Abstract: A stacking structure includes a substrate, a silver nanowire layer provided on a top of the substrate, and a metal layer provided on a top of the silver nanowire layer. The silver nanowire layer includes a plurality of silver nanowires and an indium tin oxide (ITO) covered on the plurality of silver nanowires. The silver nanowire layer has an overall thickness that is 2.35 to 24 times as thick as a thickness of the ITO. A touch sensor including the above described stacking structure is also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is an adaptive stylus frontend to identify and update zero force offset pressure codes. The adaptive stylus frontend comprises a high gain instrumentation amplifier configured to receive the analog signal and provide the required gain to the analog signal. The adaptive stylus frontend comprises an analog-to-digital converter configured to convert the analog signal to digital codes at a predetermined sampling frequency. The stylus comprises an adaptive offset controller configured to adaptively identify, and update zero force offset pressure codes, wherein the zero force offset pressure code is the ADC output value when no external force is applied at the stylus tip. The zero force offset pressure comprises the pressure sensor offset introduced by a pressure sensor, the amplifier offset introduced by the amplifier, and the offset introduced by the analog to digital converter.

Abstract: Discussed is a touch display device and a touch sensing method. More particularly, according to the number of pens that have been paired, the frame can be reconfigured by changing the type of all or part of the multiple touch time periods in the frame, and it is possible to provide high-speed pen search and pen pairing by designing a highly scalable pen protocol to flexibly change the pen mode.

Abstract: A processing system includes sensor circuitry and processing circuitry. The sensor circuitry is configured to, using the sensor electrodes, obtain capacitive measurements of a sensing region, and obtain a resistance measurement of the sensing region. The processing circuitry is coupled to the sensor circuitry. The processing circuitry is configured to determine a location of an input object using the capacitive measurements of the sensing region; and determine a force value based on the resistance measurement and the location of the input object. Determining the force value mitigates a temperature variation of the sensing region affecting the resistance measurement. The processing circuitry is further configured to report the force value.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a display device. The display device includes a display panel, an active area, a peripheral area, an input sensor, and a pattern layer. The active area and the peripheral area are adjacent to the active area. The input sensor is disposed on the display panel and includes a plurality of detection electrodes and a first pattern. The pattern layer is disposed on the input sensor and includes a second pattern overlapping the first pattern when viewed on a plane. Any one of the first and second patterns transmits and receives a signal. The other pattern of the first and second patterns includes a shielding component that shields or reflects a signal provided from any one pattern. A transmission component transmits the signal.

Abstract: A display device includes: a base member; first sensing electrodes disposed on the base member and electrically connected to a first sensing line, wherein the first sensing electrodes include first and second ends facing and spaced apart from each other; a second sensing electrode disposed between the first and second ends of the first sensing electrodes on a same layer as the first sensing electrodes and electrically connected to a second sensing line; and a connection electrode to electrically connect the first and second ends of the first sensing electrodes to each other without overlapping regions between each of the first and second ends of the first sensing electrodes and the second sensing electrode.

Abstract: A capacitive sensor including a substrate, detection and drive electrodes, and a controller. The substrate includes one or a plurality of insulating layers including first and second faces. The detection electrode includes mutually electrically connected detection lines arrayed at spaced intervals on the first face. The drive electrode includes mutually electrically connected drive lines each arranged on the first or second face and located between adjacent two of the detection lines. When a target approaches the detection electrode being charged and discharged by the controller, the approach causes a change in a first capacitance between the detection electrode and the target. When a target approaches the detection and drive electrodes while the controller is supplying drive pulses to the drive electrode, the approach causes a change in a second capacitance between the detection electrode and the drive electrode. The controller detects the target referring to changes in the first and second capacitances.

Abstract: A mobile device capable of being magnetically attached to a surface may include a first attachment module. The first attachment module may be configured to generate a first magnetic field causing the mobile device to be magnetically attached to the surface. The first attachment module, in response to a pick-up signal corresponding to a detected first operation of a user to pick up the mobile device, may perform at least one of reducing a strength of the first magnetic field or reversing a polarity of the first magnetic field.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a touch sensing device reducing the touch driving time and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) by a multi-driving using driving signals that can be distinguished from each other by their frequencies and codes.

Abstract: In the contact structure according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure and a display device including the same, the pixel may be designed regardless of the size of the contact hole by designing a size (or an area) of the contact hole to be larger than the contact area and applying different structures depending on the characteristics of the lower layer. Therefore, the size of the contact hole is increased so that the halftone mask may be easily applied and the number of masks may be advantageously reduced. Further, a degree of freedom of metal in the pixel design is increased so that the pixel may be designed in a high resolution model and the aperture ratio is increased without having the electrode margin.

Abstract: A method for preparing stacking structure includes providing a substrate; disposing a metallic layer and a silver nanowire layer on the substrate; applying flexographic printing technology to print an anti-etching layer on a surface of the metallic layer or the silver nanowire layer so that the anti-etching layer partially covers the metallic layer or the silver nanowire layer; applying an etching technology to remove a part of the metallic layer or the silver nanowire layer that is not covered by the anti-etching layer and the metallic layer or the silver nanowire layer disposed therebelow with an etching liquid so that the metallic layer comprises: metallic wires; a metallic grid; and a metallic plate; and removing the anti-etching layer. A stacking structure comprises: the substrate; the metallic layer; and the silver nanowire layer. The method for preparing stacking structure and the stacking structure can be applied to a touch sensor.

Abstract: A touch panel having dummy pattern is provided, including a first metal nanowire layer and a second metal nanowire layer. The first metal nanowire layer includes first electrode wires, first axial wires connected to the first electrode wires, and first dummy patterns. The second metal nanowire layer includes a plurality of second electrode wires and a plurality of second axial wires connected to the second electrode wires. The first dummy patterns are electrically insulated and deposited outside the first electrode wires and the first axial wires, and each of the first dummy patterns comprises a plurality of first etching areas extending along the first and second directions. The first dummy patterns do not expose the first etching areas along the first direction at a vertical projection area of a part where each of the second axial wires alone exists, so that the electrode pattern is difficult to observe.

Abstract: A touch display device and a touch driving method thereof enable to effectively identify a ghost touch while reducing a number of touch lines and touch sensing units by differently disposing an arrangement of the touch electrodes to which the touch lines are connected for each touch block.

Abstract: An input detection system includes a detection device including a plurality of sensor electrodes arrayed in a detection region, an input support device including an LC circuit, a first electrode coupled to one end side of the LC circuit, and a second electrode coupled to another end side of the LC circuit, and a control circuit including a drive signal supply circuit supplying a drive signal to the sensor electrodes and an adjustment circuit coupled to the sensor electrodes. The adjustment circuit adjusts a circuit constant that is added to a capacitance between the sensor electrode and the first electrode or the second electrode facing the sensor electrode.

Abstract: Provided are a display panel, a preparation method thereof and a display apparatus. The display panel includes a display substrate and a cover plate oppositely disposed. The display substrate includes an array substrate, pixel define layers on the array substrate, pixel support layers on a side of the pixel define layers away from the array substrate, and second electrodes each located on a side of each of the pixel support layers away from each pixel define layers. The cover plate includes a first substrate, a touch sensor layer and protective layer disposed on the first substrate, wherein multiple openings are disposed on the touch sensor layer and covered by the protective layer. An orthographic projection of each of the openings on the array substrate at least partially overlaps with that of a surface on a side of each of the pixel support layers away from the array substrate.

Abstract: A touch screen display includes a display, a video graphics processing module, electrodes, and drive-sense circuits. The electrodes integrated into the display, which is operable to render frames of data into visible images. The video graphics processing module is operably coupled to generate the frames of data. The drive-sense circuits, when enabled and concurrent with the display rendering the frames of data into the visible images, monitor sensor signals on the electrodes. A sensor signal includes a drive signal component and a receive signal component. The drive-sense circuits generate the drive signal components of the sensor signals and the receive signal components are representation of impedances of the electrodes. A change in impedance is indicative of a proximal touch to the touch screen display.

Abstract: A touch sensing system is configured to determine a state of a paper material indicative of a touch input on the paper material. The actions include receiving one or more values of features representing physical properties of a paper material. The system generates, by a pair of electrodes in a conductive material that is electrically connected with the paper material, an electric field in the conductive material. The paper material is configured to shunt current from the conductive material when the paper material is touched. The system measures the electric field in the conductive material in the conductive material. The system generates an approximation of the electric field in the conductive material. The system determines with a classifier a state of the paper material indicative of a touch input on the paper material.

Abstract: There is provided an electric toothbrush including a toothbrush head, a toothbrush handle and a force sensing array. The force sensing array is arranged on the toothbrush head and/or the toothbrush handle. When the force sensing array is arranged on the toothbrush head, it is able to detect the force uniformity of brush hairs. When the force sensing array is arranged on the toothbrush handle, it is able to control the vibration strength of the brush hairs and detect the pressing force of the brush hairs.

Abstract: A sensor device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a plurality of detection electrode sections of a capacitive type, a reference electrode layer disposed at a position that faces each of the detection electrode sections, and a pressing transmission layer that causes locations, of the reference electrode layer, that face the respective detection electrode sections to be deformed locally in response to pressing performed from outside.

Abstract: A touch panel device includes a plurality of transmission electrodes and a plurality of reception electrodes disposed in a sensing region on a substrate, the transmission electrodes and the reception electrodes forming a sensor cell, wherein the sensing region has a non-rectangle shape, a plurality of the sensor cells is arranged in the sensing region in a row direction and in a column direction, and each sensor cell has a region shape according to a shape of the sensing region such that number of the sensor cells in respective rows is the same and number of the sensor cells in respective columns is the same.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a technology of sensing a touch. According to the present disclosure, touch sensors are driven in a time division way using multiplexers disposed on a panel and auxiliary signals, with a same phase as that of driving signals, are supplied to electrodes around a touch sensor in driving so as to reduce the introduction of noises from the neighboring electrodes.

Abstract: In a described embodiment, a sensor-based communication apparatus (100) is disclosed. The communication apparatus (100) comprises a plurality of sensor nodes (112) associated with respective unique pulse signatures (200) and adapted to communicate with respective sensors (113) with each sensor (113) configured to generate a sensory signal (113a) in response to a respective stimulus (113b). Each sensor node (112) is triggered, upon receipt of the corresponding sensory signal (113a), to transmit the associated unique pulse signature (200) independently and asynchronously through a transmission medium (110) shared by the sensor nodes (112), and the unique pulse signatures (200) transmitted by the sensor nodes (112) being a representation (300) of a stimulus event associated with the stimuli detected by the corresponding sensors (113). A method and a communication medium are also disclosed.

Abstract: Provided are a touch display screen and a driving method of the touch display screen. The driving method of the touch display screen includes: one frame cycle includes at least one touch control stage, the at least one touch control stage is staggered from a scanning stage of a pixel row electrically connected to at least one first scanning line and overlaps a scanning stage of a pixel row electrically connected to at least one second scanning line. The first scanning lines overlap edge regions of the touch electrode rows in the second direction, and the second scanning lines overlap center regions of the touch electrode rows in the second direction.

Abstract: A touch sensor system includes touch sensors, drive-sense circuits (DSCs), memory, and a processing module. A DSC drives a first signal via a single line coupling to a touch sensor and simultaneously senses, when present, a second signal that is uniquely associated with a user. The DSC processes the first signal and/or the second signal to generate a digital signal that is representative of an electrical characteristic of the touch sensor. The processing module executes operational instructions (stored in the memory) to process the digital signal to detect interaction of the user with the touch sensor and to determine whether the interaction of the user with the touch sensor compares favorably with authorization. When not authorized, the processing module aborts execution of operation(s) associated with the interaction of the user with the touch sensor. Alternatively, when authorized, the processing module facilitates execution of the operation(s).

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a display panel and a method for manufacturing the same, a display device and a control method, and relates to the field of display technique. The display panel includes a package structure on an array substrate, wherein the package structure includes a thin film encapsulation layer on the array substrate and a bending detection layer configured to detect a bending state of the display panel.

Abstract: Described example user interface control apparatus includes a first structure, with a first side, conductive capacitor plate structures spaced along a first direction on the first side, a movable second structure with an auxiliary conductive structure, and an interface circuit to provide excitation signals to, and receive sense signals from, the conductive capacitor plate structures to perform a mutual capacitance test and a self-capacitance test of individual ones of the conductive capacitor plate structures to determine a position of the second structure or a user's finger relative to the first structure along the first direction.

Abstract: A system and a method for user authentication and/or authorization, including a passive card to encode a first portion of an authentication or authorization code for a user via capacitive points, and a portable computing device with a capacitive screen to encode a second portion of the code. Each capacitive point is connected to an electronic circuit, being activable by physical contact of the user or with an electrical ground. Once the user has requested access to a specific service or operation, and when at least some of the passive points are activated and the passive card is in contact with the capacitive screen, the device reads the capacitive points, decoding the first portion of the code, and cryptographically signs the decoded portion using the second portion, providing the code, which is used as cryptographic key to grant access to the service or operation.

Abstract: The disclosed head-mounted display assemblies may include a first eyecup and a second eyecup that are configured for positioning in front of intended locations of a user's eyes. The first eyecup and the second eyecup may be movable relative to each other to adjust for an interpupillary distance of the user's eyes. The head-mounted display assemblies may also include a single near-eye display screen configured for displaying an image to the user through the first eyecup and the second eyecup. A flexible shroud may be positioned to provide a seal between a first interior volume of the first eyecup, a second interior volume of the second eyecup, and the single near-eye display screen. Various other methods, devices, systems, and assemblies are also disclosed.

Abstract: A touch sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a substrate layer, sensing electrodes disposed on the substrate layer, an insulating layer covering the sensing electrodes on the substrate layer, a bridge electrode electrically connecting neighboring sensing electrodes of the sensing electrodes on the insulating layer, and floating electrodes distributed around the bridge electrode on the insulating layer.

Abstract: A touch input device and a method for manufacturing the same are disclosed. The touch input device includes: a first base including a metal compound; a first pattern groove formed over one surface of the first base; a first sense pattern formed over the first pattern groove and including a conductive material; a second base stacked over the first base, and configured to include a metal compound; a second pattern groove formed over one surface of the second base; a second sense pattern formed over the second pattern groove, including a conductive material, and spaced apart from the first sense pattern; and a line unit connecting the first sense pattern and the second sense pattern to an integrated-circuit.

Abstract: An input-display device includes a display screen disposed on a display substrate, the display screen including a multitude of display pixels. The input-display device further includes a multitude of capacitive sensing electrodes for capacitive sensing in a sensing region of the display screen. The input-display device also includes a source driver circuit configured to generate a data voltage for driving a pixel circuit associated with one display pixel of the multitude of display pixels and determine a timing for a compensatory modulation of the data voltage. The timing is determined using a sensing waveform of the capacitive sensing. The source driver circuit is also configured to determine an amplitude of the compensatory modulation, generate a modulated data voltage by applying the compensatory modulation to the data voltage, and drive the pixel circuit using the modulated data voltage.

Abstract: A display apparatus including a display panel, a touch sensing unit including first and second transmission touch lines, and a touch driving circuit to apply first and second touch driving signals to the first and second transmission touch lines, respectively, in which the touch driving circuit includes a first switch group including a first sharing switch device having one end connected to the first transmission touch line, and a second switch group including a second sharing switch device having two ends respectively connected to the second transmission touch line and another end of the first sharing switch device, and the touch driving circuit is configured to turn on the sharing switch devices during a first period such that the touch driving signals have a first voltage level, and turn on the sharing switch devices during a second period such that the touch driving signals have a second voltage level.

Abstract: A touch panel, a touch display and a method of manufacturing the touch panel are provided. The touch panel includes a substrate, at least one driving electrode, at least one first sensing electrode, at least one second sensing electrode, and an elastic dielectric material. The at least one first sensing electrode is disposed on the substrate and is electrical insulating from the at least one driving electrode. The at least one second sensing electrode is disposed on the at least one first sensing electrode and overlapped with the at least one first sensing electrode. The elastic dielectric material is disposed between the at least one first sensing electrode and the at least one second sensing electrode.

Abstract: An electronic device, including a substrate, first electrodes, second electrodes, and peripheral wiring pairs, is provided. The substrate has a first peripheral area, a working area, and a second peripheral area arranged along a first direction. The first electrodes are disposed in the working area, structurally separated from each other, and arranged along a second direction. The second electrodes are disposed in the working area, structurally separated from each other, and arranged along the first direction. Each peripheral wiring pair includes first and second peripheral wirings respectively belonging to first and second conductive layers. One of the first and second peripheral wirings is disposed in one of the first and second peripheral areas. Other one of the first and second peripheral wirings is disposed in other one of the first and second peripheral areas. The first and second peripheral wirings are electrically connected to the same first electrode.

Abstract: An inductive force sensor includes a reference resonance circuit, a first resonance circuit, and a determination circuit configured to obtain information about a first resonant frequency, attributable to first inductance due to an inductive coil based on the displacement between a target and the inductive coil formed by an external force input in a Z-axis direction, and a reference resonant frequency. The determination circuit determines the displacement of the target and the external force in the Z-axis direction based on the first resonant frequency and the reference resonant frequency.

Abstract: A processing system is disclosed. The processing system includes an amplifier including a multitude of input resistors receiving a multitude of reduced noise signals from a multitude of charge integrators and a summing resistor at an output of the amplifier. The amplifier is configured to generate a feedback signal at the output of the amplifier by amplifying each of a multitude of reduced noise signals using a gain value and a cardinality of the multitude of reduced noise signals. The multitude of charge integrators is configured to obtain a multitude of resulting signals from a multitude of capacitive sensor electrodes coupled to a noise source and generate the multitude of reduced noise signals by mitigating noise in the multitude of the resulting signals, at the multitude of charge integrators, using the feedback signal. Resistances of the multitude of input resistors, a resistance of the summing resistor, and the gain values are selected to mitigate the noise.

Abstract: An electronic device including a body, a controller, a first touch layer and a second touch layer is provided. The body includes a first operating region and a second operating region. The second operating region is divided into a first touch region, a second touch region and a third touch region located between the first touch region and the second touch region. The controller, the first touch layer and the second touch layer are disposed in the body, and the first touch layer and the second touch layer are electrically coupled to the controller. In a first mode, the controller controls the first touch layer to switch from a detection status to a working status. In a second mode, the controller controls the second touch layer to switch from the detection status to the working status. A control method of an electronic device is also provided.

Abstract: A system and method for determining location of a touch event on or in proximity to a touch sensitive device is disclosed. Sampling of data is performed during different frames. The frames are processed to determine touch events and information related to the touch events.

Abstract: A touch sensor system includes touch sensors, drive-sense circuits (DSCs), memory, and a processing module. A DSC drives a first signal via a single line coupling to a touch sensor and simultaneously senses, when present, a second signal that is uniquely associated with a user. The DSC processes the first signal and/or the second signal to generate a digital signal that is representative of an electrical characteristic of the touch sensor. The processing module executes operational instructions (stored in the memory) to process the digital signal to detect interaction of the user with the touch sensor and to determine whether the interaction of the user with the touch sensor compares favorably with authorization. When not authorized, the processing module aborts execution of operation(s) associated with the interaction of the user with the touch sensor. Alternatively, when authorized, the processing module facilitates execution of the operation(s).

Abstract: A touch control method is applied to a touch drive module of a terminal device. The terminal device includes an application processor. The method includes: receiving a vertical synchronization signal; collecting position information corresponding to a touch operation; determining a reporting frequency of the position information based on the vertical synchronization signal, such that the position information is reported once in one signal interval, the signal interval being an interval between two adjacent vertical synchronization signals; and reporting the position information the application processor based on the reporting frequency.

Abstract: Provided are a display panel and a display apparatus. A display layer includes pixel columns arranged along a first direction, and the pixel column includes subpixels arranged along a second direction. A first touch unit in a touch layer includes a bridge and first touch electrodes. An acute angle is formed between an extending direction of the bridge and the second direction. N subpixels are sequentially arranged along a preset direction, along which first and second edges of each subpixel are oppositely disposed. D2?L?D1. L denotes a length of each of the at least one bridge. An orthographic projection of the bridge on a plane of the substrate overlaps M subpixels. 0?M<(N?2).

Abstract: A touch sensor panel driving method of applying a touch driving signal to a touch sensor panel according to a display synchronization signal according to an embodiment of the present invention includes synchronizing the touch driving signal applied to the touch sensor panel with the display synchronization signal and applying the touch driving signal, in which the touch driving signal includes a first touch driving signal and a second touch driving signal having a 180°-inverted phase to the first touch driving signal.

Abstract: A touch sensor for a display device includes: a base layer including first and second sensing regions adjacent to each other in a first direction and a non-sensing region surrounding at least one side of each of the first and second sensing regions; first sensors disposed in each of the first and second sensing regions and arranged along a second direction intersecting the first direction; second sensors disposed in each of the first and second sensing regions and arranged along the first direction; and at least one third sensor located in the first sensing region and the second sensing region, wherein the at least one third sensor includes first and second sub-sensors electrically separated at a boundary between the first sensing region and the second sensing region, and the first and second sub-sensors have substantially the same size.

Abstract: The present invention provides a touch structure, a touch display panel, and a touch display device. The touch structure includes an insulating layer, a first metal layer, a passivation layer, a second metal layer, and a third metal layer. The passivation layer and the first metal layer are disposed on the insulating layer, wherein a first recess is opened in the passivation layer corresponding to the first electrode; and the second metal layers partially fills the first recess of the passivation layer.

Abstract: The invention provides a touch control apparatus and a touch panel thereof. The touch panel includes a plurality of pads and a plurality of sensing electrodes. The pads are suitable for being electrically connected to different pins of a touch driving device. The sensing electrodes are suitable for sensing a touch event of the touch panel. Any column of the sensing electrodes includes a plurality of sensing electrode groups. A plurality of sensing electrodes belonging to any one of the sensing electrode groups among the sensing electrodes are coupled to a corresponding one of the pads. The sensing electrodes in each of sensing electrode groups in a same column are dispersedly arranged in the same column. The arrangement of the sensing electrode groups in any column of the sensing electrodes is different from the arrangement of the sensing electrode groups in an adjacent column adjacent to the any column.

Abstract: A card reader may be structured to perform at least one of reading of magnetic data recorded in a card and writing of magnetic data to the card. The card reader may include a metal detection sensor structured to detect a foreign matter including metal, a judgment part configured to compare an output of the metal detection sensor with a predetermined threshold value to determine whether abnormality has occurred or not, and an abnormality determination part configured to obtain a difference between a reference value and an output of the metal detection sensor in a case that the judgment part determines that the abnormality has occurred to determine as the foreign matter in a state that the difference is within a stable determination width.

Abstract: Touch events are detected on a touch sensing surface coupled to a capacitive sense array and one or more force electrodes. During a plurality of scan cycles, a plurality of capacitive sense signals and one or more force signals are obtained from capacitive sense electrodes of the capacitive sense array and the one or more force electrodes, respectively, and applied to determine a temporal sequence of touches on the touch sensing surface. For each touch of the temporal sequence of touches, a touch location on the touch sensing surface is identified based on the capacitive sense signals, and a force value associated with force applied at the touch location is determined based on the force signals. A gesture associated with the temporal sequence of touches is thereby identified based on the touch locations and the force values of the temporal sequence of touches.

Abstract: Touch sensor panels/screens can include metal mesh touch electrodes and routing in the active area. In some examples, the touch sensor panel/screen can include row electrodes and column electrodes disposed over the active area of the display. In some examples, the routing traces for the row electrodes and/or column electrodes can be disposed in a border region and some of the routing traces for the row electrodes and/or column electrodes can be disposed in the active area. In some examples, some row electrodes can be shaved down to create an offset from the edge of the active area to accommodate routing traces in the active area. In some examples, the row electrodes can be formed in a first metal mesh layer and some routing traces in the active area can be formed in a second metal mesh layer, different from the first metal mesh layer.

Abstract: In some examples, an input device includes a non-linear component, such as a diode. In response to a drive signal, such as a sinusoidal wave, the non-linear passive input device can produce a non-linear output that includes frequency content at the second and other higher harmonics of the fundamental frequency of the drive signal, for example. In some examples, drive electrodes can be driven with a drive signal having one of two fundamental frequencies such that the frequency of the drive signals are applied in an alternating pattern. The electronic device can sense the signal of the stylus to determine the coarse location of the stylus along the sense electrodes and, based on the frequency content of the received signal, a fine location along the axis of the drive electrodes.

Abstract: A display device includes: a display unit including a display area and a non-display area; and a vibration generating unit disposed on the display unit and including a vibration area and a non-vibration area. The vibration generating unit includes first vibration electrodes, second vibration electrodes facing the first vibration electrodes, and vibration layers disposed between the first vibration electrodes and the second vibration electrodes, and the vibration layers are disposed in the vibration area and spaced apart from each other.