Abstract: An endoscope system includes a light source unit that emits normal light and first specific light having a peak wavelength different from that of each of red light, green light, and blue light included in the normal light, a dichroic filter that transmits first specific return light which is return light from a subject illuminated with the first specific light and that reflects return light from the subject illuminated with the normal light, a CMOS sensor on which the return light of the normal light is incident, and a CMOS sensor on which the first specific return light is incident.

Abstract: A vessel harvesting system removes a target vessel from a patient for use as a bypass. An elongated harvesting instrument inserts into a body along a path of a target vessel which includes at least one side branch. The harvesting instrument includes a cutter for applying thermal energy to sever and cauterize the side branch. An endoscopic camera captures visible-light images from a distal tip of the instrument within a dissected tunnel around the target vessel. A thermal camera captures thermograms coinciding with the visible-light images to characterize a temperature present at respective surfaces in the tunnel. An image processor (e.g., an electronic controller) renders a video stream including the visible-light images and an overlay depicting the temperatures present on at least some of the respective surfaces when applying the thermal energy. A display presenting the video stream and overlay to a user can be an augmented-reality display.

Abstract: For example, the switching drive device 100 includes a driver 30 configured to drive an N-type semiconductor switch element, a current limiter 50 configured to limit a current fed to a boot capacitor BC1 included in a bootstrap circuit BTC, and a current controller 60 configured to control the operation of the current limiter 50. The current controller 60 is configured to drive the current limiter 50 to limit the current fed to the boot capacitor BC1 when the charge voltage across the boot capacitor BC1 is higher than a threshold value.

Abstract: Apparatuses, systems and methods for generating color video with a monochrome sensor include the acts of (i) selectively energizing each of a plurality of light sources in a sequence, (ii) capturing a monochrome image of the illuminated sample at a monochrome sensor at each stage of the sequence, and (iii) generating a color video from the monochrome images. The sequence can have a series of stages with each stage of the sequence corresponding to activation of a different wavelength of light from the light sources to illuminate a sample. Generating the monochrome video can include the acts of compiling a plurality of monochrome images captured at the monochrome sensor with a single light source into a series of monochrome video frames comprising the monochrome video.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses an optical imaging lens group including, sequentially from an object side to an image side along an optical axis, a first lens, a second lens, a third lens, a fourth lens, a fifth lens and a sixth lens, each of which has refractive power. An object-side surface of the first lens is a convex surface, and an image-side surface of the first lens is a concave surface; an image-side surface of the second lens is a concave surface; and an object-side surface of sixth lens is a concave surface. A distance TTL along the optical axis from an object-side surface of the first lens to an imaging plane of the optical imaging lens group and half of a diagonal length ImgH of an effective pixel area on the imaging plane of the optical imaging lens group satisfy TTL/ImgH?1.23.

Abstract: A color wheel phase detection method and system, and a projection device. The phase detection system comprises a color wheel (1), a color wheel motor (2) that drives the color wheel (1) to rotate, and a control circuit (3); the color wheel motor (2) is a three-phase motor, and the control circuit (3) comprises a three-phase driving circuit (31) for driving the color wheel motor (2) to operate. The phase detection system further comprises a phase detection device (4) for detecting the three-phase driving circuit (31); when detecting a preset phase, the phase detection device (4) sends a pulse signal to the control circuit (3) to implement color wheel phase detection. Therefore, the effects of low costs, high accuracy, and high reliability are achieved.

Abstract: A medical image processing device includes a processor configured to: acquire a first captured image captured based on light from an observation target irradiated with light in a first wavelength band, the observation target emitting fluorescence upon being irradiated with excitation light in a second wavelength band; acquire a second captured image captured based on the excitation light and the fluorescence from the observation target irradiated with the excitation light; specify a target area in which a pixel level is not lower than a predetermined threshold, in the first captured image; and generate, for an area at a same position as the target area, a superimposed image only including pixels in the target area in the first captured image, among pixels in the area at the same position as the target area in the second captured image and pixels in the target area in the first captured image.

Abstract: In one or more implementations, the apparatus, systems and methods disclosed herein are directed to calibrating a smart phone with an arbitrary phone case for color lookup applications, wherein the calibration process includes obtaining, with the smartphone without the case equipped, a first measurement data set that includes at least one measurement of each of a black, white and grey calibration target; obtaining, with the smartphone with the case equipped, at least three exposure measurements of a white calibration target at least three different exposure times; calculating an optimized exposure time using at least the at least three exposure measurements; obtaining, with the smartphone with the case equipped, a second measurement data set that includes at least one measurement of each of a black, white and grey calibration target at the optimized exposure time; generating fitting parameters from the first and second measurement datasets; and storing the generated fitting parameters and optimized exposure t

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for producing fish roe paste, the apparatus including: a flow passage forming section configured to form a flow passage for conveying the fish roe paste in a state of being thinly spread; at least two areas to be imaged that are formed in an upper surface and a lower surface of the flow passage forming section, and are each made of a material that transmits predetermined visible light or a predetermined ultraviolet ray; at least two image pickup sections that are provided at positions at which the at least two areas to be imaged are able to be imaged, and are configured to perform image pickup processing; an inspection section configured to perform inspection processing; and a removal section that is provided on a downstream side of a conveyance direction in the flow passage forming section, and is configured to perform removal processing.

Abstract: An optical device is provided. The optical device includes a substrate, a plurality of color filters formed on the substrate, and a plurality of spacers formed between the color filters. Each spacer has a first sidewall and a second sidewall opposite to the first sidewall. There is a first angle between the first sidewall of each spacer and a normal line of the top surface of the substrate. There is a second angle between the second sidewall of each spacer and the normal line of the top surface of the substrate. At least one of the first angle and the second angle is increased gradually towards the edge of the substrate.

Abstract: In an example method for training image signal processors, a reconstructed image is generated via an image signal processor based on a sensor image. An intermediate loss function is generated based on a comparison of an output of one or more corresponding layers of a computer vision network and a copy of the computer vision network. The output of the computer vision network is based on the reconstructed image. An image signal processor is trained based on the intermediate loss function.

Abstract: An optical apparatus for manipulating light in an optical system that includes means for mechanically coupling the apparatus to an optical input device with the optical system such thus received light passes from the optical input device onwards toward an optical processor and means for moving at least one optical component between an aligned position and a non-aligned position.

Abstract: This invention provides a vision system camera assembly and method for using the same that employs a light-field camera with an associated vision system image sensor and overlying microlens optics to acquire images of a scene. The camera generates a light field allowing object features at varying depths of field to be clearly imaged in a concurrent manner. In an illustrative embodiment a vision system, and associated method of use thereof, which images an object or other subject in a scene includes a vision system camera with an optics assembly and a light field sensor assembly. The camera is constructed and arranged to generate light field image data from light received through the optics assembly. A light field process analyzes the light field image data and that generates selected image information. A vision system processor then operates a vision system process on the selected image information to generate results therefrom.

Abstract: A color sensor array includes a plurality of sensors. Each of the plurality of sensors has a width dimension and a length dimension that is elongated with respect to the width dimension. The length dimensions of the sensors are substantially equal to one another and parallel to an illumination plane. Each of the plurality of sensors includes a face defined by opposing first and second elongated sides and opposing first and second non-elongated sides. The first non-elongated sides of the plurality of sensors are aligned with one another along an axis that is substantially perpendicular to the illumination plane.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for using a clock generating circuit to minimize settling time after dynamic power supply voltage ramping, a clock signal may be generated using a clock generating circuit having, among other things, open feedback loop switch logic and a dynamic fast lock control signal generator. Whereupon, when in operation, the open feedback loop switch logic is responsive to a controlled change in power supply voltage condition such that a feedback loop of the clock generating circuit is opened during power supply voltage ramping (e.g., during transitions to or from battery conservation modes). In response to opening the feedback loop, the dynamic fast lock control signal generator selectively applies a stabilizing control signal to a variable clock signal generator (e.g., a voltage controlled oscillator) such that the generated clock signal can quickly lock onto the proper target frequency.

Abstract: A filter wheel assembly includes a filter wheel and an optical assembly. The filter wheel includes a plurality of viewing openings. The optical assembly includes an optical element secured within an aperture of a housing. The optical assembly is securable to the filter wheel at a viewing opening by a magnetic force. An optical apparatus includes an optical assembly receiver and first and second optical assemblies. The first optical assembly is securable to the optical assembly receiver and the second optical assembly is securable to the first optical assembly by a magnetic force to align the optical assembly receiver and the optical assemblies.

Abstract: A medical-use light-source apparatus includes a light source lamp, a connector to which a body cavity endoscope and an ophthalmic observation apparatus can be selectively connected, a determiner which determines whether the body cavity endoscope or the ophthalmic observation apparatus is currently connected to the connector, and a lamp controller which sets a value of a maximum light amount of the illumination light to a first threshold value when the determiner determines that the body cavity endoscope is currently connected to the connector, and sets a value of a maximum light amount of the illumination light to a second threshold value that is smaller than the first threshold value when the determiner determines that the ophthalmic observation apparatus is currently connected to the connector.

Abstract: An image capture unit includes an image sensor and a lens structure disposed proximate to the image sensor to focus an image onto the image sensor. A movable color filter grouping is disposed over the lens structure. The movable color filter grouping includes a plurality of N color filters arranged therein such that all light that is incident upon the image sensor through the lens structure is directed through only one of the plurality of N color filters of the movable color filter grouping per each exposure of the image sensor. A positioning device is attached to the movable color filter grouping to reposition the movable color filter grouping such that substantially all of the light that is incident upon the image sensor through the lens structure is directed through a different one of the plurality of N color filters for each successive exposure of the image sensor.

Abstract: Fast focusing methods and devices for multi-spectral imaging are disclosed. The method comprising selecting one of a plurality of imaging channel as a reference channel, adjusting rotation positions of a stepper motor, calculating focus measures corresponding to all rotation positions of the stepper motor, and obtaining a first distribution curve; in each of the other imaging channels, selecting at least three rotation positions of the stepper motor, matching focus measures at the selected rotation positions with the first distribution curve to obtain a second distribution curve and a offset value between the first distribution curve and the second distribution curve, and calculating a clear focusing position of the imaging channel to be focused according to the offset value; performing a fine-tuning focusing, and thereby obtaining a more precise clear focusing position. A fast focusing for multi-spectral imaging and obtain clear multi-spectral images is obtained.

Abstract: A method and system for detecting floating objects in maritime video is disclosed. The horizon is detected within the video. Modeling of the sky and water is performed on the video. Objects are detected that are not water and sky within the video.

Abstract: A color image sensor having a plurality of sensor elements arranged in a two-dimensional array, wherein the sensor elements each include an optical filter whose transmission behavior is electrically adjustable, and wherein the color image sensor includes a control for controlling the optical filters.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus, including imaging optical system having a lens group and an aperture stop, and a solid-state image sensor which includes a photoelectric conversion layer made of an organic material and a color filter layer with color filters of two or more colors and a separation wall. The photoelectric conversion layer has a thickness of 0.1 82 m to 1 ?m, each of the color filters has a refractive index of 1.5 to 1.8, the separation wall has a width of 0.05 ?m to 0.2 ?m and a refractive index of 1.22 to 1.34, and the lens group and the solid-state image sensor are disposed such that the relationship between a pixel pitch D (?m) of the sensor and a maximum angle ? (°) of a principal ray incident on the sensor is 45???25.D?20 where D?2.6 ?m.

Abstract: A solid-state imaging device includes: a pixel unit in which a plurality of pixels are arranged in a matrix pattern; and a pixel signal read-out unit including an AD conversion unit performing AD conversion of a pixel signal read out from the pixel unit, wherein each pixel included in the pixel unit includes division pixels divided into regions in which photosensitivity levels or electric charge accumulating amounts are different from one another, wherein the pixel signal reading unit includes a normal read-out mode and a multiple read-out mode, and wherein the AD conversion unit acquires a pixel signal of one pixel by adding the division pixel signals read out in accordance with the read-out mode while performing AD conversion for the division pixel signals.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for using infra-red light provide for enhanced operation in camera applications. In an embodiment, a safety camera includes an optical filter that provides an input to an imager from received light having wavelengths in the infra-red spectrum. Output from the imager can be analyzed to determine safety hazard events in an area viewed by the safety camera.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus includes an achromatization determination portion, an achromatization processing portion, and a line designation portion. If a black pixel is present within a predetermined peripheral range from a target pixel in a sub-scanning direction, the achromatization determination portion determines whether to achromatize the target pixel, on the basis of an attribute of a background determination pixel present in an opposite direction from the target pixel with respect to the black pixel and within a range of a predetermined number of pixels from the black pixel. If no black pixel is present within the predetermined peripheral range from the target pixel in the sub-scanning direction, the achromatization determination portion determines not to achromatize the target pixel.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus capable of performing shooting with flash light emitted by a flash device includes an imaging unit configured to capture an image of an object to output image data, and a charging control unit configured to perform charging control of a capacitor configured to accumulate energy for performing flash emission by the flash device. The charging control unit, in a case where shooting with flash light emitted by the flash device is performed, among a plurality of shooting operations for acquiring a plurality of pieces of image data to be used for image combining processing, performs the charging control so that charging of the capacitor is not performed until the last shooting of the plurality of shooting operations for acquiring a plurality of pieces of image data to be used for the image combining processing is finished.

Abstract: There is provided an image pickup unit capable of suppressing occurrence of false color and color mixture and acquiring a color image with high image quality. The image pickup unit includes: an image sensor including a plurality of pixels and acquiring an image pickup data; a variable filter provided on a light receiving face of the image sensor, and transmitting a selective wavelength; and a filter drive section (a wavelength selection circuit and a system control section) driving the variable filter and thereby setting its transmission wavelength. By acquiring the image pickup data while time-divisionally switching the transmission wavelength of the variable filter, pixel data corresponding to the transmission wavelength of the variable filter are acquired in a temporally-successive manner.

Abstract: This disclosure describes a method of improving filter wheel imaging data capture and other functionality through use of an improved filter wheel design with pie shaped filter segments, continuously rotating image capture, multiple filtered images, and easily removable and attachable filter segments.

Abstract: A pixel array is provided. The pixel array comprises a plurality of two-dimensionally arranged 4*4 Bayer matrix units, in which the matrix unit comprises a plurality of pixels, any of a green filter, a red filter and a blue filter is disposed in one pixel, and one or more of the green filters are replaced by white color filters in the matrix units. A camera using the same and a color processing method based on the pixel array are also provided.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus obtains a plurality of pre-restoration images of an object for chromatic components when these images are taken at a first in-focus position to a third in-focus position corresponding to the RGB chromatic components, obtains an image pickup state and an image restoration filter corresponding to the image pickup state for each chromatic component, restores the pre-restoration image at an in-focus position for each chromatic component utilizing the obtained image restoration filter, and synthesizes the restored images.

Abstract: An embodiment relates to a method for color processing of an input image, the method including the steps of low-pass filtering of the input image to obtain a low-pass component, high-pass filtering of the input image to obtain a high-pass component, processing the input image for edge detection to obtain edginess parameters, and performing a color-space transformation of the input image based on the low-pass component, the high-pass component, and the edginess parameters.

Abstract: This disclosure describes an apparatus and method of multi-spectral imaging to obtain and analyze information contained in the spectral distribution (reflection, absorption, or emission) of components within the image. The spectral information is captured in a series of images from differing spectral regions. This series of images are then combined into a composite image using re-colorization and image stabilization algorithms for display in real time. The process can be repeated continuously allowing spectral changes over time to be captured and analyzed. In the alternative one sequence of images can be captured for use as a still image.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus, including imaging optical system having a lens group and an aperture stop, and a solid-state image sensor which includes a photoelectric conversion layer made of an organic material and a color filter layer with color filters of two or more colors and a separation wall. The photoelectric conversion layer has a thickness of 0.1 82 m to 1 ?m, each of the color filters has a refractive index of 1.5 to 1.8, the separation wall has a width of 0.05 ?m to 0.2 ?m and a refractive index of 1.22 to 1.34, and the lens group and the solid-state image sensor are disposed such that the relationship between a pixel pitch D (?m) of the sensor and a maximum angle ? (°) of a principal ray incident on the sensor is 45???25.D?20 where D?2.6 ?m.

Abstract: System and methods of target detection utilize quantum mechanical transition in surface material of a target, such as a weather balloon in flight against a background (sky, clouds), to produce an inflection in spectral reflectance. The system includes at least two filters alternating in front of the lens as the camera attempts to acquire alternate filtered data. The filters can include a rotating filter wheel with two filters alternately sampling the brightest and darkest points around an inflection point in the spectral reflectance curve of the target's material. Target material is observed to blink, or alternate between bright and dark, as filters alternate in front of the camera lens while the background is unchanging, rendering optimal first detection of the target, and may be readily automated. The described process can use a filter wheel, but use of an electrically tunable filter can provide a device with no moving parts.

Abstract: Interpolation precision of phase difference detection pixels is raised. An image pickup device includes: a color filter disposed with a repeating basic array pattern configured by 3×3 pixel square arrays of a first array pattern and a second array pattern disposed symmetrically about a point; a first phase difference detection pixel that is placed at a position of a pixel corresponding to 1 corner portion out of the 4 corner portions of at least one array pattern in 1 pair of the first array pattern and the second array pattern out of 2 pairs of the first array pattern and the second array pattern configuring the basic array pattern; and a second phase difference detection pixel that is placed at a position of a pixel corresponding to 1 corner portion out of the 4 corner portions in the array pattern, out of the first array pattern.

Abstract: A monitor device for use with an endoscope apparatus, which has first and second display modes. In the first display mode, the monitor device displays, in real time, any image transmitted in a normal radio communication state. In the second display mode, the monitor device displays a noise-free image in real time, if a radio communication error occurs. If one-frame (or one-field) image data is not received within the frame (or field) time due to a communication error, the monitor device displays, in the second display mode, the image data received in a normal state immediately before the one-frame (or one-field) image data, and informs the operator of the communication error.

Abstract: A movable sensor including a plurality of photo pixel sites arranged in an array comprising a photo sensor and a neutral density filter filtering the photo sensor. Each of the neutral density filters have a density value that are graduated over a range of densities. The sensor is linearly movable across an image. Each point in the image is exposed to at least one pixel site with the graduated density values and each of the photo pixel sites of the array is exposed to a same light input during a time span of exposure, such that the image is captured at a defined range of exposure values and can be combined into a single high dynamic range image.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus includes: an imaging section receiving color light and interpolation light including at least a part of a wavelength range of the color light in order to interpolate the brightness of the color light and converting the received color light and interpolation light into a signal; a control section controlling a first exposure time of the color light and a second exposure time of the interpolation light separately according to the brightness of an object to be imaged; and an image creating section creating an image on the basis of a color signal, which is output when the imaging section receives the color light, during the first exposure time controlled by the control section and on the basis of an interpolation signal, which is output when the imaging section receives the interpolation light, during the second exposure time controlled by the control section.

Abstract: Aspects of the present invention relate to creation, modification and implementation of dither pattern structures applied to an image to diminish contouring artifacts. Some aspects relate to dither pattern structures with pixel values in a first color channel pattern that are spatially dispersed from pixel values in a corresponding pattern in a second color channel. Some aspects relate to application. Some aspects relate to systems and apparatus for creation and application of these dither pattern structures comprising pixel values dispersed across color channels.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus includes a spectrum estimation unit for estimating a spectrum for each pixel from multiband image data comprising image data in multiple different wavelength ranges; a memory for storing spectral data suitable for each of multiple different shooting modes; and a conversion unit for determining a shooting mode of the multiband image data and converting the spectrum into band data with different spectral characteristics using the spectral data stored in the memory, the spectral data suitable for the determined shooting mode.

Abstract: A stereo 3D projector with the ability to provide the native lumen output of the projector when not in 3D mode. This is accomplished by using two rotating polarizing filters at least partially overlapping, each with at least two or more segments, some of which are fully transparent and at least some of which are polarized linearly or circularly.

Abstract: Attempts to achieve a higher resolution and a higher frame rate of a distance image when a distance to an object within a target space is estimated using the TOF method would cause CCD saturation due to shot noise or environment light, and lower distance precision. A distance estimation apparatus illuminates an object with illumination light for distance estimation emitted from a light source that can emit light (electromagnetic wave) having a predetermined illumination frequency, receives reflected light of the illumination light, obtains information about the distance from the apparatus to the object, generates distance image data based on the distance information, extracts edge information of a color image formed using a visible light component obtained in synchronization with the reflected light, and corrects distance information of a target part of the distance image using distance information of a neighboring part of the target part based on the edge information.

Abstract: An image projection apparatus includes an image processing device, an illuminating device, a light valve, and a projection optical system; wherein the projection optical system is formed in such a way that at least one of a first deviation corresponding to an amount of the magnification chromatic aberration of a light having a central wavelength of the red light relative to the green light and a second deviation corresponding to an amount of the magnification chromatic aberration of the blue light relative to the green light is larger than a fixed-pixel pitch, and a third deviation corresponding to an amount of the magnification chromatic aberration of a light having a maximum wavelength of the red light relative to a light having a minimum wavelength of the red light is not larger than the fixed-pixel pitch; wherein the first deviation and/or the second deviation is eliminated by supplying the compensated video signal to the light valve.

Abstract: An image sensor and a method of forming an image sensor. The image sensor includes an array of pixel cells at a surface of a substrate. Each pixel cell has a photo-conversion device. At least one a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) element including a photonic crystal structure is provided over at least one of the pixel cells. The MEMS-based photonic crystal element is supported by a support structure and configured to selectively permit electromagnetic wavelengths to reach the photo-conversion device upon application of a voltage. As such, the MEMS-based photonic crystal element of the invention can replace or compliment conventional filters, e.g., color filter arrays.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for selecting appropriate anisotropic filtering levels for images. An image is obtained, that image is Fourier transformed into its frequency components, and then those frequency components are normalized. The Fourier transformed into its frequency components are assigned to Fourier buckets (or bins) having dimensions selected in accord with the number of available anisotropic filtering levels. A predetermined threshold value is used to select one of the Fourier buckets by comparing the predetermined threshold value with the contents of the Fourier buckets. The selected Fourier bucket is used to determine an appropriate anisotropic filtering level for the image. Some embodiments of the present invention can provide for an automatic selection and setting of the appropriate anisotropic filtering level.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to provide an image sensing apparatus capable of sensing an image in consideration of the influence of inserting/removing an optical filter, an image sensing method, a recording medium, and a program. To achieve this object, a brightness value calculation unit calculates the first brightness value representing the brightness of part or all of an object which is imaged on a CCD image sensing element. A brightness value correction unit calculates the second brightness value by correcting the first brightness value calculated by the brightness value calculation unit on the basis of the light reduction amount generated by inserting an ND filter. A system controller controls an optical system and signal processing in a DSP circuit by using the second brightness value calculated by the brightness value correction unit.

Abstract: For displaying a color image by recombination of several single color images, parasitic noise like speckles due to scattering within the system, in particular when laser light is involved, with the invention a significant improvement with a low number of parts can be realized by use of a color wheel that comprises in radially divided zones refractive elements for redirecting light beams incoming at different impinging angles and redistributing elements, e.g. a hologram, that provide for a defined output beam in an optical axis. The sequence of the individual light processing zones on the color wheel are synchronized with respective laser sources. The invention combines the functionality of plural elements, reduces speckles and avoids losses.

Abstract: A projector includes a light-source unit, a color wheel, and a connecting portion. The light-source unit with a first support structure is configured for providing light beams. The color wheel includes a color filter, a rotating portion, a motor and a second support structure. The color filter is rotatable together with the rotating portion driven by the motor, which is fixed on the second support structure. The connecting portion is configured for connecting the first and second support structures together and aligning the light-source unit with the color wheel.

Abstract: A flash device includes a flash module and a color wheel. The flash module includes a flash lamp and a trigger circuit for triggering the flash lamp. The color wheel includes a color filter disk. The color filter disk includes a number of filter segments, wherein each of the filter segments is capable of being inserted into the light-emitting path of the flash lamp by rotation the color filter disk.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus with divers resolution includes a light source, a reflection lens set, a major lens and an image-capture unit. The light source is used to illuminate a document for further generating a document image. The reflection lens set includes a plurality of reflection lenses for forwarding the document image consecutively to the major lens. The major lens is used to receive the document image transported by the reflection lens set and to form the document image at a focal point thereof. The image-capture unit includes a plurality of image-capture elements with various resolution for meeting divers usage requirements. While in usage, a suitable image-capture element with particular resolution can be shifted to the focal point of the major lens for performing the imaging.