Abstract: Methodology of characterizing surface properties and determining refractive index and extinction coefficient of a prism shaped material, including simultaneously for a multiplicity of wavelengths, using an easy to practice technique.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for measuring a property of a transparent tubular object, a laser beam scans the object, and laser light originating from the object is detected in a first detection direction parallel to the laser beam direction, or in the first and in a second detection direction at an angle thereto, in particular at 90°. The inner radius of the object may be calculated from the refractive index, scanning speed, outer diameter detected in the first detection direction, and, in the second detection direction, the time difference between laser light reflected from the outer surface of the object and laser light refracted into the object and reflected at the inner surface thereof. If the time of detecting laser light refracted into the object and reflected at the inner surface thereof in the first detection direction is known, the refractive index is not required.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an optical test apparatus includes a photodetector and a processing circuit. The photodetector outputs, as a light receiving signal, information concerning a light direction of received light. The processing circuit processes the light receiving signal to acquire information concerning a standard light direction as a standard and information concerning a passing light direction of passed light which has passed through an object; compares the information concerning the passing light direction with the information concerning the standard light direction, and on the basis of results of the comparison, acquires information concerning internal physical quantities of the object.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus includes a camera with a solid-state sensor and an illumination selector. The illumination selector is arranged for optical coupling with the sensor and arranged for communicating electromagnetic radiation within a shortwave infrared narrowband to the sensor. The shortwave infrared narrowband includes a peak absorption or peak reflection wavelength of moisture to infrared illumination to image moisture disposed within a solar cell array.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for evaluating the geometric properties of optical fiber preforms, which methods include: providing an optical fiber preform having a longitudinal axis, an outer diameter and a circumference; providing a two-dimensional pattern having a length parallel to the longitudinal axis of the preform and a width greater than the outer diameter of the preform; providing an image capturing device disposed such that the preform is aligned between the pattern and the image capturing device; rotating the preform about its longitudinal axis and acquiring a first plurality of images of the pattern viewed through the preform at at least two different points along the circumference of the preform; and determining at least one geometric property of the preform from the first plurality of images.

Abstract: A method for detecting a degree of hydrogenation of a liquid comprises one or more liquid hydrogen carriers, which can be hydrogenated, comprising: detecting a material property of the liquid and determining the degree of hydrogenation of the liquid on the basis of the detected material property of the liquid.

Abstract: A method of estimating land surface temperature lapse rate using an infrared image is disclosed. In the method of estimating land surface temperature lapse rate using an infrared image, a target area for the estimation of land surface temperature lapse rate is selected. The atmospheric transmittance of the target area is calculated. Reference temperature is estimated at a reference location set in the target area as desired. A temperature difference is calculated from the atmospheric transmittance and the estimated reference temperature, and then a temperature difference image is generated. Land surface temperature lapse rate is estimated from the temperature difference image and a Digital Elevation Map (DEM) in an identical area using an elevation-based temperature difference distribution.

Abstract: An optical system and method for quantifying total protein in whole blood or other multi-phase liquids and colloidal suspensions uses refractometry without preliminary steps such as cell separation or centrifugation. A refractometer is integrated with a flow cell to enable the refractive index of a flowing sample to be measured based on a substantially cell free boundary layer of the sample that is present under certain flow conditions. Dimensions of the flow cell are selected to produce a cell-free layer in a flow of whole blood in which the cell free layer is thick enough to reduce scattering of light from the refractometer light source. A numerical method is used to compensate for scattering artifacts. The numerical compensation method is based on the slope and width of a peak in the derivative curve of an angular spectrum image of the flowing sample produced by refractometry.

Abstract: A system is provided for observing objects on a substrate which includes a light source that emits polarized light rectilinearly along a first direction, a holder that receives said substrate having a surface and includes objects, wherein at least one of the holder or the substrate are translucent or opaque, a detector that collects the backscattered light from the interaction between the light emitting by the light source and the objects, a polarization splitter and a quarter-wave plate wherein the polarization splitter and the quarter-wave plate are arranged so that the polarization splitter directs light towards the substrate through the quarter-wave plate, and wherein the light forms a beam and the system modifies the size of the beam. The system thus allows one to observe objects on a non-transparent substrate.

Abstract: An avalanche photodiode device operated in Geiger-mode, the device comprising a P-N junction formed on a substrate with a first semiconductor region and a second semiconductor region with an anode and cathode. The device further comprising a third semiconductor region, the third semiconductor region in physical contact with the second region, not in physical contact with the first region, and being the same semiconductor-type as the first semiconductor region. Additionally comprising a diode on the second semiconductor region and having a turn-on voltage than the P-N junction.

Abstract: A projection exposure apparatus (10) for microlithography has a measuring system (50) for measuring an optical element of the projection exposure apparatus. The measuring system (50) includes an irradiation device (54), which is configured to radiate measuring radiation (62) in different directions (64) onto the optical element (20), such that the measuring radiation (62) covers respective optical path lengths (68) within the optical element (20) for the different directions (64) of incidence, a detection device (56), which is configured to measure, for the respective directions (64) of incidence, the respective optical path lengths covered by the measuring radiation (62) in the optical element (20), and an evaluation device, which is configured to determine a spatially resolved distribution of refractive indices in the optical element (20) by computed-tomographic back projection of the respective measured path lengths with respect to the respective directions of incidence.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to the measurement of the refractive index of a medium, such as a fluid, through the wall of its container. The essential characteristic of the invention is that, by using at least two separate light paths that are of unequal length and that reflect from the wall/medium interface, it is possible to perform the measurement of the refractive index of the medium so that the result is insensitive to the color and thickness of the wall.

Abstract: A mudlogging device may consist of a housing that is positioned above a ground level and proximal a wellbore. The housing can have a first interferometer and a second interferometer that are connected to a common pathway. The duel interferometer configuration may allow a gas sample to be concurrently tested by the respective interferometers.

Abstract: An example assembly includes a target holder that retains a target in a detection region. A reflective surface reflects at least part of a focused spot of light to provide resultant light. An irradiation system irradiates at least part of the detection region with the focused spot of light. A motion system causes motion of the focused spot of light relative to the reflective surface. A detection system detects the resultant light. An example device, e.g., a lab-on-chip, includes a substrate, a sample inlet, and a reflective grating. The grating is retains a fluidic sample in a detection region fluidically connected to the sample inlet. The detection region is operatively arranged with respect to the reflective grating so that at least a portion of light passing through the detection region towards the reflective grating also passes through the detection region after reflecting off the reflective grating.

Abstract: A device (1) for use in the detection of binding affinities comprises a planar waveguide (2) arranged on a substrate (22). The waveguide (2) has an outer surface (21) and a plurality of incoupling lines (31) for coupling a beam of coherent light into the waveguide (2) such that a parallel beam of coherent light (62) propagates along the waveguide (2). The incoupling lines (31) are curved and have an increasing distance between adjacent incoupling lines (31). A divergent beam of coherent light (61) of a predetermined wavelength is coupled into the waveguide (2) such that it propagates along the waveguide (2). A plurality of binding sites (51) is attached to the outer surface (21) along at least one further plurality of diffraction lines arranged in an outcoupling section of the waveguide (2). These diffraction lines comprise a plurality of curved outcoupling lines (41) having a decreasing distance between adjacent outcoupling lines.

Abstract: A device includes a driver laser arrangement including a beam source for generating a laser beam and an amplifier arrangement for amplifying the laser beam. The device also includes an apparatus for monitoring the laser beam that includes a transmissive optical element having a normal direction oriented at a tilt angle with respect to a beam axis of the laser beam. The apparatus also includes a spatially resolving detector for registering laser radiation reflected backwards by the transmissive optical element. The transmissive optical element has first and second sides that are oriented at a wedge angle with respect to one another and through which the laser beam passes. The first and second sides reflect first and second partial beams of the incident laser beam. The apparatus has an optical filter that prevents one of the reflected first and second partial beams from reaching the detector.

Abstract: A spectroscopic device, which may be a handheld spectroscopic light source, which uses ambient light as a primary broadband light source, but which may be supplemented with an auxiliary light source to supplement band regions which may be deficient in the broad band source. The spectroscopic device makes use of a number of parallel control channels to monitor for sufficient light and to compensate for variations in the input light levels.

Abstract: According to some embodiments a method of measuring the refractive index profile of a consolidated glass body having a cylindrical surface comprises the steps of: (a) forming an image of a slit behind the glass body; (b) optionally pre-scanning the cylindrical surface of the test glass body or a reference glass body and analyzing the data within a fixed window to determine the likely location of the zero-order, un-diffracted beam while ignoring other diffracted beams; (c) optionally adjusting the optical power to improve the intensity of the data within the fixed window in order to improve the analysis; (d) predicting the trajectory of the zero-order beam through the preform based on the sampling location xi (incidence position) of the light impinging on the cylindrical surface and the location at which the zero-order beam impinges on the detector; (e) measuring the cylindrical surface of a glass body while using the estimated location of the zero-order beam and adjusted optical power to set the center of a f

Abstract: A guided mode resonance device, comprising—a substrate,—a waveguide,—a grating structure associated with said waveguide, said grating structure being arranged to an incident surface of said substrate, said incident surface being intended to receive an incident light beam provided by at least one light source, said incident light beam having an incident angle, defined relative to the normal of said waveguide, said grating structure comprising at least one elementary structure comprising at least a first-type grating structure and at least a second-type grating structure,—wherein:—said waveguide is arranged to transfer light from the first-type grating structures to the second-type grating structure and also to transfer light from the second-type grating structures to the first-type grating structure,—said first-type grating structure is arranged to couple out a first light beam,—said second-type grating structure is arranged to couple out a second light beam,—said first light beam having a different spectral d

Abstract: Calibration device for calibrating an operation wavelength characteristic of a refractometer for determining an information which is indicative for a refractive index of the sample, wherein the calibration device comprises an itself traceably calibratable determination unit, which is preferably at least partially external of the refractometer, which is adapted for determining an information which is indicative for a discrepancy between a pre-givable set-point-operation wavelength characteristic and an actual-operation wavelength characteristic of the refractometer, on whose basis the refractometer is calibratable.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems, and methods of generating multi combs can be used in a variety of applications. In various embodiments, a passive resonator can be disposed in the laser cavity of a mode-locked laser to generate a nested frequency comb. The passive resonator can be a sample under investigation, where a characteristic of the sample is determined using the generated nested frequency comb. Additional apparatus, systems, and methods are disclosed.

Abstract: A miniature optical biosensor and biosensor array where high sensitivity for detection of biomolecular interaction does not require a fluorescent label. Non-linear frequency-shifts of optical resonators (‘nanobeams’) provide a digital all-or-nothing response to equilibrium binding of a biomarker to surface-immobilized bio-recognition elements, a signal suitable to identify active components in genetic and proteomic circuits, as well as toxic substances. The threshold level for the digital response is adjustable to accommodate for varying receptor affinities. A bistable cavity sensing (BCS) method can be used to track the shift of the resonance induced by the analyte more precisely than the conventional cavity sensing method, where the resolution is limited by the cavity linewidth. BCS method can be used to quantitate the concentration of the analyte, and their binding kinetics, affinities and etc.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for measuring panes. The device comprises a light source and a light sensor which are arranged in such a way that a light beam emitted from the light source passes through the pane and impinges on the light sensor. According to the invention, the light beam has a linear polarization, wherein the polarization direction forms an angle of between 50° and 130° with an incidence plane stretching between the axis of the light beam and the pane normal at the point at which the light beam impinges on the pane. The light sensor is dimensioned such that both a primary beam and a secondary beam of the light beam impinge on the light sensor. The invention also relates to a corresponding method. According to the invention, the second beam has an increased brightness, so that it is easier to measure both beams.

Abstract: An avalanche diode includes an absorption region in a germanium body epitaxially grown on a silicon body including a multiplication region. Aspect-ratio trapping is used to suppress dislocation growth in the vicinity of the absorption region.

Abstract: An image processing device includes a memory; and a processor coupled to the memory, configured to determine a characteristic of glasses based on a first contour position and a second contour position, the first contour position indicating a contour position of a face that appears without the glasses and being detected from an obtained face image data of a user, and the second contour position indicating a contour position of the face that appears through the glasses and being detected from the obtained face image data of the user.

Abstract: An exemplary method for measuring a refractive index of a substance being measured through an optical window, includes arranging the optical window in contact with the substance being measured, directing light to the interface of the optical window and substance being measured, where part of the light is absorbed by the substance being measured and part of it is reflected from the substance being measured to form an image, in which the location of the boundary of light and dark areas expresses a critical angle of the total reflection dependent on the refractive index of the substance being measured, and examining the formed image. Light is directed on a first structure and to desired angles on an interface between the optical window and substance being measured. Light reflected from the interface of the optical window and substance being measured is directed on a second structure.

Abstract: An image processing device includes a memory; and a processor coupled to the memory, configured to determine a characteristic of glasses based on a first contour position and a second contour position, the first contour position indicating a contour position of a face that appears without the glasses and being detected from an obtained face image data of a user, and the second contour position indicating a contour position of the face that appears through the glasses and being detected from the obtained face image data of the user.

Abstract: A tool sensor calibration system and tool calibration method are disclosed herein. A tool sensor calibration system (200) comprises a flow pipe (206), an isolation cell (214) in fluid communication with the flow pipe, a sensor (210) positioned proximate to the isolation cell, a fluid chamber (213) containing a reference fluid (212) with a known property value, and a first valve (222a) coupled to the fluid chamber that provides selective fluid communication between the fluid chamber and the flow pipe. A tool calibration method comprises introducing a first fluid (208) into a flow pipe, introducing a reference fluid into the flow pipe from a fluid chamber in fluid communication with the flow pipe through a valve, wherein the first fluid and the reference fluid mix to form a composite fluid, and detecting a property of the composite fluid at an isolation cell in fluid communication with the flow pipe.

Abstract: Systems, including methods, apparatus, and algorithms, for spectrally imaging a two-dimensional array of samples.

Abstract: A silicon oil sensor is provided and includes a transparent member and a laser source emitting a laser beam. The transparent member includes a light receiving passageway with an oil receiving section and a side surface. The laser beam is directed into the light receiving passageway such that an incident angle ? of the laser beam (L) with respect to the side surface is selected so that a total reflection of the laser beam (L) occurs on the side surface when the oil receiving section is filled with air and exits out of the transparent member along a total reflection path (L1). A refraction of the laser beam (L) occurs along a refraction path (L2) when the oil receiving section collects silicon oil.

Abstract: Techniques described herein generally relate to a refractometer. Using electromagnetic energy, the refractometer can accurately measure refractive index of a liquid without bulky precision optics. By empirically determining a relationship between the refractive index of a liquid sample and a measured reflected power from a resonant structure when in contact with the liquid sample, the refractive index of a liquid can be determined by measuring this reflected power. Furthermore, using multiple light sources of different frequencies, the refractive index of the liquid sample can be determined over a very broad spectral range, for example from ultra-violet to far infrared.

Abstract: An implantable diagnostic device in accordance with the present disclosure provides various benefits such as a compact size thereby allowing implanting of the device inside animate objects; low cost due to incorporation of inexpensive detection circuitry and the use of conventional IC fabrication techniques; re-usability by heating thereby allowing multiple diagnostic tests to be performed without discarding the device; and a configuration that allows performing of simultaneous and/or sequential diagnostic tests for detecting one or more similar or dissimilar target molecules concurrently or at different times.

Abstract: There is provided a device, such as a microfluidic device, for performing an assay including: a substrate comprising a channel, such as a microfluidic channel; at least one optical element having an input port arranged to be optically coupled to a light source; an output port optically coupled to at least a portion of the channel; and a light guide portion optically connecting the input port and output port; and a detection port optically coupled to said at least a portion of the channel. The device provides an improved geometry which addresses problems related to traditional orthogonal detection arrangements and in-line detection systems.

Abstract: A refractive index sensor is provided for analyzing an analyte, the sensor including: a strip waveguide for receiving an input light signal therein and transmitting the light signal, subject to manipulation as it propagates through the strip waveguide, to a detector for analysis with respect to the analyte; and a slot waveguide for sensing the analyte disposed thereon and for receiving a sensing signal, corresponding to said manipulation of the light signal, from the strip waveguide, wherein a grating is formed on a surface of the strip waveguide to enable coupling of the sensing signal from the strip waveguide to the slot waveguide, and the sensor is configured with enhanced sensitivity based on a sensitivity difference between the slot waveguide and the strip waveguide, and/or a group index difference between the slot waveguide and the strip waveguide.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an optical module 1 in which an optical fiber 10 is fixed to two fixing portions (a fiber mount 30 and a pipe part 51) includes a first fixing step P3 of fixing apart of the optical fiber 10 to the fiber mount 30, and a second fixing step P4 of applying tension by pulling the optical fiber 10 while a base 20 connected to the respective fixing portions has been heated to an upper limit or higher of guaranteed temperature of the optical module 1 and fixing the other part of the optical fiber 10 to the pipe part 51.

Abstract: For cavity enhanced optical spectroscopy, the cavity modes are used as a frequency reference. Data analysis methods are employed that assume the data points are at equally spaced frequencies. Parameters of interest such as line width, integrated absorption etc. can be determined from such data without knowledge of the frequencies of any of the data points. Methods for determining the FSR index of each ring-down event are also provided.

Abstract: A degree of cure measuring apparatus has: a second optical fiber for emitting light from a tip face thereof; a probe for holding adhesive agent and irradiating the adhesive agent with light while the adhesive agent is in contact with the tip face of the second optical fiber; a detector for detecting light that is reflected from an interface between the tip face of the second optical fiber and the adhesive agent and then returns to the second optical fiber; and a computer for calculating the refractive index of the adhesive agent from the rate of the light amount of the light detected by the detector to the emission light amount from the tip face of the second optical fiber.

Abstract: This invention related to a method of and a system for estimating evaporation representing an area at a particular location The method comprises receiving air temperature information, using the received air temperature information to determine at least average air temperature, standard deviation of the air temperature, and skewness of the air temperature at the particular location, receiving soil heat flux information and net irradiance information indicative of soil heat flux and net irradiance at the particular location respectively, determining, sensible heat flux at the particular location by using at least the determined average air temperature, standard deviation of the air temperature, and skewness of the air temperature associated with the particular location, and determining an estimate of the evaporation at the particular location by using the determined sensible heat flux, received soil heat flux and net irradiance information.

Abstract: The invention relates to sensors for monitoring a medium, comprising an electromagnetic radiation source and a detector of electromagnetic radiation, the medium being located in the ray path between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector and the refraction varying when the medium varies. The sensors are characterized by their ease of production. To that end, the electromagnetic radiation source and detector are disposed in at least one housing. Furthermore, either at least one region or at least one component of the housing consists of material which is transparent to electromagnetic radiation, the medium being located in the region or at the component of the housing. At least one wall of the region is so disposed or designed that the radiation for refraction impinges on or emerges from the surface at an angle which is different from 90°.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to devices for the completely automated detection and characterization of a resin flash in a part consisting of a composite material, the device including an OCT measuring head including an OCT measuring module, a manipulator capable of moving the OCT head in space, a control for the manipulator, and a computer including a memory for acquiring the definition of the geometry of the area to be tested, for recording the measurements, for storing a criterion file, and for performing calculations pertaining to the comparison of the recording with the criterion file. The disclosure also relates to a method for detection and characterization of such a resin flash.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus including an image forming unit configured to form an image includes a storage unit configured to store a reference feature quantity acquired using a result of measuring a first chart by a measurement device, a first acquisition unit configured to acquire a first feature quantity using a result of measuring a second chart by the measurement device, the second chart being created by the image forming unit, and an estimation unit configured to estimate a defective point generated in the image processing apparatus, by acquiring a second feature quantity from the reference feature quantity stored in the storage unit and the first feature quantity acquired by the first acquisition unit and using data in which the second feature quantity is associated with information about a defect generated in the image processing apparatus.

Abstract: The invention provides methods and compositions for measuring the formation of scale within a process system. The method involves measuring changes in the cell fouling as reflected on the refraction index measurements of a liquid medium with a refractometer and determining the scale formation from changes in the cell fouling factor. This allows for a refractometer to determine the formation of scale in locations that otherwise would not be measurable.

Abstract: A device for measuring refractive index of medium based on optical delay technology comprises: a signal processing and controlling module, an optical transmitter module, and an optical receiver module, wherein the signal processing and controlling module controls the optical transmitter module to transmit an optical signal having a certain wavelength; the optical signal is injected into a medium to be measured; the optical signal is transmitted and delayed by the medium; the optical receiver module receives the optical signal delayed, and transforms the optical signal delayed into a electrical signal; the electrical signal is amplified and transmitted to the signal processing and controlling module; the signal processing and controlling module measures a delay time between transmitting and receiving the optical signal; and the refractive index of the medium at the certain wavelength is calculated based on the delay time and a known length of the medium.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to processing SPR signals, in particular signals obtained by illuminating a conductive surface with light at two wavelengths. Processing SPR signals can involve processing a first and second signal indicative of an intensity of light, received from a conductive layer at which SPR has occurred, as a function of angle of incidence, reflection or diffraction at the layer. The first and second signals each have two dips corresponding to a respective wavelength of the light at a respective angle at which surface plasmon resonance occurs for the respective wavelength and a peak between the two dips. The processing includes deriving a first and second value of a quantity indicative of signal magnitudes in the region of the peak. The first and second values can be compared to detect a change in refractive index at the layer after the first signal and before the second signal was captured.

Abstract: The present invention relates to systems and methods for minimizing or eliminating diffusion effects. Diffused regions of a segmented flow of multiple, miscible fluid species may be vented off to a waste channel, and non-diffused regions of fluid may be preferentially pulled off the channel that contains the segmented flow. Multiple fluid samples that are not contaminated via diffusion may be collected for analysis and measurement in a single channel. The systems and methods for minimizing or eliminating diffusion effects may be used to minimize or eliminate diffusion effects in a microfluidic system for monitoring the amplification of DNA molecules and the dissociation behavior of the DNA molecules.

Abstract: A method of calculating, using a computer, a refractive index of at least a portion of a specimen by using electromagnetic wave measurement. The method includes measuring a first scattered waveform from a structure of the specimen, measuring a second scattered waveform from a structure, in which a material for calculating a refractive index is disposed on a surface of the specimen, and comparing intensities of peak positions at corresponding portions of the first scattered waveform and the second scattered waveform.

Abstract: An optical sensor apparatus includes an optically transmissive structure (e.g., a prism) having two planar faces and a third planar face that connects the two planar faces, two or more light sources located outside the structure, and a photodetector array located outside the prism. The structure, light sources, and photodetector array are configured such that light from the light sources that is totally internally reflected at an optical interface between the prism and a sample outside the structure proximate one of the two planar faces is incident on a portion of the photodetector array that depends on a refractive index of the sample. The light sources are positioned with respect to the structure and photodetector array such that the totally internally reflected light from each light source corresponds to a different range of refractive index of the sample and maps to a corresponding portion of the photodetector array.

Abstract: The invention relates to sensors for monitoring a medium, comprising an electromagnetic radiation source and a detector of electromagnetic radiation, the medium being located in the ray path between the electromagnetic radiation source and the detector and the refraction varying when the medium varies. The sensors are characterized by their ease of production. To that end, the electromagnetic radiation source and detector are disposed in at least one housing. Furthermore, either at least one region or at least one component of the housing consists of material which is transparent to electromagnetic radiation, the medium being located in the region or at the component of the housing. At least one wall of the region is so disposed or designed that the radiation for refraction impinges on or emerges from the surface at an angle which is different from 90°.

Abstract: In a refractive index measuring device (1) for measuring a refractive index of a solid sample (S), the solid sample (S) is closely attached to a prism (3) having a predetermined refractive index with a refractive index liquid (4) having a predetermined refractive index interposed therebetween. A scaled angle (light receiving member) (6) having a light receiving surface (6a) that receives first reflected light (R1), which is a part of light from a light source (2) and which is reflected by the prism (3), is provided. When the prism (3) is rotationally driven by a rotary table (rotational drive unit) (5) and an intensity of second reflected light (R2) detected by a detector (7) becomes lower than a predetermined value, the refractive index of the solid sample (S) is measured by using a position of the first reflected light (R1) on the light receiving surface (6a) of the scaled angle (6).

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for controlling interdetector band broadening during the analysis of a sample injected into a chromatography system. A column flow is diluted with a dilution flow after the sample exits the chromatography system, and the diluted sample is analyzed by one or a combination of analysis instruments such as a light scattering detector, refractive index detector, an ultraviolet absorption detector.