Abstract: A method includes displaying a high contrast image on a display screen; and projecting the high contrast image through a Fresnel lens to provide a cue for adjusting a position of the Fresnel lens. Also disclosed is a device for determining and/or adjusting an offset of a Fresnel lens. The device includes a Fresnel lens and a display screen configured to project a high contrast image through the Fresnel lens. Further disclosed is a method for adjusting a position of a Fresnel lens. The method includes receiving a projection of a high contrast image transmitted through a Fresnel lens; and adjusting a position of the Fresnel lens based on the projection of the high contrast image.

Abstract: A method for administering a low luminance dysfunction vision test by displaying, a first character at a first acuity level on a display at a first luminance level, receiving an input signal from the patient indicating whether the patient recognizes the first character, displaying a second character at a second acuity level and the first luminance level, receiving a second input signal from the patient indicating whether the patient recognizes the second character, calculating a first score, displaying a third character at a third acuity level and a second luminance level, which luminance level replicates a specific low luminance real environmental condition, receiving a third input signal from the patient indicating whether the patient recognizes the third character, displaying a fourth character at a fourth acuity level and the second luminance level, receiving a fourth input signal from the patient indicating whether the patient recognizes the fourth character, calculating a second score and calculating a

Abstract: Configurations are disclosed for a health system to be used in various healthcare applications, e.g., for patient diagnostics, monitoring, and/or therapy. The health system may comprise a light generation module to transmit light or an image to a user, one or more sensors to detect a physiological parameter of the user's body, including their eyes, and processing circuitry to analyze an input received in response to the presented images to determine one or more health conditions or defects.

Abstract: Systems and methods for using an interocular inhibition procedure (IIP) for discriminating between anisometropic amblyopia and myopia, two disorders commonly confused in visual examination without proper optical correction. Opaque and translucent patching are positioned over the fellow (or untested) eye resulting in different contrast sensitivities in the amblyopic (or tested) eye. A pinhole aperture may be used for identifying amblyopia and myopia/hyperopia.

Abstract: A computerized method for administering a low luminance dysfunction test, comprising the steps of: (a) displaying a first character in a color at a first acuity level against a display having a luminance level; (b) receiving a first input signal from a patient via an input device, where the input signal is indicative of whether the patient recognizes the first character displayed in the first acuity level; (c) displaying a second character in the color at a second acuity level against the display having the luminance level; (d) receiving a second input signal from the patient via the input device, where the input signal is indicative of whether the patient recognizes the second character displayed at the second acuity level; and, (e) calculating a score based on the first and second input signals.

Abstract: A customizable eyeglass system for use in any remote situation, and which is ideal for use in third-world countries or areas where electrical power and typical machinery for manufacturing eyeglasses is lacking. The system includes a frame with receivers for the temples to connect into and lock into place. A pair of customizable lenses is connected to the front of the frame. The lenses can be rotated to dial in the correct prescription for the patient and then locked into place as well. Thus the invention corrects near and distance vision while also correcting astigmatism. If adjustments need to be made, the patient can easily unlock the lenses, rotate them to a proper orientation for proper sight, and then lock the lenses into place again.

Abstract: An illumination optical apparatus and projection exposure apparatus capable of reducing a light quantity loss when a mask is illuminated with a polarized illumination light. An illumination optical system for illuminating a reticle with an illumination light and a projection optical system for projecting the pattern image of the reticle onto a wafer are provided. An illumination light emitted from an exposure light source in a linearly polarized state in the illumination optical system passes through first and second birefringent members having different fast axis directions and is converted into a polarized state that is substantially linearly polarized in a circumferential direction with the optical axis as the center in an almost specific annular area, and them illuminates the reticle under an annular illuminating condition after passing through a fly-eye lens.

Abstract: An illumination optical apparatus and projection exposure apparatus capable of reducing a light quantity loss when a mask is illuminated with a polarized illumination light. An illumination optical system for illuminating a reticle with an illumination light and a projection optical system for projecting the pattern image of the reticle onto a wafer are provided. An illumination light emitted from an exposure light source in a linearly polarized state in the illumination optical system passes through first and second birefringent members having different fast axis directions and is converted into a polarized state that is substantially linearly polarized in a circumferential direction with the optical axis as the center in an almost specific annular area, and them illuminates the reticle under an annular illuminating condition after passing through a fly-eye lens.

Abstract: An illumination optical apparatus and projection exposure apparatus capable of reducing a light quantity loss when a mask is illuminated with a polarized illumination light. An illumination optical system for illuminating a reticle with an illumination light and a projection optical system for projecting the pattern image of the reticle onto a wafer are provided. An illumination light emitted from an exposure light source in a linearly polarized state in the illumination optical system passes through first and second birefringent members having different fast axis directions and is converted into a polarized state that is substantially linearly polarized in a circumferential direction with the optical axis as the center in an almost specific annular area, and them illuminates the reticle under an annular illuminating condition after passing through a fly-eye lens.

Abstract: A system having one or more lenticular units and more supplementary parts without lenticular properties. The lenticular units consist of lenticular plates that are capable of visualizing various clinically relevant examination objects. In all the examination positions, the system may visualize a fixation area that is shown alone or together with clinically relevant examination objects targeted at the examination of clinically relevant visual functions. Supplementary parts with various optical properties may be fixed or be moved relative to the lenticular units. Various clinically relevant examination objects may be visualized for the right eye and the left eye in that the examination objects of the system are provided with different colors or light polarizations and using eyeglasses with a differently colored glass for the right eye and the left eye or with polarization filters with a different direction for the right eye and the left eye.

Abstract: A system having one or more lenticular units and more supplementary parts without lenticular properties. The lenticular units consist of lenticular plates that are capable of visualizing various clinically relevant examination objects. In all the examination positions, the system may visualize a fixation area that is shown alone or together with clinically relevant examination objects targeted at the examination of clinically relevant visual functions. Supplementary parts with various optical properties may be fixed or be moved relative to the lenticular units. Various clinically relevant examination objects may be visualized for the right eye and the left eye in that the examination objects of the system are provided with different colors or light polarizations and using eyeglasses with a differently colored glass for the right eye and the left eye or with polarization filters with a different direction for the right eye and the left eye.

Abstract: An optometric apparatus for a subjective binocular visual performance test includes right and left test units including right and left housings, a plurality of optical elements disposed in the right and left housings, right and left test windows provided to the housings, in which desired optical elements selected from the optical elements are to be placed and through the selected optical elements, an optotype is presented to examinee's right and left eyes by an optotype presenting apparatus, right and left polarization plates having polarization axes perpendicular to each other and arranged to be placed in the test windows, and right and left protective covers arranged to be placed in the test windows at a side facing the optotype presenting apparatus and having polarization optical characteristics of changing circularly polarized light that passes through the right and left protective covers into linearly polarized light having polarization axes perpendicular to each other.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a system for obtaining a fundus image, constituted by optical means implemented in an equipment to observe and photograph the image of the wall fundus (16), comprising a capturing optical means composed by high sensibility digital camera, constituted by an image sensor (2) and focal optical system (3), said digital camera being used to register a captured image by an afocal optical system, composed by a capturing lens (13) and its afocal complement (6); a lighting optical means provided from a arrangement conformed with optical fiber bundle (7), (8), (9) and (10), halogen light source (23) or light emitting diode source (LED); wherein said light beam from the halogen light (23) or light emitting diodes has an annular form when it pass in the anterior part of eyeball (14) and focus in the pupil plan (15); both the means having the optical path partially common over the optical axle (1) from the optical fibers arrangement (7), (8), (9) and (10) to the fundus (16), region in t

Abstract: An optometric apparatus for a subjective binocular visual performance test includes right and left test units including right and left housings, a plurality of optical elements disposed in the right and left housings, right and left test windows provided to the housings, in which desired optical elements selected from the optical elements are to be placed and through the selected optical elements, an optotype is presented to examinee's right and left eyes by an optotype presenting apparatus, right and left polarization plates having polarization axes perpendicular to each other and arranged to be placed in the test windows, and right and left protective covers arranged to be placed in the test windows at a side facing the optotype presenting apparatus and having polarization optical characteristics of changing circularly polarized light that passes through the right and left protective covers into linearly polarized light having polarization axes perpendicular to each other.

Abstract: A device is used to determine the presence of and the amount (depth) of visual suppression in a subject. The device includes a first light source emitting a first light and a second light source emitting a second light. Intensities of the light sources are independently controllable. A first filter disposed over one eye of the subject allows transmission of the first light and prevents transmission of the second light. A second filter disposed over the other eye of the subject allows transmission of the second light and prevents transmission of the first light. In a method of using the device, the intensity of at least one of the first and second lights is independently controlled, wherein the difference in intensities of the first and second lights at which the lights appear to be at equal brightness to the subject determines the amount of visual suppression in the subject.

Abstract: A device and display for demonstrating glare reduction by a polarized lens includes an array of vertically spaced-apart, parallel, transparent elements. Rays of light polarized in a first dimension are directed onto the array from above. An indicium is positioned behind the array. A reflective surface is positioned adjacent a bottom of the array. A polarized lens having a polarization opposed to the first dimension is interposable between a viewer's eye and the array. In use, rays from the polarized light source impinge upon the array, partially pass to the reflective surface and are partially reflected onto the indicium via glare off the array. Rays reflected by the reflective surface are reflected by the array via glare toward the viewer's eye, and rays reflected by the indicium pass thorough the array toward the viewer's eye. An interposition of the polarized lens shields the viewer's eye from the glare.

Abstract: An optotype presenting apparatus of a display type with which a polarization red-green test with accuracy can be performed has a display, a polarization optical member including first and second optical regions changing light from the display into light having perpendicular polarizing axes, a selector, regions where optotypes for left and right eyes are to be presented, and a controller, wherein, when a polarization red-green test chart is selected with the selector, the controller controls the display to display a left-eye polarization red-green optotype in pixel regions corresponding to the first regions within the left-optotype-presenting region and display pixel regions in white corresponding to the second regions within the left-optotype-presenting region, while the controller controls to display a right-eye polarization red-green optotype in pixel regions corresponding to the second regions within the right-optotype-presenting region and display pixel regions in white corresponding to the first regions

Abstract: The present invention is related to a system for obtaining a fundus image, constituted by optical means implemented in an equipment to observe and photograph the image of the wall fundus (16), comprising a capturing optical means composed by high sensibility digital camera, constituted by an image sensor (2) and focal optical system (3), said digital camera being used to register a captured image by an afocal optical system, composed by a capturing lens (13) and its afocal complement (6); a lighting optical means provided from a arrangement conformed with optical fiber bundle (7), (8), (9) and (10), halogen light source (23) or light emitting diode source (LED); wherein said light beam from the halogen light (23) or light emitting diodes has an annular form when it pass in the anterior part of eyeball (14) and focus in the pupil plan (15); both the means having the optical path partially common over the optical axle (1) from the optical fibers arrangement (7), (8), (9) and (10) to the fundus (16), region in t

Abstract: An optotype presenting apparatus of a display type with which a polarization red-green test with accuracy can be performed has a display, a polarization optical member including first and second optical regions changing light from the display into light having perpendicular polarizing axes, a selector, regions where optotypes for left and right eyes are to be presented, and a controller, wherein, when a polarization red-green test chart is selected with the selector, the controller controls the display to display a left-eye polarization red-green optotype in pixel regions corresponding to the first regions within the left-optotype-presenting region and display pixel regions in white corresponding to the second regions within the left-optotype-presenting region, while the controller controls to display a right-eye polarization red-green optotype in pixel regions corresponding to the second regions within the right-optotype-presenting region and display pixel regions in white corresponding to the first regions

Abstract: In a visual training device and a visual training method, different targets are displayed for right and left eyes, respectively, and refractivities of the right and left eyes are measured. Based on the measured refractivities of the eyes, positions of the targets displayed for the right and left eyes are moved in the directions of the respective optical axes. At the same time, the targets are moved so that the visual axes of the right and left eyes incline outward toward the end. The directions of the visual axes of the right and left eyes incline outward toward the end, so that it is possible to relax the strain of musculus ciliaris and relieve visual fatigue through short, effective training.

Abstract: There are herein disclosed a transparent optical material containing at least one selenium atom, a plastic lens comprising the transparent optical material, and methods for preparing them. In addition, there are also disclosed novel selenium-containing compounds represented by the following formulae (1), (2) and (4) which are useful for the transparent optical material and the plastic lens: wherein symbols are as defined in the specification.

Abstract: There are herein disclosed a transparent optical material containing at least one selenium atom, a plastic lens comprising the transparent optical material, and methods for preparing them. In addition, there are also disclosed novel selenium-containing compounds represented by the following formulae (1), (2) and (4) which are useful for the transparent optical material and the plastic lens: wherein symbols are as defined in the specification.

Abstract: A transparent optical material containing at least one selenium atom, a plastic lens comprising the transparent optical material, and methods for preparing them. In addition, there are also disclosed novel selenium-containing compounds represented by the following formulae (1), (2) and (4) which are useful for the transparent optical material and the plastic lens: wherein symbols are as defined in the specification.

Abstract: A transparent optical material containing at least one selenium atom, a plastic lens comprising the transparent optical material, and methods for preparing them. In addition, there are also disclosed novel selenium-containing compounds represented by the following formulae (1), (2) and (4) which are useful for the transparent optical material and the plastic lens: ##STR1## wherein symbols are as defined in the specification.

Abstract: A device for demonstrating the effect of glare and its reduction in which light is reflected onto a glare panel, to reflect therefrom at an angle of incidence such that it is horizontally polarized, producing glare to one viewing an underlying graphic but which glare is eliminated by viewing through vertically polarized lenses.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a system, which uses polarized light difference to improve vision. The system obtains an image at a first polarization direction. The system then obtains an image at a second orthogonal polarization direction. The second orthogonal polarization value is subtracted from the first value. The difference value is then amplified in order to provide an enhanced image.

Abstract: An image display system comprises polarization spectacles having different polarization axes with or without .lambda./4-foils of both polarization lenses forward of the eyes of the person to be tested. The system of the invention further includes an image display device for generating light with a specific direction of polarization or a specific rotational direction of the circularly polarized light. The image display device comprises essentially at least one vectograph film and at least one image screen. This arrangement can so influence the light coming from the image screen that test figures or parts thereof can be seen by only one eye or by both eyes. If the image display system is to be used as a vision testing system and the test figures are to be changed, then there is a corresponding command of a drive circuit via a memory. The drive circuit drives the image screen in a suitable manner. A color display can be provided by making an appropriate modification to the image display device.

Abstract: A visual function examination apparatus, comprising an optotype presenting device for presenting optotypes for use in examinations of visual functions of examinee's eyes, for examining visual functions of the eyes by delivering luminous flux via reflecting system from the optotype presenting device, wherein the optotype presenting device is provided with optotypes for examinations to be carried out as the examinee opens his both eyes, the optotypes having polarizing plates, and a binocular fixation target which should become fusion impulse to binocular vision is disposed around the optotypes for examinations.

Abstract: The invention concerns photochromic compounds with general formula (I): ##STR1## where R.sup.a, R.sup.b and R.sup.c represent hydrogen; alkyl, aryl, OR, SR, COR or COOR, where R represents hydrogen, alkyl or aryl, amino with formula NR.sub.1 R.sub.2, where R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 each represent hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 may together form a heterocycle containing four to seven members with the nitrogen atom and may intracyclically contain one or more heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, or a halogen atom; a mono- or polyhaloalkyl; an NO.sub.

Abstract: A method and system for presenting two successive images on a video display unit as a dichoptic stimulus of substantially equal intensity, wherein a first image is displayed at a predetermined intensity so as to be seen by a first eye of an observer only, an optical shutter being used to prevent the displayed image from reaching the second eye of the observer. The first image is then extinguished and the state of the optical shutter reversed so that the first eye can no longer see the video display unit whilst a second image is presented to the second eye. In order to prevent the second eye from seeing an after image of the first image, a neutral density filter or polarizer is disposed within the light path and the second image is illuminated at a correspondingly higher intensity so as to compensate for the attenuation factor of the neutral density filter or polarizer.

Abstract: A device for testing visual contrast sensitivity is disclosed whereby the contrast between a vectographically polarized test symbol and a reference background may be continuously varied by changing the direction of polarization of a polarization analyzer situated along the test axis. The invention is practiced by providing a chart projector or a conventional refractor with a rotatable analyzer.

Abstract: A vision testing system includes polarization spectacles having different polarization axes with or without .lambda./4 filters for the two polarization lenses forward of the eye of the patient to be tested. This system also includes a vision testing apparatus for generating light having a specific polarization direction. The vision testing apparatus includes essentially two polarization filters and two LCD-displays which are mounted alternately one behind the other. This arrangement can so influence the light coming from the light source that test figures or portions of the test figures can be seen by one eye or by both eyes. If a test figure is to be changed, then a corresponding command is issued via a key pad to a switching unit which drives two drive circuits of the two LCD-displays in a desired manner. By making appropriate modifications of the vision testing apparatus, a patient can be tested as to color-vision acuity.

Abstract: In a preferred embodiment, the optometer apparatus includes: a pinhole apure plate having first and second horizontally positioned apertures disposed on opposite sides of a first optical axis; first and second orthogonally-oriented polarizing filters respectively covering the first and second horizontally positioned apertures; a positive lens having an optical axis on the first optical axis and being positioned at a distance of approximately one focal length from the pinhole aperture plate; a lens system having an optical axis on the first optical axis; a slit aperture plate having a vertical slit and being disposed on the first optical axis and between the positive lens and the lens system; third and fourth vertically positioned polarizing filters selectively disposed adjacent to the slit aperture plate to divide the slit vertically, the third and fourth polarizing filters being respectively oriented parallel to the first and second polarizing filters; a monochromatic light source for propagating light along

Abstract: A method and system are provided for detecting, characterizing and monitoring eye diseases and, particularly, optic nerve diseases, by determining the difference in relative brightness sensed by the two eyes. The method utilizes eyeglasses having a pair of cross-polarizing lenses selectively adjustable for blocking or admitting light into each eye. The patient observes an illuminated test object while looking through the eyeglasses at maximum luminance. By adjusting the relative polarization of the lenses for the eye in which the test object appears the brightest, while occluding the other eye, the amount of brightness sensed by that eye can be compared to the other eye. If there is a disparity in brightness-sense between the eyes within certain pre-established ranges, the nature of the eye disease can be detected and specifically characterized, and its progression or resolution can be monitored.

Abstract: A method and system are provided for detecting and monitoring the treatment of eye disease by determining the presence of visual field defects. The method utilizes eyeglasses having a pair of cross-polarizing lenses selectively adjustable for varying the amount of luminance of an Amsler grid as observed by the patient through the eyeglasses. By adjusting the relative polarization of the lenses separately for each eye until the patient is barely able to see the Amsler grid, the sensitivity of the patient's eyes to the presence of scotomas is greatly increased. By having patients record the presence of scotomas while observing the Amsler grid through the eyeglasses, it is possible to screen patients for visual loss associated with various eye diseases, such as atrophic SMD. Recording the existence of scotomas on a periodic basis enables an ophthalmologist to determine whether atrophic SMD may be advancing to hemorrhagic SMD requiring treatment to prevent permanent loss of central vision.

Abstract: An optical test chart for testing binocular vision. The chart has three lines of text, with the middle line printed or marked in letters or characters which have no polarizing effect. The line above this middle line is marked in letters or characters which have the effect of polarizing light reflected from them, in a plane of polarization in one direction, while the line below the middle line is similarly marked with letters or characters having the effect of polarizing reflected light but with the plane of polarization in a different direction at a substantial angle, preferably a right angle, to the direction of polarization caused by the upper line. The person whose vision is being tested views the test chart through polarizing spectacles, the spectacle in front of one eye having a plane of polarization corresponding to that of the upper line of text on the chart, and the spectacle in front of the other eye having a plane of polarization corresponding to that of the lower line of the text.