Abstract: The invention relates to a method for measuring a flow velocity (v) of a gas stream (14) featuring the steps: (a) time-resolved measurement of an IR radiation parameter (E) of IR radiation of the gas stream (14) at a first measurement point (P1) outside of the gas stream (14), thereby obtaining a first IR radiation parameter curve (Eg1,1(t)), (b)time-resolved measurement of an IR radiation parameter (E) at a second measurement point (P2) outside of the gas stream (14), thereby obtaining a second IR radiation parameter curve (Eg1,2(t)), (c) calculation of a transit time (?1) from the first IR radiation parameter curve (Eg1,1(t)) and the second IR radiation parameter curve (Eg1,2(t)), in particular by means of cross-correlation, and (d) calculation of the flow velocity (vG) from the transit time (?1), (e) wherein the IR radiation parameter (Eg1) is measured photoelectrically at a wavelength (g1) of at least 780 nm, and (f) a measurement frequency (f) is at least 1 kilohertz.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method, system, and non-transitory computer-readable recording medium for measuring physical quantities associated with a golf club. According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for measuring physical quantities associated with a golf club, the method comprising the steps of: detecting a first marker and a second marker of different shapes in at least one image of a head of a golf club for which physical quantities are to be measured; and measuring the physical quantities associated with the golf club with reference to properties of a target area specified on the basis of the first marker and the second marker.

Abstract: A system and method for remotely monitoring an individual, in accordance with some embodiments of the invention. More particularly, one or more physiological functions and/or physical activities of the individual may be monitored. In order to monitor the individual, a range to, and/or a range rate (i.e., velocity) of, one or more points on one or more surfaces of the individual (e.g., skin, clothing, lips, etc.) may be determined over time. Based on the determinations of the range and/or range rate of the points on the surfaces of the individual, the one or more physiological functions and/or physical activities of the individual may be monitored. This may enable the physiological functions and/or physical activities to be monitored remotely from the individual without access or proximity to the individual.

Abstract: A unipolar-doped light emitting diode or laser diode is described. The diode includes a bottom region having an n-type layer, a top region having an n-type layer, and a middle region between the top and bottom regions having at least one material different from the top or bottom region forming two or more heterojunctions. The top and bottom regions create light emission by interband tunneling-induced photon emission. Systems including the unipolar-doped diode including LIDAR are also taught.

Abstract: A laser system may include a controller configured to direct a plurality of temporally spaced-apart electrical pulses to a device that optically pumps a lasing medium, and a lasing medium configured to output a quasi-continuous laser pulse in response to the optical pumping. The plurality of temporally spaced-apart electrical pulses may include (a) a first electrical pulse configured to excite the lasing medium to an energy level below a lasing threshold of the lasing medium, and (b) multiple second electrical pulses following the first electrical pulse. The quasi-continuous laser pulse is output in response to the multiple second electrical pulses.

Abstract: A method for optical distance measurement is suggested which comprises executing at least one time-of-flight measurement, wherein a time-of-flight measurement comprises transmitting at least one measuring pulse by means of a transmission unit, reflecting at least one transmitted measuring pulse and receiving at least one reflected measuring pulse by means of a reception unit. The method further comprises generating a backscatter curve based on the time-of-flight measurement and evaluating the backscatter curve for object recognition.

Abstract: A holographic image display system comprising a processor receiving image data at an input and producing output hologram data based on the image data. The image data comprises three-dimensional image data that is separable into a plurality of two-dimensional image layers at different image planes. The processor is configured to: a) perform a space-frequency transform on each image layer to provide a transformed image layer, b) apply a focus factor to each transformed image layer, c) apply a pseudo-random phase factor to each transformed image layer, and d) sum the transformed image layers to form a holographic sub-frame, e) repeat steps (c) and (d) for a plurality of iterations, applying a different pseudo-random phase factor to the transformed image layers in each iteration to form a plurality of holographic sub-frames; and f) drive a spatial light modulator with the holographic sub-frames in rapid temporal succession to generate a holographic image.

Abstract: A device can comprise a memory and a processor operatively coupled to the memory and comprising computer executable components, comprising a trajectory determination component that determines a trajectory of an adjacent-lane traveling vehicle traveling in a lane adjacent to a vehicle comprising the device, wherein visibility of the adjacent-lane traveling vehicle, from the vehicle, is impaired by a succeeding vehicle traveling between the adjacent-lane traveling vehicle and the vehicle, a collision avoidance component that, in response to the trajectory of the adjacent-lane traveling vehicle being determined, by the trajectory determination component, to prevent a safe lane change by the vehicle to the lane, initiates a collision avoidance action for the vehicle.

Abstract: Radiation curable compositions for additive fabrication processes, the components cured therefrom, and their use in particle image velocimetry testing methods are described and claimed herein. Such compositions include compounds which induce free-radical polymerization, optionally compounds which induce cationic polymerization, a filler constituent, and a light absorbing component, wherein the compositions are configured to possess certain absorbance values at wavelengths commonly utilized in particle image velocimetry testing. In another embodiment, the compositions include a fluoroantimony-modified compound. Such compositions may be used in particle imaging velocimetry testing methods, wherein the test object utilized is created via additive fabrication and is of a substantially homogeneous construction.

Abstract: Methods and systems for performing three dimensional LIDAR measurements with a highly integrated LIDAR measurement device are described herein. In one aspect, the illumination source, detector, and illumination drive are integrated onto a single printed circuit board. In addition, in some embodiments, the associated control and signal conditioning electronics are also integrated onto the common printed circuit board. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the illumination drive and the illumination source are integrated onto a common Gallium Nitride substrate that is independently packaged and attached to the printed circuit board. In another aspect, the illumination light emitted from the illumination source and the return light directed toward the detector share a common optical path within the integrated LIDAR measurement device. In some embodiments, the return light is separated from the illumination light by a beam splitter.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an apparatus includes a first stage and a second stage. The first stage may include a micro light-directing unit that is operable to receive a light beam from a light source and direct the light beam along one dimension to discrete input locations of a second stage. The second stage may be operable to receive the light beam from the first stage at the discrete input locations along the one dimension and direct the light beam through two dimensions to discrete output locations of the second stage to scan a three-dimensional space.

Abstract: A fluid measurement apparatus comprises: a first optical emitter configured to emit light to an irradiated object that includes a fluid; an optical detector configured to receive first received light emitted from the first optical emitter and transmitted through the fluid to thereby be shifted in frequency; and an estimation unit configured to estimate a flow state of the fluid based on the first received light.

Abstract: Various embodiments disclosed herein include techniques for determining autofocus for a camera on a mobile device. In some instances, depth imaging is used to assist in determining a focus position for the camera through an autofocus process. For example, a determination of depth may be used to determine a focus position for the camera. In another example, the determination of depth may be used to assist another autofocus process.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an image pickup device that enables inhibition of occurrence of color mixture or noise, and an electronic apparatus. The image pickup device of the present disclosure includes an image plane phase difference detection pixel for obtaining a phase difference signal for image plane phase difference AF.

Abstract: A sensor target cover capable of preventing an optical liquid level detection sensor from erroneously detecting a rise in a liquid level is provided. A sensor target cover is used in combination with an optical liquid level detection sensor. The sensor target cover includes a reflecting plate, an inner wall structure surrounding the reflecting plate, and an outer wall structure surrounding the inner wall structure. A gap is formed between the inner wall structure and the outer wall structure.

Abstract: In a state where a distance from an ejection port surface of an ejection head to a predetermined position corresponds to a first distance, a period detection unit detects a first period from when ejection of a droplet from an ejection port is started until when a droplet detection unit detects the droplet, and in a state where the distance from the ejection port surface of the ejection head to the predetermined position is changed to a second distance by a change unit, the period detection unit detects a second period from when ejection of a droplet from the ejection port is started until when the droplet detection unit detects the droplet, the second distance being different from the first distance. A calculation unit calculates an ejection speed of the droplet, based on the first distance, the second distance, the first period, and the second period.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a system that generates data describing physical surroundings of vehicles during operation. Individual vehicles carry sensors configured to generate output signals conveying information related to one or both of the physical surroundings of the vehicles and/or the operation of the vehicles. Based on the generated output signals, the physical surroundings in which the first vehicle is operating are derived, such as, for example, the speeds of different nearby vehicles, and their distances to each other.

Abstract: A position detecting member includes a base portion including a light-receiving surface having a black color tone and a back surface located on an opposite side to the light-receiving surface. A surface layer portion including at least the base portion is made of ceramic. An average value of root mean square slopes (R?q) on the light-receiving surface in a roughness curve is larger than an average value of root mean square slope (R?q) on the back surface.

Abstract: A light detection and ranging system arranged to scan a scene comprises a light source arranged to output light having a first characteristic. A spatial light modulator is arranged to receive the light from the light source and output spatially-modulated light in accordance with computer-generated holograms represented thereon. A holographic controller is arranged to output a plurality of holograms to the spatial light modulator. Each hologram is arranged to form a corresponding light footprint within the scene. The holographic controller is further arranged to change the position of the light footprint within the scene. A light detector is arranged to receive light having the first characteristic from the scene and output a light response signal.

Abstract: Disclosed is a surface sensing apparatus, one embodiment having a source of coherent radiation capable of outputting wavelength emissions to create a first illumination state to illuminate a surface and create a first speckle pattern, an emission deviation facility capable of influencing the emission to illuminate the surface and create a second illumination state and a second speckle pattern, and a sensor capable of sensing a representation of the first and a second speckle intensity from the first and second speckle pattern. Also disclosed are methods of sensing properties of the surface, one embodiment comprising the steps of illuminating the surface having a first surface state with the source of coherent radiation emission, sensing a first speckle intensity from the surface, influencing a relationship of the surface to the emission to create a second surface state and sensing a second speckle intensity from the surface at the second surface state.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method for operating a sensor arrangement including a first LIDAR and at least a second LIDAR sensor, wherein the first LIDAR sensor and the second LIDAR sensor(s) each repeatedly carry out measurements, wherein the measurements of the first and the second LIDAR sensors are carried out in respective first and second measuring time windows, at the beginning of which respective measurement beams are emitted by the first and the second LIDAR sensors and a check is made as to whether at least one reflected beam portion of the respective measurement beams is detected within the respective measuring first or second time windows.

Abstract: Arrays of droplet-on-demand dispensers are controlled by a row-column addressing scheme that can reduce the number of on-chip address lines, thereby making it feasible to construct large dispenser arrays. Decoders are used to further reduce the number of control lines that select a specific address line. A microfluidic logic controller includes row-select lines, each coupled to dispensers disposed on the same row, and column-select lines, each coupled to dispensers disposed on the same column such that each dispenser is associated with a unique row-column address. A logic circuit can actuate a dispenser only if the logic circuit receives signals from both of the row-select line and the column-select line corresponding to the row-column address of the selected dispenser. Reagents can be dispensed from the dispenser array, thereby allowing for rapid formatting of a reagent library into microfluidic droplets.

Abstract: A light detection and ranging (LIDAR) apparatus is provided that includes an optical source configured to emit an optical beam. The LIDAR apparatus further includes free space optics configured to receive a first portion of the optical beam as a target signal and a second portion of the optical beam as a local oscillator signal, and combine the target signal and the local oscillator signal. The LIDAR apparatus includes a multi-mode (MM) waveguide configured to receive the combined signal.

Abstract: A light detection and ranging system arranged to scan a scene comprises a light source arranged to output light having a first characteristic. A spatial light modulator is arranged to receive the light from the light source and output spatially-modulated light in accordance with computer-generated holograms represented thereon. A holographic controller is arranged to output a plurality of holograms to the spatial light modulator. Each hologram is arranged to form a corresponding light footprint within the scene. The holographic controller is further arranged to change the position of the light footprint within the scene. A light detector is arranged to receive light having the first characteristic from the scene and output a light response signal. The plurality of computer-generated holograms comprise a first plurality of holograms arranged to provide a first scan and a second plurality of holograms arranged to provide a second scan.

Abstract: A light detection and ranging (lidar) system may include a transceiver, a first device including a laser source configured to generate a beam, and one or more optical components, a second device including one or more analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), and a processor configured to alternately turn on the first device and turn on the transceiver. The first device may be configured to generate, based on the beam, an optical signal associated with a local oscillator (LO) signal. The transceiver may be configured to transmit the optical signal to an environment, in response to transmitting the optical signal, receive a returned optical signal that is reflected from an object in the environment, and pair the returned optical signal with the LO signal to generate an electrical signal. The second device may be configured to generate, based on the electrical signal, a digital signal.

Abstract: An optical assembly for an analyzer instrument for analysis of elemental composition of a sample using optical emission spectroscopy includes: an exciter generating an excitation focused at a target position to produce optical emission from the sample; and an optical arrangement including a light collection arrangement transferring the optical emission from the target position to a detector assembly's detector interface. The light collection arrangement includes: an off-axis parabolic light collecting mirror including an aperture, a lens arrangement including converging and diverging axicon lens portions, the lens arrangement positioned so its optical axis is parallel to that of the light collecting mirror and intersects a surface of the light collecting mirror at the aperture, and an off-axis parabolic focusing mirror having its focal point at the detector interface, the optical axis of the lens arrangement being parallel to that of the focusing mirror and intersects the focusing mirror's surface.

Abstract: In one general aspect, an apparatus can include a first laser subsystem configured to transmit a first laser beam at a first location on an object at a time and a second laser subsystem configured to transmit a second laser beam at a second location on the object at the time. The apparatus can include an analyzer configured to calculate a first velocity based on a first reflected laser beam reflected from the object in response to the first laser beam. The analyzer can be configured to calculate a second velocity based on a second reflected laser beam reflected from the object in response to the second laser beam. The first location can be targeted by the first laser subsystem and the second location can be targeted by the second laser subsystem such that the first velocity is substantially the same as the second velocity.

Abstract: A distance-measuring apparatus (2000) generates transmission light by generating a distance measurement signal, and subjecting an optical carrier wave to quadrature modulation on the basis of the generated distance measurement signal. The distance-measuring apparatus (2001) outputs transmission light, and receives reflected light generated by reflecting the transmission light on an object (10) to be measured. The distance-measuring apparatus (2000) compares the received reflected light with reference light to compute a distance from the distance-measuring apparatus (2000) to the object (10) to be measured.

Abstract: A light detection and ranging (LIDAR) apparatus is provided that includes a laser source configured to emit a laser beam in a first direction. The apparatus also includes lensing optics configured to pass a first portion of the laser beam in the first direction toward a target, return a second portion of the laser beam into a return path as a local oscillator signal, and return a target signal into the return path. The apparatus also includes a quarter-wave plate configured to polarize the laser beam headed in the first direction and polarize the target signal returned through the lensing optics. The apparatus also includes a polarization beam splitter configured to pass non-polarized light through the beam splitter in the first direction and reflect polarized light in a second direction different than the first direction, wherein the polarization beam splitter is further configured to enable interference between the local oscillator signal and the target signal to generate a mixed signal.

Abstract: A method and system of determining a viewership of a media content includes displaying a media content on an outward display device. For each vehicle in a predetermined range of the outward display device, a data packet comprising data from one or more sensors of the vehicle is received. It is determined whether the vehicle is unique based on the data packet. Upon determining from the data packet that the vehicle is unique, a dwell time of the vehicle is determined with respect to the displayed media content on the outward display device.

Abstract: A driving device generates a driving signal and outputs the driving signal to a piezoelectric element, the driving signal having a waveform obtained by using, as a first modulated wave, a first low-frequency wave having a frequency of 1 Hz or more and less than 100 Hz, using, as a second modulated wave, a waveform obtained by modulating an amplitude of a second low-frequency wave having a frequency of 100 Hz or more and 300 Hz or less with the first modulated wave, and modulating a high-frequency wave having a frequency of 20 kHz or more and 100 kHz or less with the second modulated wave.

Abstract: A sensor assembly can include a housing that includes a view pane and a mounting feature configured to replace a trailer light of a cargo trailer of a semi-trailer truck. The sensor assembly can also include a lighting element mounted within the housing to selectively generate light, and a sensor mounted within the housing and having a field of view through the view pane. The sensor assembly can also include a communication interface configured to transmit sensor data from the sensor to a control system of the self-driving tractor.

Abstract: Provided are systems and methods for using laser interferometry to measure moving objects. Systems provided include laser interferometry systems comprising: a laser emitter configured to emit a laser beam; a beam splitter configured to split the emitted laser beam into a first split beam directed towards a deflector and a second split beam, wherein the first split beam comprises a first beam diameter and a second beam diameter, the first beam diameter being greater than the second beam diameter, and the second split beam comprises a third beam diameter and a fourth beam diameter, the third split beam diameter being greater than the fourth beam diameter; and a deflector configured to deflect the first split beam to intersect with the first split beam, wherein the first beam diameter and the third beam diameter are parallel.

Abstract: A LIDAR (1) includes at least one light emitting output (11) and at least one light receiving input (12), at least one light source (2) adapted to emit pulsed laser radiation and at least one light detector (3) adapted to receive reflected laser radiation. The light source (2) is coupled to a first port (411) of a duplexer (4), a fourth port (421) of the duplexer (4) is coupled to the light emitting output (11), and a third port (412) of the duplexer (4) is coupled to the light receiving input (12). A second port (422) of the duplexer (4) is coupled to the light detector (3). The LIDAR may be provided to a car or a robot, which employs the device and its method of operation, for optical remote sensing of a target (85).

Abstract: An optoelectronic sensor is provided that has at least one light transmitter for transmitting a plurality of mutually separated light beams starting from a respective one transmission point; a transmission optics for the transmitted light beams; at least one light receiver for generating a respective received signal from the remitted light beams reflected from the objects and incident at a respective reception point; a reception optics for the remitted light beams; and an evaluation unit for acquiring information on the objects from the received signals. The reception optics and/or the transmission optics is/are a two-lens objective for an annular image field with an image field angle that has a first lens and a second lens, with the first lens being configured such that bundles of rays of every single transmission point and/or reception point with an image field angle ? only impinge on half of the second lens.

Abstract: An analysis and observation device includes: an electromagnetic wave emitter that emits a primary electromagnetic wave; a reflective object lens having a primary mirror provided with a primary reflection surface reflecting a secondary electromagnetic wave and a secondary mirror provided with a secondary reflection surface receiving and further reflecting the secondary electromagnetic wave; first and second detectors that receive the secondary electromagnetic wave and generate an intensity distribution spectrum; and a controller that performs component analysis of a sample based on the intensity distribution spectrum. A transmissive region through which the primary electromagnetic wave is transmitted is provided at a center of the secondary mirror.

Abstract: A system including an optical scanner to transmit an optical beam towards an object. The system includes a first optical element to receive a returned reflection having a lag angle; and steer the returned reflection to generate a first steered beam. The system includes a beam steering unit to receive the first steered beam, wherein the first steered beam is propagating at a first beam angle; and steer, the first steered beam based on an array voltage to generate a second steered beam at a first location on a photodetector. The system includes a processor to adjust the array voltage to cause the beam steering unit to steer the second steered beam from the first location on the photodetector to a second location on the photodetector to compensate for the lag angle.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods and systems for flight velocimetry employing at least one bleaching laser, at least one detection laser, at least one dichroic mirror, an objective, a detection system, and a nano stage to bleach a dye to form a bleached blot in a flow pathway.

Abstract: The present technology relates to a measurement apparatus and a measurement method that realize reduction in power consumption while at the same time ensuring reduction in cost. Provided is a measurement apparatus that includes a light source, a light reception section, and a measurement section. The light source emits at least partially coherent light. The light reception section receives the light emitted from the light source by way of a measurement target and detects a signal proportional to the received light. The measurement section measures the number of oscillations included in the signal detected by the light reception section within a certain time period. For example, the present technology can be applied to a measurement apparatus measuring a blood flow of a human body.

Abstract: Apparatus and associated methods relate to determining an effective size, quantity, shape, and type of water particles in a cloud atmosphere based on differences in amplitudes of optical signals backscattered at different backscattering angles. Off-axis backscattering—backscattering at angles other than 180 degrees—is affected by the effective size, quantity, shape, and type of water droplets. Detected amplitudes of optical signals that are backscattered at different angles are used to indicate the effective size, quantity, shape, and type of water particles in the cloud atmosphere. In some embodiments, optical emitters and detectors are configured to measure amplitudes of optical signals backscattered at backscattering angles of both on-axis—180 degrees—and off-axis varieties.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of an optimal arrangement in time of a laser emitter and a detector for a remote sensing application, comprising: —setting a target time unit integration time tp; —translating said time unit integration time into a reduced time ?p and its corresponding power increase factor ??1; —activating both the laser emitter, with a power output corrected by ??1, and the detector for a duration of ?p; —deactivating the emitter and detector after duration ?p; —keep emitter and detector off for the subsequent duration toff=tp??p.The invention further relates to a device implementing said method.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a system and method for facilitating estimation of a spatial profile of an environment based on a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) based technique. By repurposing the optical energy for communications needs, the present disclosure facilitates spatial profile estimation by optical means while facilitating free-space optical communication.

Abstract: A method of predicting the likelihood of a post T-off golf swing or consecutive swings resulting in a ball being sunk in a hole; the method utilizing communication equipped cameras or communication equipped laser rangefinders at known locations to determine accurate ball lie information. Transmission of this location information in real time to a processing facility linked to a database of historical play information incorporating at least ball position information and golf course in order to calculate odds of success of the upcoming swing and/or subsequent swings.

Abstract: The display apparatus includes a display including a touch screen; a plurality of transducers provided to be spaced apart from each other at edges of the touch screen, and configured to transmit and receive an ultrasonic signal with respect to the touch screen; and a processor configured to identify a touch position on the touch screen based on the ultrasonic signal transmitted and received by the plurality of transducers, wherein the transducer includes a plurality of electrodes arranged from an edge side of the touch screen toward an inner side of the touch screen, and a first electrode at the edge side among the plurality of electrodes is shorter than a second electrode at the inner side.

Abstract: To detect air in a fluid delivery line of an infusion system, infusion fluid is pumped through a fluid delivery line adjacent to at least one sensor. A signal is transmitted and received using the at least one sensor into and from the fluid delivery line. The at least one sensor is operated, using at least one processor, at a modified frequency which is different than a resonant frequency of the at least one sensor to reduce an amplitude of an output of the signal transmitted from the at least one sensor to a level which is lower than a saturation level of the analog-to-digital converter to avoid over-saturating the analog-to-digital converter. The signal received by the at least one sensor is converted from analog to digital using an analog-to-digital converter. The at least one processor determines whether air is in the fluid delivery line based on the converted digital signal.

Abstract: Various technologies described herein pertain to a time of flight lidar sensor system that uses a coherent detection scheme. The lidar sensor system includes a laser source, a semiconductor optical amplifier, a combiner, and a balanced detector. The laser source emits an input optical signal. The semiconductor optical amplifier receives a first portion of the input optical signal and outputs a modulated optical signal (amplified and modulated). The combiner receives a second portion of the input optical signal and a returned optical signal received responsive to transmission of at least a portion of the modulated optical signal. The combiner coherently mixes the second portion of the input optical signal with the returned optical signal and outputs mixed optical signals. The balanced detector detects the mixed optical signals and generates an output signal (e.g., a differential photocurrent), which can be used to detect a distance to a target.

Abstract: A method for operating a laser unit as a function of a detected state of an object. The method includes: outputting a light beam having a light beam intensity, using the laser unit, during a first time period and a second time period; receiving at least one reflected partial beam having a partial beam intensity during the first and second time periods; making the light beam and the partial beam interfere with each other in the first and second time periods to obtain a first interference parameter for the first time period and a second interference parameter for the second time period; ascertaining the state of the object; changing an operating state of the laser unit as a function of the ascertained state of the object.

Abstract: A Semi-Active Laser sensor for determining a line-of-site to a target includes: a receiver for receiving a plurality of target pulses; a processor for starting a target track for pulses that cross a noise threshold opening a pulse gate within the target track; and for every laser pulse received within the pulse gate crossing the noise threshold, determining a time index relative to the pulse gate center; and a memory for storing the pulses that cross the noise threshold and their respective time index, wherein the processor further temporally offsets the stored pulses based on their corresponding time indexes, sums the offset pulses together to generate a summed pulse signal, and determines the line-of-sight error to the target from the summed pulse signal.

Abstract: A speed control and track change detection device for railways is characterised in that it comprises three high-frequency radar sensors located at the vertices of an imaginary triangle and a digital processing device for processing the signals detected by the radars, wherein in the case of the speed control system, both sensors are located at 1 m distance from each other along the axis of the path of the railway and inspect the ground of the infrastructure 2 cm away from the outside of each rail, and according to the temporal offset of the signals obtained the digital processing device estimates the exact speed of the train.

Abstract: A method for tracking moving particles in a fluid. The method includes illuminating the moving particles with an illumination sequence of patterns generated by a light projector; measuring with a single camera light intensities reflected by the moving particles; calculating, based on the measured light intensity, digital coordinates (x?, y?, z?) of the moving particles; determining a mapping function f that maps the digital coordinates (x?, y?, z?) of the moving particles to physical coordinates (x, y, z) of the moving particles; and calculating the physical coordinates (x, y, z) of the moving particles based on the mapping function f. The illumination sequence of patterns is generated with a single wavelength, and light emitted by the projector is perpendicular to light received by the single camera.