Abstract: Disclosed are a high-definition digital video signal transmission method and device, a high-definition digital video camera and a video acquisition device. The technical solution provided in the embodiments of the present invention comprises: transcoding a high-definition digital video signal in accordance with a line-by-line sequence at a sending end to obtain an analogue video line signal, and sending analogue video line data which is obtained by conversion; and receiving the analogue video line data at a receiving end, and conducting decoding conversion on the received analogue video line data to obtain high-definition digital video line data. The present invention can convert a high-definition digital video signal into an analogue video signal to conduct transmission, thereby being able to solve the problem that a high-definition digital video signal cannot be transmitted for a long distance in the existing high-definition digital video monitoring technology.

Abstract: HDMI is a digital audio and video communications protocol commonly used in consumer electronics. HDMI is particularly synonymous with high fidelity audio and video. Even though HDMI is a digital communications protocol, the audio quality can be impaired by analog signal impairments and distortions even if there are no digital decoding errors. In particular, the very process by which the audio is converted from Digital (HDMI) to human audible “Analog Audio” can be prone to errors. This occurs when the Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) clock, which is derived from the HDMI TMDS clock or HDMI source, is “distorted” due to its jitter, resulting in erroneous sampling or outputting of vital audio samples, thereby reducing the audio quality of the experience. The present invention reduces the jitter on the TMDS clock, and hence the audio DAC clock, resulting in lower audio distortion.

Abstract: A display signal processing system, a circuit board, and a liquid crystal display are disclosed. The display signal processing system includes an image processing circuit and a V-by-One circuit capable of selecting a JEIDA mode and a VESA mode. A GPIO of the V-by-One circuit is for selectively inputting a first or a second selection signal such that the V-by-One circuit transforms the converted display signal to be a first LVDS signal under the JEIDA mode or a second LVDS under the VESA mode. The first LVDS or second LVDS signal is output by a signal output. The selection between the VESA mode and the JEIDA may be achieved by a simplified V-by-One circuit. In addition, the display signal processing system retains the advantage of lower cost and simple operations.

Abstract: The invention provides an LCD module and a frame thereof. The frame comprises a plurality of segmented pieces constituting the frame; the frame comprises a front frame, and a middle frame; the structure of the segmented piece(s) constituting the front frame is the same as that of the segmented piece(s) constituting the middle frame. Because the front frame and the middle frame of the LCD module of the invention are comprised of a plurality of segmented pieces of the same structure, the segmented pieces constituting the front frame can be superposed outside the segmented pieces constituting the middle frame, and then the front frame and middle frame of different sizes can be respectively formed. Thus, because the segmented pieces constituting the front frame and middle frame are of the same structure, the segmented pieces can be produced by only one mold, and the front frame and the middle frame can be produced just by the same mold, thereby saving the production cost.

Abstract: A method is for monitoring the electrical integrity of lines of photosites of an imaging device with matrix array of photosites. The control lines of photosites may include for each line of photosites an emission of elementary electrical control signals for the photosites of the line. The method may include diagnosis of the elementary electrical control signals emitted.

Abstract: A system for communicating video, the video including 4:4:4 color space frames, includes a 4:2:0 video encoder having a 4:4:4 to 4:2:0 color space frame converter and a 4:2:0 video decoder having a 4:2:0 to 4:4:4 color space frame converter, communicatively connected to the 4:2:0 video encoder. The 4:2:0 video encoder, without conversion by the 4:4:4 to 4:2:0 color space converter, communicates the video as a plurality of encoded 4:2:0 color space frames to the decoder. The 4:2:0 video decoder, without conversion by the 4:2:0 to 4:4:4 color space frame converter, saves the video as a plurality of 4:4:4 color space frames in memory. Each of the 4:4:4 color space frames in memory of the decoder device is identical to its corresponding 4:4:4 color space frame of the video at the encoder device.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus for displaying an input image on a display, includes an image converting unit for converting the input image into an equiaspect ratio image, the equiaspect ratio image having the same aspect ratio as the input image, having one of a horizontal size and a vertical size thereof equal to one of a horizontal size and a vertical size of a display screen of the display, and having an image size thereof being equal to or smaller than the size of the display screen, an additional image generating unit for generating an additional image from the input image, a combination image generating unit for generating a combination image into which the equiaspect ratio image and the additional image are combined, and a display control unit for causing the display to display the combination image.

Abstract: The invention includes a method and apparatus for controlling video streams. A method includes monitoring for an event associated with one of a plurality of video camera controllers providing a plurality of video streams where each of the video streams has a first quality level, and, in response to detecting an event associated with one of the plurality of video camera controllers, propagating a control message toward the one of the video camera controllers for which the event is detected, where a control message adapted for requesting the one of the video camera controllers to switch from providing the video stream using the first quality level to providing the video stream using a second quality level. The first quality level may be a low level of quality and the second quality level may be a high level of quality.

Abstract: An image pick-up apparatus includes an image pick-up device, a storage media which stores an image picked up by the image pick up device, a color space converter which converts a color space of the image; a storage media reader which reads out the image from the storage media, an external display interface, a coefficient determiner which determines a coefficient for color conversion based on comparison between a resolution of the image read out by the storage media reader and a resolution of a display which is connected to the external display interface, and a display controller which outputs the image of which color is converted by the color space converter based on the coefficient for color conversion to the display.

Abstract: When each value of luminance signals of three primary colors in the primary video signal is less than the output lower limit value, in short, when the gradation level is negative, the negative gradation level of the present primary color is, in accordance with its magnitude, in other words, in accordance with the absolute value of the negative gradation level, replaced with positive gradation levels of other two primary colors. Therefore, in accordance with A VIDEO SIGNAL CONVERTER of this invention, even when the primary video signal includes a signal value having a negative gradation level, in short, even when one or more of each signal value of RGB is below the output lower limit value, a color according to the combination of those gradation levels (a combination of each level of primary colors (RGB)) can be reproduced (displayed) by a display means.

Abstract: A video, audio and graphics system uses multiple transport processors to receive in-band and out-of-band MPEG Transport streams, to perform PID and section filtering as well as DVB and DES decryption and to de-multiplex them. The system processes the PES into digital audio, MPEG video and message data. The system is capable of decoding multiple MPEG SLICEs concurrently. Graphics windows are blended in parallel, and blended with video using alpha blending. During graphics processing, a single-port SRAM is used equivalently as a dual-port SRAM. The video may include both analog video, e.g., NTSC/PAL/SECAM/S-video, and digital video, e.g., MPEG-2 video in SDTV or HDTV format. The system has a reduced memory mode in which video images are reduced in half in horizontal direction only during decoding. The system is capable of receiving and processing digital audio signals such as MPEG Layer 1 and Layer 2 audio and Dolby AC-3 audio, as well as PCM audio signals. The system includes a memory controller.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a signal transmitting device including a multiplexing section configured to generate a B/R ch by alternately multiplexing image signals read from B pixels and R pixels among image signals read and input in units of a predetermined number of samples in each of the first line and the second line from said image pickup element in an active region corresponding to a C ch in HD-SDI together with start code of one of SAV and EAV, and generate a G ch by multiplexing, in order, image signals read from G pixels in an active region corresponding to a Y ch in HD-SDI together with said start code; and an 8B/10B encoder configured to output serial digital data converted by 8B/10B-encoding the active regions on the B/R ch and the G ch having data structures corresponding to said HD-SDI and an auxiliary data region including SAV, EAV, LN, and CRCC.

Abstract: A head-mounted visual display device for low-vision aid, which features 2 models, they are analog signal model and digital signal model. Said analog device contains at least an analog video extractor, a video decoder, an ITU-R.656 decoder, a de-interlacing unit, an image processor, two YCbCr to RGB converter, two color enhancement units, two video D/A converter, a head mounted display, a signal voltage controller and a wireless communication module. Said digital device consists of a digital video signal extractor/capturer, a RGB to YCbCr converter, an image processor, two YCbCr to RGB converter, two color enforcement units, a head-mounted display, a signal voltage controller and a wireless communication module.

Abstract: Provided is a video signal generation apparatus and method that may minimize crosstalk between a luminance signal and color difference signals. The video signal generation apparatus may generate the luminance signal using a nonlinear Y signal and then generate color difference signals using a nonlinear XYZ signal to maximize a de-correlation characteristic between the luminance signal and the color difference signals.

Abstract: Luminous elements of the three colours red, green and blue of video display devices have a different response time. Therefore, a coloured edge and trail appear at edges in direction of a moving object. In order to reduce the disturbing character of such coloured edges and trails, a horizontal spatial equalisation of the response time of luminous elements having a shorter response time by low-pass filtering a component signal of the video component signals for driving luminous elements having a shorter response time dependent on a horizontal speed of changes of the component signal is recommended to reduce phosphor lag artifacts on display devices. The arrangement for processing video component signals of different colour comprises a compensation unit which according to a preferred embodiment is realised by a FIR filter and a horizontal speed correction unit supplied with a horizontal and vertical motion estimation signal.

Abstract: A signal transmitting device includes a transmitter, a receiver, and four optical fibers. The transmitter includes a first electro-optical converter electro-optically converting original electrical red video signal into optical red video signal in original video signal, a second electro-optical converter electro-optically converting original electrical green video signal into optical green video signal a third electro-optical converter electro-optically converting original electrical blue video signal into optical blue video signal, a parallel/serial converter converting original electrical parallel signal having a lower transfer rate than a transfer rate of the original video signal into original electrical serial signal, and a fourth electro-optical converter electro-optically converting the original electrical serial signal transmitted from the parallel/serial converter into optical serial signal.

Abstract: When a target image with an aspect ratio of 4:3 is displayed on the screen A of the PDP26 with an aspect ratio of 16:9, the rectangular black images on the left and right of the target image are not solid black. Instead, the luminance of the rectangular black images is lowered stepwise as it becomes more distant from the boundary of the target image, and finally reduced to substantially zero, or to a black image at a position away from the boundary to some extent. This prevents the luminance from sharply falling from the boundary and edge from causing due to the addition of the rectangular black image, thereby preventing burning on a part of the screen A corresponding to the position of the boundary.

Abstract: A system and method transmits graphic data received at varying frequencies at a fixed data rate. The frequency dependent data and associated data clock signal are received and the frequency dependent data is converted to frequency independent data. A ratio of a number of data clock cycles to a number of reference clock cycles is determined and transmitted. The frequency independent data and header data are transmitted, at a fixed rate, to a receiver, the fixed rate being a frequency greater than the frequency of the associated data clock signal. The received the frequency independent data is converted to frequency dependent data based upon the received determined ratio. The communication channel may include an optical fiber and a tension member wherein control data is transmitted along the tension member and graphic data is transmitted along the optical fiber.

Abstract: A video, audio and graphics system uses multiple transport processors to receive in-band and out-of-band MPEG Transport streams, to perform PID and section filtering as well as DVB and DES decryption and to de-multiplex them. The system processes the PES into digital audio, MPEG video and message data. The system is capable of decoding multiple MPEG SLICEs concurrently. Graphics windows are blended in parallel, and blended with video using alpha blending. During graphics processing, a single-port SRAM is used equivalently as a dual-port SRAM. The video may include both analog video, e.g., NTSC/PAL/SECAM/S-video, and digital video, e.g., MPEG-2 video in SDTV or HDTV format. The system has a reduced memory mode in which video images are reduced in half in horizontal direction only during decoding. The system is capable of receiving and processing digital audio signals such as MPEG Layer 1 and Layer 2 audio and Dolby AC-3 audio, as well as PCM audio signals. The system includes a memory controller.

Abstract: When each value of luminance signals of three primary colors in the primary video signal is less than the output lower limit value, in short, when the gradation level is negative, the negative gradation level of the present primary color is, in accordance with its magnitude, in other words, in accordance with the absolute value of the negative gradation level, replaced with positive gradation levels of other two primary colors. Therefore, in accordance with A VIDEO SIGNAL CONVERTER of this invention, even when the primary video signal includes a signal value having a negative gradation level, in short, even when one or more of each signal value of RGB is below the output lower limit value, a color according to the combination of those gradation levels (a combination of each level of primary colors (RGB)) can be reproduced (displayed) by a display means.

Abstract: A combined de-interlacing and frame doubling system (114, 114? and 114?) advantageously serves to de-interlace successive lines of Present Field Video data at twice the field rate to yield an output bit stream suitable for display on display device that utilizes progressive scanning. The de-interlacing and frame doubling system in accordance with present principles includes a frame memory mechanism (116, 116? and 116?) for storing at least one frame of interlaced video having a prescribed field rate. At least one de-interlacing circuit (11401, 1140?1, 1140?) pulls at least two fields of video data from the memory mechanism at a rate of at least twice the field rate for performing a full de-interlacing function in half of a field period to generate the a progressive, frame doubled signal for receipt at the display device.

Abstract: A driving apparatus and apparatus for a liquid crystal display wherein an image format of an NTSC image signal can be selectively converted in response to an instruction of a user. In the apparatus, a liquid crystal display panel has liquid crystal cells arranged at intersections between gate lines and data lines to display an image signal in an image format different from an input image signal. A switch generates a pulse signal by an operation of a user. A counter counts said pulse signal. A timing controller changes an image format of said image signal displayed on the liquid crystal display panel in response to an input signal from the counter.

Abstract: In a digital broadcast receiving apparatus for amplifying a received modulated digital signal wave with automatically adjusted gain and demodulating the modulated signal wave to a digital signal, a tuner frequency-converts the modulated digital signal wave to generate a first modulated signal. A first automatic gain control amplification unit controls gain of the tuner to make a level of the first modulated signal at a first predetermined level. An A/D converter converts the first modulated signal into a second modulated signal. A demodulator demodulates the second modulated signal to generate a first demodulated digital signal. A second automatic gain control amplifier generates a second demodulated digital signal where frequency fluctuations included in the digital modulated wave are eliminated.

Abstract: Device and method for converting a format of a video signal in a digital TV receiver is provided. Format conversion can be carried out at one chip of a format converting device, inclusive of conversion of resolution, frame rate, scanning method, aspect ratio, color space, chroma format, and gamma correction. Therefore, the digital TV receiver is made to convert a wide range of video signals inclusive of, not only a digital TV broadcasting signal, but also analog TV broadcasting signal, and computer video signal, at one chip of system block. Moreover, the digital TV receiver is made to provide a variety of standards of format converted video signals, not only to the connected display, but also to other general video signal processing devices.

Abstract: Presented herein is a line address computer for providing chroma coefficients to a chroma filter. At each horizontal synchronization pulse, the line address computer provides a set of interpolation weights to a chroma filter. The chroma filter uses the provided set of weights to interpolate pixels in chroma pixel positions in a display format from chroma pixels in another format.

Abstract: An image display apparatus includes an image signal generating unit for generating an image signal and an image display element for displaying an image on a screen according to the image signal inputted from the image signal generating unit. When the screen is divided into a portion in which the image is to be displayed and a dark display portion in which no image is to be displayed, a non-dark display is performed in the dark display portion for a very short time period from a start time of display control until a start time of a process for terminating the display control.

Abstract: A video, audio and graphics system uses multiple transport processors to receive in-band and out-of-band MPEG Transport streams, to perform PID and section filtering as well as DVB and DES decryption and to de-multiplex them. The system processes the PES into digital audio, MPEG video and message data. The system is capable of decoding multiple MPEG SLICEs concurrently. Graphics windows are blended in parallel, and blended with video using alpha blending. During graphics processing, a single-port SRAM is used equivalently as a dual-port SRAM. The video may include both analog video, e.g., NTSC/PAL/SECAM/S-video, and digital video, e.g., MPEG-2 video in SDTV or HDTV format. The system has a reduced memory mode in which video images are reduced in half in horizontal direction only during decoding. The system is capable of receiving and processing digital audio signals such as MPEG Layer 1 and Layer 2 audio and Dolby AC-3 audio, as well as PCM audio signals. The system includes a memory controller.

Abstract: A display device adopting a single liquid crystal display (LCD) panel, by which a decrement in luminance is reduced using only a single liquid crystal device, is provided. Accordingly, a degradation in color saturation due to an increase in luminance caused by the addition of an achromatic color is compensated for by a four-color conversion algorithm, even when an image is displayed using a single LCD panel or a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) panel. Hence, the brightness of a screen increases compared to the prior art, and more distinct colors can be displayed.

Abstract: When an image is displayed on a display screen having a larger display area than a displayed image, a size of the displayed image is minutely changed cyclically in order to avoid boundary lines to be recognized when a full size image is displayed on the display screen of the display device. Direction of the size change of the displayed image is in the vertical direction or the horizontal direction. In this case additional non-image signal is added to top, bottom, left and/or right of the displayed image.

Abstract: A display has a panel, and first and second electrodes. The first and second electrodes define a matrix of cells on the panel. The second electrodes, which correspond to lines of the cells, are scanned to select the cell lines one by one. The first electrodes are driven to set display data for a selected one of the cell lines. The display also has a sequence setting unit for setting sequences of scanning the second electrodes, and a sequence selection unit for selecting one of the sequences that minimizes the current and power consumption of a first-electrode driver without deteriorating the quality of the displayed images.

Abstract: In a television receiver, for a linear picture representation in the horizontal direction, the sawtooth-waveform line deflection current is flattened in the sense of S correction by a so-called S capacitor at the beginning and at the end of the line trace period. In the event of a change of the picture aspect ratio, for example for reproduction of a picture with 4:3 on a screen with 16:9 and the greatest possible filling of the screen in the horizontal direction, it is desirable for this S correction to be reduced or completely switched off in order that stretching deliberately occurs at the left-hand and right-hand edges of the picture. The value of the S capacitor would have to be increased for this purpose. Enlarging the S capacitor by supplementarily connecting a further capacitor is difficult to realize owing to the high values of these capacitors.

Abstract: The present invention provides a movement correction frame count transformation apparatus for carrying out frame count transformation processing on a picture signal. In the apparatus, an input picture signal (S1) of interlaced scanning is converted into a signal (S2) of sequential scanning by an IP conversion unit (1). A movement detecting unit (3) detects movement detection signals (MD1 and MD2). A block unit movement vector searching unit (4) detects a block unit movement vector (BMV) by carrying out block matching processing. A movement vector correcting unit (5) carries out miniblock division processing to generate a movement vector (BV) if a movement correction error is equal to or greater than a threshold value. A pixel unit movement vector generating unit (6) generates a movement vector with a smallest error component between a frame signal of a current frame and a frame signal of an immediately preceding frame as a movement vector of a pixel.

Abstract: As the individual pages of a book having a gutter and outside edge margins and being held at least partially open are being automatically sequentially turned over, in coordination therewith a flattening force is applied to the unimaged gutter margin areas of the book for flattening the pages after they have been at least substantially turned over, and unimaged outside edge margins of the book are clamped by automatic clamping members in coordination therewith, for appropriate page viewing and/or imaging. The flattening force may be applied with a V shaped reciprocally movable member, which may also be partially self-centering in the book gutter, and may also open to push outwardly on the then-open pages, as applied.

Abstract: A Digital Video Quality (DVQ) apparatus and method that incorporate a model of human visual sensitivity to predict the visibility of artifacts. The DVQ method and apparatus are used for the evaluation of the visual quality of processed digital video sequences and for adaptively controlling the bit rate of the processed digital video sequences without compromising the visual quality. The DVQ apparatus minimizes the required amount of memory and computation. The input to the DVQ apparatus is a pair of color image sequences: an original (R) non-compressed sequence, and a processed (T) sequence. Both sequences (R) and (T) are sampled, cropped, and subjected to color transformations. The sequences are then subjected to blocking and discrete cosine transformation, and the results are transformed to local contrast. The next step is a time filtering operation which implements the human sensitivity to different time frequencies.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for processing video data and graphics data with minimal visual differences is accomplished by retrieving the graphics data and the video data at a first clock rate. Having retrieved the video data, it is sampled at a second clock rate to produce sampled video data. The second clock rate is greater than the first such that the video data is sampled at a higher rate than the pixel rate of the computing device. The sampled video data is then filtered by a low-pass filter to produce filtered video data. The filtered video data is then mixed, based on a control signal, with the retrieved graphics data to produce a mixed signal that is subsequently displayed.

Abstract: A method, system and product are provided for direct rendering of video images to a compressed video data stream. The method includes generating encoded video data directly from an electronic graphic system, the encoded video data representing a full frame image, and generating update encoded video data directly from the electronic graphic system, the update encoded video data representing changes in the full frame image. The method also includes generating movement vector encoded video data directly from the electronic graphic system, the movement vector encoded video data representing movement in the full frame image, and decoding the encoded video data, the update encoded video data, and the movement vector encoded video data for playback at a destination. The system includes control logic for performing the method. The product includes a storage medium having computer readable programmed instructions recorded thereon for performing the method.

Abstract: An aspect ratio converter converts the input aspect ratio of an input video signal to an output aspect ratio. The input video signal contains partial area information representing a portion of the input video signal which constitutes substantially all of the video picture with the desired output aspect ratio. The input video signal is stored in an addressable memory and is read out from those addresses corresponding to the partial area of the input video signal.

Abstract: A method for converting 4:2:0p serial data containing a first line multiplexing luminance data and color difference data and a second line multiplexing only luminance data in pairs into 4:2:2 interlaced data comprising steps of: demultiplexing 4:2:0p data into luminance data and color difference data at a predetermined horizontal picture element position on a first line; demultiplexing 4:2:0p data into luminance data at the predetermined horizontal picture element position on a second line; obtaining an arithmetic mean value of the demultiplexed luminance data on a first line and the demultiplexed luminance data on a second line; and generating 4:2:2 interlaced data at the predetermined horizontal picture element position by multiplexing the obtained arithmetic mean value as luminance data and the demultiplexed color difference data in pairs.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for video filtering filters video frames by determining a set of frames to be used to generate a single filtered frame. This set of frames is then combined to generate a single combined image. In one embodiment, proportions of the luminances for each of four fields from two consecutive frames in an NTSC video signal are combined to generate the single combined frame.

Abstract: A method for the conversion of conventional interlaced video display synchronization signals to those required for a field sequential color display interlaced video synchronization signals comprises the steps of receiving the conventional horizontal and vertical synchronization signals; multiplying the repetition rates of these signals by a factor that is number of component colors that comprise the colors of the video display; selecting time segments of the multiplied horizontal synchronization signals; phase shifting these selected time segments to align with the multiplied vertical synchronization signal; merging the phase shifted and the non-phase shifted time segments of the multiplied horizontal synchronization signal to form the field sequential color display horizontal synchronization signal; and amplifying and buffering the multiplied vertical synchronization signal and the field sequential color display horizontal synchronization signal to act as input to the deflection circuitry of a field is seque

Abstract: An apparatus for synchronizing a plurality of signals forming a picture signal is provided. The plurality of signals include at least two types of signals, each having a predetermined time unit. The two types of signals are alternately outputted. The apparatus include separate memory devices for separately storing the two types of signals having predetermined time units. A memory control mechanism is provided for successively writing the two types of signals in a manner such that the writing operation is alternated between a first memory device and a second memory device of the separate memory devices so as to provide alternate blank memory areas in the first and second memory devices. Thus, the signals of the same type as those written in areas adjacent to the blank memory areas can be written in the blank memory areas.

Abstract: A video signal reproducing apparatus for reproducing a video signal recorded on a magnetic recording medium includes a modulating circuit for receiving a color-difference line-sequential signal and modulating the color-difference line-sequential signal at intervals of one horizontal scanning period, an adding circuit for adding a luminance signal to the color-difference line-sequential signal modulated by the modulating circuit, a delay circuit for delaying a signal outputted from the adding circuit or the modulated color-difference line-sequential signal by one horizontal scanning line, and a subtracting circuit for subtracting the signal outputted from the adding circuit and not delayed by the delay circuit from a signal which has been delayed by the delay circuit by one horizontal scanning line. The video signal reproducing apparatus is arranged to provide line interpolation information for the luminance signal as well as simultaneous color-difference signals.

Abstract: An image signal processing device according to this invention is a device for processing an image signal. The device is arranged to input digital data corresponding to two kinds of color-difference signals in synchronism with a clock signal corresponding to a data rate of the digital data, reconstruct the inputted digital data corresponding to the two kinds of color-difference signals into digital data synchronized with a clock signal having a frequency which is an integer multiple of a color subcarrier frequency, and form digital data corresponding to a chrominance signal by using the reconstructed digital data corresponding to the two kinds of color-difference signals. Accordingly, it is possible to stably encode the two kinds of color-difference signals into the carrier chrominance signal by means of a simple construction without degrading the color-difference signals.

Abstract: A converter receives a computer graphics signal from a PC and provides from it a video signal for display or recording. Analogue RGB signals are digitised and applied to a vertical filter and rate buffer. The rate buffer needs only one to three lines of storage capacity. The received graphics signal is a VGA 640.times.480 non-interlaced mode signal, and the rate buffer halves the line rate and produces an interlaced output. Such a signal can be treated as a video signal, after reconversion to analogue form. The vertical filter provides a degree of vertical averaging to remove flicker. In a preferred store using three line-store FIFOs, input lines are applied to them in the sequence A,B,C,B,A, and so on.