate the switch. The switch may be used to control the application of power to the compact portable wireless device or to perform other suitable functions. The button structure may be formed using dielectric materials such as plastic. By forming the button structure from dielectric, clearance is provided between the antenna structure and conductive portions of the compact portable wireless device so that the antenna of the compact wireless device operates properly.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a slot type antenna with integrated amplifiers, comprising a substrate S featuring a ground plane G, a longitudinal radiation open slot antenna, a power divider connected to a feeder line, an amplifier connected to each of the outputs of the power divider, such that the amplifiers are supplied in phase opposition, the output of the amplifiers being connected to a power combination circuit directly coupled to the excitation point of the slot type antenna.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an antenna device for receiving a broadcast wave in each of a first required frequency band and a second required frequency band, the antenna device including: an earphone cable including an audio signal line and a ground line; and an antenna element cable including a coaxial line formed by covering a core line with an insulator and further covering the insulator with an outer covering conductor, and an audio signal line, a leading end of the antenna element cable being connected to the earphone cable via a relay circuit, and a base end of the antenna element cable being connected to a device including a tuner via an antenna switching circuit.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention may provide for a CMOS antenna switch, which may be referred to as a CMOS SP4T switch. The CMOS antenna switch may operate at a plurality of frequencies, perhaps around 900 MHz and 1.9 GHz according to an embodiment of the invention. The CMOS antenna switch may include both a receiver switch and a transmit switch. The receiver switch may utilize a multi-stack transistor with body substrate tuning to block high power signals from the transmit path as well as to maintain low insertion loss at the receiver path. On the other hand, in the transmit switch, a body substrate tuning technique may be applied to maintain high power delivery to the antenna. Example embodiments of the CMOS antenna switch may provide for 31 dBm P 1 dB at both bands (e.g., 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz). In addition, a 0.9 dB and ?1.1 dB insertion loss at 900 MHz and 1.9 GHz, respectively, may be obtained according to example embodiments of the invention.

Abstract: An antenna assembly according to the present invention includes an antenna, a protecting device and cables. A radio frequency module is set before the antenna assembly and supplies signal power to the antenna through cables. The protecting device is located between the antenna and the radio frequency module so as to avoid undesired direct current to flow into the radio frequency module. The antenna, protecting device and radio frequency module are connected by cables. Connecting with and protected by the protecting device, the RF module works reliably under the above-mentioned construction of the antenna assembly which can hardly affect the performance of the antenna.

Abstract: A dielectric antenna module (1) includes an antenna element unit (50) having an antenna element (5) consisting of a radiation electrode (3) and a signal line (4) formed on a dielectric substrate (2), and a module substrate unit (60) having a signal processing circuit formed on a module substrate (6). The substrate (2,6) are arranged and connected to each other so that their bottom surfaces form a single plane. The antenna element unit (50) and the module substrate unit (60) are connected to each other by fitting a projection (8) to a recess (9) formed on and in the opposing faces of the substrates (2,6). On the projection (8) and in the recess (9), signal lines (4,4a) are formed, respectively, and on the opposing faces of the substrates (2,6), ground electrodes (11,11a) are formed. When the projection and recesses are engaged, the signal lines (4,4a) are connected to each other and the ground electrodes (11,11a) are connected to each other.

Abstract: Antenna elements are provided along a linear line at regular intervals to be parallel to each other. The antenna elements receive signals transmitted from a communicating partner and output the signals to a receiving beam former. In the receiving beam former, phase shifters phase-shift the received signals input from the antenna elements of an even element number by ?. A combiner adds the received signals that are phase-shifted by ? in phase shifters and the signals input from the antenna elements of an odd number to form a received beam. With this configuration, it is possible to realize an array antenna apparatus of a small and simple configuration that reduces the radiation of radio waves to the human body and to other equipment and that is influenced little by the human body and by other equipment.

Abstract: An exciter system (10) is provided for use in facilitating electromagnetic communication within an enclosed space (12). The system (10) includes an exciter (26) which may be in the form of a three dimensional hemispherical exciter (28) or a two dimensional planar sector exciter (30) depending on the size of the associated structure and the power requirements of operation. The exciter system (10) operates in conjunction with a hub/controller network (44). The exciter system (10) is adapted to induce a quasi-static evanescent field (20) within the space and to thereby enable communications using the evanescent field (20) at frequencies within an operational frequency range determined by the characteristics of the space. The exciter (26) is mounted in opposition to a portion of a conductive framework (18) within the enclosed space, and is separated therefrom.

Abstract: A wireless network access apparatus includes a circuit board received in a housing and having one or more devices for communicating with various wireless network systems. An antenna is attached to the housing and coupled to the circuit board, and includes a curved surface for effectively receiving microwave signals. The housing includes a seat for selectively supporting the antenna. A cover is slidably secured to the housing for exposing the seat when the seat is secured to the housing, and for shielding the housing when the seat is removed from the housing.

Abstract: An apparatus (1) for converting solar energy into electrical energy and for radiating and/or receiving high frequency electromagnetic waves is described. The apparatus (1) includes at least one solar cell (2) provided with electrodes in the form of electrically conducting contacts, wherein at least one of the contacts of the solar cell at the same time forms an antenna element.

Abstract: The present invention includes antenna connectors, antenna connecting devices, and antenna connecting systems. This invention also includes machines or electronic devices using these aspects of the invention.