Abstract: An apparatus and method of cooling an image projecting apparatus. The image projecting apparatus includes a main body frame, at least one heat generating unit, a heat dispersion part, at least one heat transfer member, and a single cooling fan, where the first side of the at least one heat transfer member is connected to the at least one heat generating unit, and a second side of the at least one heat transfer member is connected to the heat dispersion part.

Abstract: A mounting structure for a temperature sensor, which detects the temperature of a wall surface. The mounting structure includes a groove formed in the wall surface and having an inlet from which the temperature sensor is inserted. The temperature sensor includes a main body, which has a temperature detection surface that detects the temperature of the wall surface, and a lead wire connected to the main body. A support supports the main body. A wire bender bends the lead wire of the temperature sensor extending out of the inlet to press the temperature detection surface of the temperature sensor against the wall surface with an elastic force of the lead wire that is produced when the lead wire is bent. A stopper restricts movement of the main body of the temperature sensor.

Abstract: A projector includes a light source, a pump which supplies a compressed gas to cool the light source, and an ejector member having a hole, in which, a tube connects the pump to the ejector member, the compressed gas is discharged from the hole, and a diameter of the hole is in a range from 0.2 mm to 0.4 mm.

Abstract: LED modules (1R, 1G, 1B) for respectively emitting red, green and blue colors of light, illumination optical systems (2R, 2G, 2B) for guiding light from the LED modules, and a liquid crystal panel (7) for modulating the light from the LED modules guided by the illumination optical systems on the basis of an image signal are placed. The LED modules are provided with respective cooling units connected to the backside thereof through spreaders (11R, 11G, 11B) as thermal conductive members. Only the cooling device for the red LED module (1R) is formed by using a red Peltier device (12) as a thermoelectric element capable of controlling heating and absorbing heat. Efficient temperature control by appropriately using a Peltier device for cooling the plurality of solid light sources that emit colors of light different from each other becomes possible.

Abstract: A mobile projector apparatus includes a light source, a modulation unit modulating light of the light source using a picture signal, a projection lens magnifying and projecting the modulated light of the light source, a battery supplying electric power to the light source, an acceleration measuring unit measuring an acceleration applied to the mobile projector apparatus, a usage state detecting unit detecting whether or not the mobile projector apparatus is in an unused state, and an extinguishing unit extinguishing the light source based on outputs of the acceleration measuring unit and the usage state detecting unit.

Abstract: A silent cooling apparatus for effectively reducing the operating temperature of an electronic device includes a plurality of components which include surfaces opposite to each other with a spacing therebetween and have a heat generating spot on at least any of the surfaces opposite to each other, in a small and low-cost configuration. The apparatus for cooling a heat generating spot of an electronic device includes a cooling apparatus for forcedly air-cooling a heat generating spot of an electronic device which includes a plurality of components which are disposed side by side to have the same in-plane direction, and include heat generating spots within their surfaces. The cooling apparatus includes a first air cooling unit for feeding an air stream to the heat generating spot in an orientation of the in-plane direction, and a second air cooling unit for feeding an air stream to the heat generating spot in the in-plane direction in a different orientation from the air stream by the first air cooling unit.

Abstract: A cooling device which prevents ambient persons from being exposed to an unpleasant feeling as much as possible by properly controlling an exhausting direction of the air which is used for cooling and exhausted from a chassis and an image projection apparatus having the cooling device are obtained. The cooing device cools first and second members to be cooled provided in the chassis, has first and second exhaust fans for guiding winds which have cooled the respective first and second members to an outside of the chassis, and is characterized in that the first and second exhaust fans are arranged so as to face the same surface of the chassis and the winds exhausted from the first and second exhaust fans are mixed.

Abstract: An illuminating device adapted to a projecting apparatus including a lamp module, a power module, and a fan is provided. The lamp module is separately disposed in the projecting apparatus. The lamp module has a lamp, an igniting module and a plate. The igniting module is capable of generating a high voltage signal to drive the lamp. The plate is disposed between the lamp and the igniting module for shielding radiating heat generated by the lamp. The power module is capable of generating a low voltage signal transmitted to the igniting module through a low voltage power line. The igniting module transforms the low voltage signal into the high voltage signal to drive the lamp. The fan is disposed at a first side of the lamp for cooling the lamp.

Abstract: Disclosed is an image projecting apparatus having a cooling device, which cools heat generated from a plurality of light sources respectively emitting light of different colors and heat generated from a display device simultaneously, while effectively dispersing the heat. The image projecting apparatus includes a projecting system which projects light; a display device disposed in series with the projecting system; an optical system disposed in parallel with the projecting system, and including a plurality of light sources which transmit the light to the display device and generate heat when the light is transmitted to the display device; a heat dissipation device disposed at an outer edge of the optical system which dissipates the heat generated from the plurality of light sources; and a cooling fan disposed opposite to the display device, which inhales air and discharges the air to the heat dissipation device.

Abstract: There is provided a lamp burst sound reduction structure which may have an enlarged part in an intermediate position of a duct through which cooling air for cooling a light emitting unit of a lamp flows, the enlarged part may have a cross section area larger than a cross section area of the duct, the lamp being a light source of a projector.

Abstract: A portable electronic device with micro-projecting module includes a shell body, a micro-projecting module, a heat-conducting plate and a supporting stand. The shell body has a front lateral plate and a bottom lateral plate adjoining the front lateral plate. The front lateral plate has a front through hole, while the bottom lateral plate has a bottom through hole. The micro-projecting module is arranged in the shell body and has a lens exposing to an outside of the shell body from the front through hole. The heat-conducting plate is arranged in the shell body and is positioned between the micro-projecting module and the bottom through hole. In the meantime, the heat-conducting plate has a heat-absorbing face contacting the micro-projecting module and a heat-dissipating face abutted against the bottom through hole.

Abstract: A projector includes an optical arrangement and a cooling arrangement. The optical arrangement includes a light source, a filtering component, a light modulation component and a projection lens. The filtering component filters the light emitted by the light source. The light modulation component modulates the light filtered by the filtering component to form an image. The projection lens projects the image formed by the light modulation component. The cooling arrangement is arranged relative to the optical arrangement to cool the optical arrangement. The cooling arrangement includes a blower, an air duct and a heat sink. The blower blows cooling air. The air duct guides the cooling air from the blower to the filtering component along an cooling air path. The heat sink is disposed in the cooling air path within the air duct and fixedly attached to the light modulation component to thermally contact with the light modulation component.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a heat dissipation system and an operating system. The heat dissipation system includes a housing, a first heat dissipation module received in the housing, heat pipes extending from the first heat dissipation module through the housing. The operating system includes a dust-proof housing, a heat source and a heat dissipation device. The heat source is received in the dust-proof housing and generates heat. The cooling module is adhered to an outer surface of the dust-proof housing to be cooled and attaches the heat pipes to the first heat dissipation module. The outer surface of the dust-proof housing is adjacent to the housing. The heat pipes transfer heat from the operating system into the first heat dissipation module.

Abstract: An illuminant module includes a lamp including a lampwick, a reflector and a guide cap, a lamp holder, a blower, and an axial fan. At least one portion of the lampwick is disposed in the reflector. The guide cap having a guide wall, a first air outlet, and a first air inlet is connected to the reflector and covers an opening of the reflector. The lamp holder has a space where the lamp is disposed, a second air inlet corresponding to the first one, a third air inlet adjacent to the second one, a fourth air inlet adjacent to the third one, a second air outlet corresponding to the first one, and a third air outlet adjacent to the second one. The blower outside the space is disposed at the second air inlet. The axial fan outside the space is disposed adjacent to the third and fourth air inlets.

Abstract: A projector includes a light source unit, a light source side optical system which includes a color wheel and a light guiding unit, a display device, a projection side optical system, a cooling fan, and a projector control unit. An interior of a projector casing is divided into an outlet side spatial compartment which is positioned on an outlet side of the cooling fan and in which the light source unit is disposed and an inlet side spatial compartment which is positioned on an inlet side of the cooling fan. The outlet side spatial compartment is covered thereabove by an upper division board, above which a heat conductive sheet which is formed of an aluminum sheet is disposed. The heat conductive sheet is electrically connected to the projector casing, so that electricity charged in the heat conductive sheet can be discharged.

Abstract: A heat-dissipating structure of a housing is disclosed. The housing defines an opening that is embedded with the heat-dissipating structure. The heat-dissipating structure includes a number of metal slats, a number of connection members, and a supporting frame. The metal slats are spaced and angled to form air channels and fixed to each other via the connection members. The combination of the metal slats and connection members are supported by the supporting frame.

Abstract: A projector comprises: a cooling fan for sucking ambient air through a filter; switching means for switching the operational mode of the cooling fan between a lowland mode and a highland mode; and control means adapted to obtain current fan voltage to determine the normal rpm value for that current fan voltage in reference to a highland voltage-rpm characteristic when the switching means is in the highland mode, obtain current fan rpm, and enables alarming means to issue a filter clogging alarm in the event that the current fan rpm is larger than the normal rpm value plus a predetermined value. Thus, filter clogging can be detected with precision in highlands.

Abstract: An apparatus for transferring heat between an object and a fluid, the apparatus comprising at least one set of elongate members, the elongate members each having a tip for contacting the object. The tips of the elongate members generally make a point contact with the object and allow heat to be transferred between the object and a fluid, often air. A gap is provided between adjacent elongate members to facilitate fluid flow around the object and between the elongate members.

Abstract: A light source includes an arc tube which emits light, a reflector which reflects the light emitted from the arc tube, and a holding unit which holds the reflector. The holding unit has an air supply port through which cooling air is introduced into the light source on the light emitting side of the arc tube, and a first rectifying portion which guides cooling air having been supplied from the air supply port and passed through the light emitting side of the arc tube toward an area above the arc tube.

Abstract: A projection-type display apparatus includes an optical modulation device having a lamp emitting a light, and a projection optical system projecting the light on a screen in a magnified form, with the projection optical system including a plurality of reflection mirrors. In addition, a fan system air-cools reflective surfaces of the plurality of reflection mirrors. The fan system includes a fan and a controller for controlling the fan based on luminance output of the lamp.

Abstract: A display apparatus, comprises a filter unit 33 attached on an air inlet opening 28a, having such a filter 36 that a suction negative load generating at the air inlet opening 28a formed in an upper cabinet 3 comes to be smaller than the suction load generating at gaps 29a and 30a defined in the upper cabinet 3, when driving a cooling unit 18, for sucking an air from the upper cabinet 3 and discharging the air used for cooling into the upper cabinet 3, when cooling down optical parts, such as, display devices 15R, etc., and a polarizing plate 16R, etc., of an optic unit 9.

Abstract: A projector apparatus equipped with a metal plate structure serving as a light shield against a light source and as a heat radiator is provided. The metal plate structure is arranged over the light source to hide the light source. The metal plate structure extends farther to a cooling fan and connects to the upper end of the air expiration face of the fan. The metal plate structure thus serves as the top plate of the baffle section of the exhaust duct of the fan for leading the air expired from the fan. The metal plate structure also serves as a shield plate, which can be connected to a grounded metal piece.

Abstract: A projection device includes: a projector unit that has at least a light source and a projection optical system housed in a chassis; a control unit that is assembled with a chassis separate from the chassis of the projector unit; and a rotation support member that rotatably supports the projector unit and the control unit around a rotation axis that extends perpendicular to a surface of the chassis of the projector unit and a surface of the chassis of the control unit, with these surfaces facing to one another.

Abstract: A projector includes a case, a separating plate, an electronic component system, a light source device and a blocking device. The case has a space defined therein. The separating plate is arranged in the case to divide the space into a first space and a second space. The electronic component system is arranged in the first space. The light source device for emitting light is arranged in the second space. The blocking device has a blocking plate which is arranged adjacent to the separating plate and controlled to be located from a first position and a second position. When the blocking plate is located at the first position, air flows from the first space into the second space. When the blocking plate is located at the second position, air in the second space is prevented from entering into the first space.

Abstract: A portable projector with a heat dissipation system, includes a housing and two LED light sources located in the housing. Each of the LED light sources includes a circuit aboard, an LED device mounted on the circuit aboard and a heat pipe. The heat pipe has an evaporating section thermally contacting the circuit board, and a condensing section. A fin set thermally contacts with the condensing section of the heat pipe for dissipating heat therefrom. The fin set of one LED light source is located behind the evaporating section of the heat pipe of the other light source and closely adjacent to a wall of the housing.

Abstract: A liquid crystal rear projector device of the present invention includes a lamp unit providing a light source, a cooling fan for cooling the lamp unit, and an optical system for generating color image light with the lamp unit providing a light source, the lamp unit including a light emitting tube providing a light source, and a reflector for reflecting light emitted from the light emitting tube toward the optical system. The reflector has an air introduction hole for introducing air discharged from the cooling fan into the reflector, which is provided near the spherical portion of the light emitting tube, and faces to a vertical top of the spherical portion to blow the air to the top.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for igniting a lamp of a projector. The method includes steps of: (a) sensing a first temperature difference in response to power-off of the projector; (b) in response to power-on of the projector, detecting an aftercooling time and judging whether it is smaller than a predetermined cooling time, if YES, perform step (c); otherwise, perform step (g); (c) sensing a second temperature difference; (d) judging whether a ratio of the second temperature difference to the first temperature difference is larger than a threshold, if YES, perform step (e); otherwise, perform step (g); (e) calculating a re-cooling time; (f) controlling a fan to operate for the re-cooling time to cool the lamp down; and (g) igniting the lamp.

Abstract: A projector capable of preventing a light tunnel from positional deviation is obtained. This projector comprises a rectangular light tunnel having a hollow light guide path capable of passing light therethrough for shaping the light with the light guide path, an optical component holding member provided with a holding portion holding the light tunnel and a light tunnel clip including a first pressing portion and a second pressing portion pressing first and second surfaces, adjacent to each other, of the light tunnel toward the holding portion of the optical component holding member for holding the light tunnel in a pressed state, while the first pressing portion and the second pressing portion press positions of the first and second surfaces of the light tunnel located substantially on the same line perpendicular to the traveling direction of the light respectively.

Abstract: An image display apparatus has a first exhaust fan (13) for mainly exhausting air from a light source unit (9) and discharging the air to the outside of the image display apparatus and a second exhaust fan (14) for mainly exhausting air from a power supply unit (11) and discharging the air to the outside of said image display apparatus. The inspiration face of the second exhaust fan is arranged to partly overlap the expiration face of the first exhaust fan. Accordingly, the internal temperature of the image display apparatus, and hence the temperature of the exhaust air, can be efficiently reduced, and at the same time fan noise of the fans can be reduced. As a result, uprating of power of the light source unit and downsizing of an image display apparatus can be simultaneously achieved.

Abstract: A blind (10) for a projector includes a bracket (20) mounted to the projector, and a folded fin (30) fixed on the bracket and covering a hot air vent of the projector. The folded fin includes a plurality of parallel fins (32) and a plurality of upper and lower tabs (34, 36) interconnecting the fins. Each of the fins defines an angle of 135 degrees with a plane defined by the lower tabs. Furthermore, a projection of each of the fins on the plane defined by the lower tabs overlaps a part of a corresponding adjacent fin. Thus, the blind can prevent a light leakage from the projector, while allow a heated airflow to be expelled out of the projector simultaneously.

Abstract: This projector comprises a source lamp, a lamp storage portion, storing the source lamp therein, including an air discharge opening for discharging internal air from the lamp storage portion and a netlike member so arranged as to cover the outer side of the air discharge opening of the lamp storage portion for inhibiting fragments of the source lamp from being discharged outward from the lamp storage portion through the air discharge opening when the source lamp is broken. The lamp storage portion further includes a protrusion provided on the outer side surface close to the air discharge opening to protrude in a direction intersecting with the extensional direction of the netlike member with a function of inhibiting the fragments of the source lamp from passing through a clearance between the lamp storage portion and the netlike member.

Abstract: A projector includes a light source, an electro-optical device, a projection lens, an outer casing for housing the above components, and a dust suction member. The electro-optical device is configured for forming an optical image using a light beam emitted from the light source. The projection lens is configured for projecting the optical image formed by the electro-optical device. The outer casing is configured for housing the light source, the electro-optical device and the projection lens therein, the outer casing having an inlet and an outlet and defining an airflow channel in communication with the inlet and the outlet. The dust suction member is arranged in the airflow channel, the dust suction member having an adhesive outer surface.

Abstract: A projector includes a light source unit, a light source side optical system, a display device for producing a projected image to be projected, a projection side optical system for projecting the projected image produced by the display device, a blower acting as a cooling fan for cooling the light source unit, an exhaust air temperature reducing unit for reducing the temperature of highly heated air which results from the cooling of the light source unit by the cooling fan, and exhaust vents for expelling exhaust air from the exhaust air temperature reducing unit to the outside. The exhaust air temperature reducing unit is made up of a heat pipe and fins.

Abstract: The invention enables efficient cooling of: a light source providing source light; an optical system adapted to split the source light received from the light source into three primary colors R, G, and B; and a power supply unit for supplying electric power to various electric components installed in a casing of a projector apparatus. To do so, a first fan is arranged between the light source and the power supply unit such that its air inspiration face is directed to the power supply unit and its air expiration face is directed to the light source. Further, a second fan, adapted to inspire air from within the projector apparatus, is provided in the central area of the projector apparatus. On the air expiration side of the second fan is a cooling duct for cooling the light source and optical system.

Abstract: A projector includes a lamp, a fan for dissipating heat generated by the lamp, a housing, a number of blades received in the housing, and a elongated-slider. The housing receives the lamp and the fan, and includes a top cover, a sidewall connected to the top cover, and a bottom cover connected to the sidewall. The top cover defines an through opening therein. The blades can be rotated in cooperation with the slide of the elongated-slider in the through opening. As described above, the projector can exhaust thermal formed by the lamp or electronic elements from the air outlet. At the same time, the flow direction of the air from the air outlet can be changed in cooperation with the slider. Therefore, when a user sits by the air outlet, the user can adjust the flow direction of the air from the air outlet at any time.

Abstract: A projection type display apparatus includes a housing having a first side on which an air intake opening is arranged and a second side on which an air exhaust opening is arranged, a light source for supplying light, and a light valve device which modulates the light output from the light source. A first fan is provided which draws air from the air intake opening into the housing, and a first ventilation path is coupled with the air intake opening so as to lead air flow from the air intake opening toward a lower portion of the light valve. A second ventilation path is formed from the lower portion of the light valve to an upper portion of the light valve, and a second fan is provided which draws out air flowing from the second ventilation path through the air exhaust opening to outside of the housing.

Abstract: A projector includes a light source; a light modulating device that modulates the flux of light emitted from the light source on the basis of image information to form an optical image; a projection optical system that projects the formed optical image; and an exterior housing that accommodates the light source, the light modulating device, and the projection optical system. An opening that introduces air from the outside of the exterior housing into the inside thereof is formed in the exterior housing. An object to be cooled, a duct connecting the opening to the objects to be cooled, and a filter purifying the air introduced from the opening are provided inside the exterior housing. A cooling fan that sucks the air having been purified through the filter and sends the air to the object to be cooled are provided in the duct.

Abstract: A projector includes: a casing having a surface; a cooling medium flowpath provided inside the casing, through which a cooling medium is allowed to flow; and a radiator in which a part of the cooling medium flowpath is arranged, the radiator being deployable by rotating with respect to the casing, and adapted to be accommodated in the casing and along the surface of the casing.

Abstract: An air guiding structure is applied in a projecting device. The projecting device at least includes an optical element. The air guiding structure includes a first side wall and a second side wall. The first side wall having a first opening is disposed near a side of the optical element. The second side wall having a second opening is disposed near the other side of the optical element. Furthermore, the first side wall and the second side wall are connected to each other. The air is guided into the first opening, circulated through the optical element and is vented out via the second opening.

Abstract: A lamp unit includes a reflector with a lamp mounted therein, a reflector holder holding the reflector, and an ejector member fixed to the reflector holder, for ejecting air to cool the lamp, the ejector member including an insertion member with a tubular stud inserted therein for supplying compressed air, a fluid passage forming member having a fluid passage for being supplied with air from the stud, and a hole defined in a distal end of the ejector member.

Abstract: The present invention provides a projection type display unit including a light source, an optical unit including a light valve and a projection lens, and a cooling section for cooling the light source and the optical unit. The light source and the optical unit as well as the cooling section are incorporated in an armor cabinet. A highly heat conductive sheet metal component part is disposed in a space between a lamp as the light source and the armor cabinet.

Abstract: In a projector assembly having a lamp for emitting light, and an ellipsoid reflector for capturing the light, the ellipsoid reflector having an opening through its vertex facilitating placement of the lamp, there is provided an improvement wherein the opening in the ellipsoid reflector is sized to allow a major portion of cooling air to pass therethrough into a region defined by the ellipsoid reflector. An air deflector is situated in the opening so as to facilitate distribution of cooling air along the lamp and outwardly towards the inside surface of said ellipsoid reflector from within said region.

Abstract: A projector comprises a case, an illuminant heat source, a thermal module, and an equalizing temperature module. The equalizing temperature module is disposed between the illuminant heat source and the thermal module. When the fluid flows from the illuminant heat source to the equalizing temperature module, the fluid flows through a relative high temperature region more than that of flowing through a relative low temperature region. The equalizing temperature module at least comprises a heat pipe and a plurality of heat sinks. The heat pipe has a first end located in the relative low temperature region and a second end located in the relative high temperature region. The heat pipe transfers heat from the relative high temperature region to the relative low temperature region by a cold fluid in the heat pipe. The plurality of heat sinks are disposed on the heat pipe to increase the area of heat conduction.

Abstract: A video projector includes a first discharge port from which a cooling current is sent out of a duct to an optical component. A cooling fan generates the cooling current which flows through the duct. The first discharge port includes first and second wall surfaces opposed to each other in an optical axis direction in which the light is transmitted through the optical component, third and fourth wall surfaces opposed to each other in a lateral direction perpendicular to the optical axis direction, a discharge port inlet into which the cooling current from the cooling fan is drawn, and a discharge port outlet from which the cooling current is sent toward the optical component. A gap between the first and second wall surfaces and a gap between the third and fourth wall surfaces become narrower from the discharge port inlet to the discharge port outlet.

Abstract: A light source module includes a lamp assembly, at least one temperature sensor for monitoring a temperature of the lamp assembly, and a processor coupled to the temperature sensor and the lamp assembly, the processor being configured to operate the lamp assembly at a reduced power level when the temperature is above a first temperature threshold.

Abstract: A projector includes an image projection device, an exterior chassis accommodating the substantially L-shaped image projection device, and a ventilation device configured to block leakage light and to insulate sound of the projector and to discharge air inside the exterior chassis to the outside through an air outlet formed on an end face located in a direction of projection. The image projection device includes a light source device, an optical modulation device, and a projection optical device. The ventilation device includes an axial fan with a suction port and a discharge port. An air outlet duct bends air discharged from the discharge port at an angle of substantially ninety degrees by a vertical wall substantially perpendicular to the discharging direction of air from the discharge port of the axial fan towards a side receding from the projection optical device to lead to the air outlet of the exterior chassis.

Abstract: A projection display capable of preventing a reflector from damage and cooling a lamp at high efficiency. The projection display includes a light source which has a lamp and metallic reflector. The metallic reflector has an opening disposed above the light-emitting point of the lamp in the gravity direction. A duct has an end coupled to the opening and directs the air induced by a fan through the opening into the metallic reflector. The air then circulates within the metallic reflector to cool the light-emitting point of the lamp, and subsequently is released out of the metallic reflector through through-holes formed with a front glass and a flange of the metallic reflector.

Abstract: A projection apparatus includes a projector including a cooling fan which cools the inside of a main unit through an air hole provided in the main unit and ceiling hanging hardware including a bracket having an external cooling fan which faces the air hole and whose air-flow direction coincides with that of the air hole. The projector is mounted on the ceiling hanging hardware while hanging from the ceiling hanging hardware.

Abstract: There is provided a heat conductive portion for conducting heat generated by an LED light source to cooling liquid at a rear side of each LED light source. Each heat conductive portion is connected one another with a pipe, and the cooling liquid flowing in the pipe is sequentially circulated through each heat conductive portion. A heat generation amount of an LED light source for red light is the smallest, the heat generation amount of an LED light source for green light is the largest, and the heat generation amount of an LED light source for blue light is the middle of the two. The cooling liquid cooled by passing through a radiation fin is firstly supplied to the heat conductive portion for the LED light source for red light, secondly supplied to the heat conductive portion for the LED light source for blue light, and lastly supplied to the heat conductive portion for the LED light source for green light.

Abstract: A projection device is disclosed, wherein the projection device includes a lamp housing having a front portion and a back portion, wherein the lamp housing is configured to accommodate a lamp, a blower system configured to direct a flow of air across the front portion of the lamp housing, and a heat sink in thermal communication with the back portion of the lamp housing.