Abstract: A growing state of a plant is appropriately managed with a convenient method. For example, a control apparatus to control a work machine with an autonomous movement function includes an illuminance information obtaining section to obtain the illuminance information indicating at least one of (i) the illuminance of the work machine in motion and (ii) the illuminance of a region located on an advancing direction of the work machine in motion and a control section to control at least one of an advancing direction, an advancing speed, a work mode and a travel mode of the work machine based on the illuminance information obtained by the illuminance information obtaining section.

Abstract: An example toner refill cartridge includes a body to accommodate toner, a plunger inserted into the body and movably coupled to the body in a longitudinal direction of the body, and capable of pushing the toner out of the body, a toner injection amount detector to detect each of a plurality of movement positions of the plunger in accordance with the movement of the plunger, and a connection interface to connect to an image forming apparatus to transmit a signal corresponding to each of the detected movement position to the image forming apparatus.

Abstract: A pipe adapter for optical flow measurement having a fluid pipe that has a flow-through inner flow space. At least one window element transparent to a measurement optics is introduced in the fluid pipe. The fluid pipe is surrounded, at least in the region of the window element, by a pressure-resistant housing by which the window element is mounted in an inner housing space, and with the inner housing space is at least indirectly fluidically interactive and/or in fluidic communication with the inner flow space.

Abstract: A reflected light amount from a patch under a first light source is acquired, and a reflected light amount from the patch under a second light source whose wavelength band is different from the first light source is acquired. The type of a printing medium on which the patch is printed is determined based on the ratio of the two acquired reflected light amounts.

Abstract: A method of detecting degradation of an optical target on a trailer. The method includes generating a first set of data corresponding to optical characteristics of an optical target on a trailer. The method also includes generating a second set of data corresponding to optical characteristics of an optical target on a trailer after generating the first set of data. The method further includes providing an alert if differences between the first and second sets of data exceed predefined criteria indicating that the target has degraded. The predefined criteria may comprise fading or other suitable optical characteristics of the target.

Abstract: Provided is a system for providing spectral analysis with a spectrophotometer. The system includes an illuminator positioned adjacent to a carrier having a surface; a linear sensor positioned adjacent to the carrier; and a micropatterned optical filter is positioned between the linear sensor and the carrier. The illuminator is configured to emit light at a material disposed over the surface. The linear sensor is configured to receive the light from the illuminator.

Abstract: A method for position calibration of a spot of a known geometry of an optical sensor is disclosed. The method may include providing a position calibration patch on a sheet at a position which is known with respect to a reference position on the sheet, along a scan path of the spot of the optical sensor across the sheet. The patch may include at least two adjacent blocks of different colors. The method may also include obtaining a sampling of the position calibration patch using the optical sensor. The method may further include determining from the sampling a relative coverage of the spot over the color blocks of the position calibration patch, and based on the known geometry of the spot and on the determined relative coverage, determining the position of the spot of the sensor with respect to the reference position.

Abstract: A transportable goniospectrometer with a constant observation center for a radiometric measurement of the reflection of a natural surface includes a spectrometer having an optical unit and a sensor. A main pillar has a lower and an upper pillar end. An arc has a fixed and a free arc end. A slide is disposed displaceably and fixably along the arc. The slide carries the optical unit orientated towards the observation center. A cantilever has a fixed cantilever end connected to the upper pillar end via a screw connection, and a free cantilever end which has a suspension that is rotatable and fixable about a vertical axis. The suspension is connected to the sensor and to the fixed arc end of the arc. The suspension is configured to position the arc at a distance of the arc radius of the arc above the natural surface.

Abstract: A color measurement device includes a light pipe and a light source. The light pipe is oriented length-wise towards a color sample surface along a first axis that is non-perpendicular to the surface. A color sample is positioned on the surface. The light pipe has a near opening, a far opening, and a face at the far opening. The near opening is closer to the color sample than the far opening. The light source is positioned near the far opening of the light pipe, and is to output light along a second axis and into the light pipe at the far opening. The light reflects off the surface after exiting the light pipe at the near opening. The second axis is non-perpendicular to the face of the light pipe at the far opening. The light non-uniformly illuminates the color sample after exiting the light pipe at the near opening.

Abstract: A spectral imaging system comprises a plurality of spectral units arranged in an array, each spectral unit of the plurality of spectral units comprising: a microlens having an optical axis; a spectral filter having a center wavelength and aligned with the optical axis; a fiber optic bundle, the fiber optic bundle having a curved light receiving surface and a planar light output surface, wherein the curved light receiving surface is aligned with the optical axis; and a plurality of pixel sensors configured to receive light from the planar light output surface of the fiber optic taper portion.

Abstract: This invention provides a novel methods and devices for measurement of particle concentration or changes in particle concentration over a wide linear range. The invention comprises one or more radiation sources and one or more detectors contained in a housing which is interfaced to a medium containing particulate matter. The one or more radiation sources are directed into the medium, scattered or transmitted by the particulate matter, and then some portion of the radiation is detected by the one or more detectors. Methods for confining the measurement to a specific volume within the medium are described. Algorithms are provided for combining the signals generated by multiple source-detector pairs in a manner that results in a wide linear range of response to changes in particle concentration. In one embodiment the sensor provides non-invasive measurements of biomass in a bioreactor. In another embodiment an immersible probe design is described, which may be suited for one-time use.

Abstract: A color value for an optical fiber of a fiberscope can be generated on the basis of the intensity values of a plurality of sensor elements of a sensor element arrangement that are sensitive to one spectral region each from a set of sensor spectral regions, if calibration values are provided for each of the spectral regions associated with the optical fiber. The intensity values of all sensor elements of the respective spectral region that are illuminated by the light guide can be combined with the provided calibration values, in order to obtain the color value associated with the optical fiber, which reproduces the color of the light transported by the optical fiber.

Abstract: The inventive technique of detecting and analyzing light from a light-emitting particle in accordance with the scanning molecule counting method using an optical measurement with a confocal microscope or a multiphoton microscope is characterized by detecting intensities of components of two or more wavelength bands of light from a light detection region of an optical system with moving the position of the light detection region in a sample solution by changing the optical path of the optical system of the microscope; detecting individually signals of the light from each light-emitting particle in the intensities of the components of the two or more wavelength bands of the detected light; and identifying a kind of light-emitting particle based on the intensities of the components of the two or more wavelength bands of the signals of the light of the detected light-emitting particle.

Abstract: In one example, the article includes instructions for illuminating a color patch with a first illumination intensity, capturing a first color measurement of the color patch, adjusting the first illumination intensity to a second illumination intensity based on the first color measurement, illuminating the color patch with the second illumination intensity, and capturing a second color measurement. In one example, the system discloses a light source illuminates a color patch with a first illumination intensity, a color measurement module captures a first color measurement of the color patch, wherein the color measurement module causes the light source to adjust the first illumination intensity to a second illumination intensity based on the first color measurement, and wherein the color measurement module captures a second color measurement of the color patch. In one example, the method discloses blocks for effecting the article and system.

Abstract: A detector detects the color of a medium after a gas to be identified and a reagent have chemically reacted with each other on the medium. A controller identifies color information, which is most similar to the color detected by the detector, from color information stored in a spectral database, and reads gas identifying information related to the identified color information, as gas identifying information representing the gas to be identified, from the spectral database.

Abstract: Large digital displays for entertainment, architectural and advertising displays have interconnected display panels with pluralities of light emitting elements. To solve calibration problems, each of the display panels stores measured luminance and chromaticity data for each of the light emitting elements of the panel. The luminance data is independent of the chromaticity data. A central controller can then perform calibration procedures so that the light emitting elements are matched across the entire display.

Abstract: A system and method includes a detecting at least one color on a substrate using a mobile communication device, identifying the detected color and outputting a result of the identification with the mobile communication device.

Abstract: A color analysis system includes a light source and a sensor configured to provide an output signal in response to reflected light received from the first light source. A controller receives the output signal and is configured to determine an adjustment factor based on the output signal, and determine a color based on the output signal and the adjustment factor.

Abstract: A backside illuminated imaging sensor includes a semiconductor layer and an infrared detecting layer. The semiconductor layer has a front surface and a back surface. An imaging pixel includes a photodiode region formed within the semiconductor layer. The infrared detecting layer is disposed above the front surface of the semiconductor layer to receive infrared light that propagates through the imaging sensor from the back surface of the semiconductor layer.

Abstract: Provided is a microscope and an observation method which can improve spatial resolution. A microscope according to an aspect of the invention includes a laser light source (10), an objective lens (16) that focuses light from the laser light source on a sample, and a detector (22) that detects the laser light as signal light from a sample (17) when the sample (17) is irradiated with the laser light. The light is applied to the sample with an intensity changed to obtain a nonlinear region where intensities of the light and the signal light have a nonlinear relation due to occurrence of saturation or nonlinear increase of the signal light when the light has a maximum intensity, and the detector (22) detects the signal light according to the intensity of the laser light to perform observation based on a saturation component or a nonlinear increase component of the signal light.

Abstract: At least some aspects of the disclosure are directed towards densitometers and methods of determining optical density of printed images upon media. According to one example, an optical density determination apparatus includes a first light source configured to emit a first light beam in a first direction towards a substrate; a second light source configured to emit a second light beam in a second direction towards the substrate, the second direction being different than the first direction; a first sensor configured to sense light of the first light beam reflected from the substrate; a second sensor configured to sense light of the second light beam reflected from the substrate; and wherein the first and second sensors are configured to provide signals indicative of the light sensed by the first and second sensors and which are useable to determine optical density of the substrate.

Abstract: An photodetector includes: a first light receiving element that receives light including ambient light; a second light receiving element that receives light including the ambient light; and a red color filter disposed on an optical path through which the ambient light is incident on the second light receiving element.

Abstract: A hand-held color measurement device is provided that includes a housing with an opto-measurement unit. The latter includes an optics array for receiving measurement light and a sensor array which is exposed to the measurement light, converts the measurement light into electrical measurement signals, and processes them to form digital measurement data. The measurement unit (M) consists of an aspherical input lens (L1), an aperture (B) for limiting the incident angular range, a depolarizing diffuser (D), a sensor lens (L2) and at least three sensors (S1, 52, S3) which are sensitized to different spectral ranges using color filters (F1, F2, F3). The aperture (B) lies substantially in the focal plane of the input lens (L1), and the diffuser (D) is arranged in the immediate vicinity of the aperture (B) and in the focal plane of the sensor lens (L2). The filters (F1, F2, F3) and the sensors (S1, S2, S3) are arranged close to the optical axis (A) and exposed to substantially parallel measurement light.

Abstract: Disclosed are: a lighting environment control facility capable of controlling light to be irradiated on cultivated crops to an optimum condition for the growth of the crops, thereby activating a natural defense of the crops against pests; a pest control method capable of determining whether or not to control pests of cultivated crops and controlling the pests on the basis of the determination; and an intensive cultivation method. The facility is used for pesticide-free cultivation, and includes a crop cultivation house which is formed of a light transmissive material and in which crops are cultivated, and a lighting control unit that controls the light to be irradiated upon the crops in the crop cultivation house.

Abstract: The invention describes a method of controlling the color of the light output of a lamp (1), which method comprises electronically collecting color data pertaining to a first color (C1) to obtain a first color description (D1), electronically collecting color data pertaining to a second color (C2) to obtain a second color description (D2), and combining the first color description (D1) with the second color description (D2) to obtain a target color description (DT). The target color description (DT) is transferred to a control unit (4) of the lamp (1), and the lamp (1) is driven according to the target color description (DT) to give a target color light output. The invention also relates to a system (3) for controlling the color of the light output of a lamp.

Abstract: A color sensor array includes a plurality of sensors. Each of the plurality of sensors has a width dimension and a length dimension that is elongated with respect to the width dimension. The length dimensions of the sensors are substantially equal to one another and parallel to an illumination plane. Each of the plurality of sensors includes a face defined by opposing first and second elongated sides and opposing first and second non-elongated sides. The first non-elongated sides of the plurality of sensors are aligned with one another along an axis that is substantially perpendicular to the illumination plane.

Abstract: A color selection and coordination system including a database of predetermined color relationships implementing a data-driven color model. A starting color is associated with a first color in the color database. One or more predefined color palettes associated with the first color may be retrieved, each palette including one or more coordinating colors, the coordinating colors being predetermined based on the first color and a color coordination algorithm.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for identifying transparent objects, for example measurement cuvettes, with the aid of their absorption spectrum and therefore makes it possible to protect articles against forgery or imitation.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes a number of method, medium, and apparatus claims utilized for color sensor performance. One method includes determining performance of a color sensor, which can be performed by measuring a color parameter intensity and reflectance spectral power distribution of a particular type of print medium with a color sensing utility of a print apparatus. The method also can include detecting a magnitude of a difference between the measured color parameter intensity and reflectance spectral power distribution of the particular type of print medium and a predetermined intensity and reflectance spectral power distribution of the color parameter of the particular type of print medium, where the predetermined intensity and reflectance spectral power distribution is stored in memory.

Abstract: A reference-color measurement step of obtaining a reference-color measurement value by measuring a spectroscopic-radiation luminance of a light being emitted from a reference-color portion in a measurement direction, or a tristimulus value thereof, using a light-source-color measuring instrument, without irradiating the reference-color portion with a light source for measurement, in a predetermined measurement environment, is disclosed. An objective-portion measurement step of obtaining an objective-portion measurement value by measuring a spectroscopic-radiation luminance of a light being emitted from a measurement-objective portion in the measurement direction, or a tristimulus value thereof, using the light-source-color measuring instrument, without irradiating the measurement-objective portion with a light source for measurement, in the measurement environment, is also disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus that can measure both haze and clarity on a web moving at conventional manufacturing speeds. The apparatus uses an integrating sphere and a novel mirror arrangement. With this arrangement, the invention can utilize a calibration curve created using known samples over the range of measurement desired to convert in real time, and the response of two photo detectors that measure the wide and low angle scattering signals, to deduce the desired optical property values. This approach significantly increases the speed and response of sensor and enables either on-line single point or full web scanning for uniformity measurement and control.

Abstract: The invention is an optical measuring unit (10) for carrying out a reflective measurement, the unit comprising a light source (11) suitable for illuminating a surface to be measured, a measuring sensor (12a, 12b) for detecting a light reflected by the surface to be measured, and a light blocking optical element (13) separating the measuring sensor (12a, 12b) from the direct light of the light source (11) and having an internal space that comprises a straight centreline light tube (14) extending from the light source (11) to the surface to be measured. The inner space of the light blocking optical element (13) comprises a shaded space (19) extending from the centreline of the light tube (14) farther than the light tube (14), in which a monitoring sensor (15) is arranged, said monitoring sensor (15) being subjected to a part of the direct light of the light source (11) and enabling compensation of a change of the light emission of the light source (11).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of determination of a matching variant of a standard colour of a repair paint matching the effect colour of an object to be repaired, the method comprising the steps of a) determination of the standard colour of the colour of the object to be repaired, and b) determination of the best matching variant of the standard colour from a given number of variant colours, wherein • a swatch coated with the colour of the standard colour is visually compared under at least two different angles of illumination and/or observation with the colour to be matched, • the visual deviation from the standard colour and the colour of the object to be matched being evaluated on the basis of predetermined deviations for the visual properties, wherein the predetermined visual properties comprise at least one colour property and at least one texture property, •based on the predetermined deviations for the visual properties of the standard colour and the colour of the object to be matched, the best mat

Abstract: A laser irradiation process includes: scanning a substrate with laser having a predetermined lasing frequency at different irradiation intensities to form a plurality of first irradiation areas corresponding to the irradiation intensities; illuminating the first irradiation areas to reflected light receive from the first irradiation areas; determining microcrystallization intensity based on the received reflected light; and determining irradiation intensity based on the thus determined microcrystallization intensity. The laser irradiation process uses the irradiation intensity for irradiating a polycrystalline film in a product semiconductor device.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an imaging method may include receiving an intensity value of a first spectral channel associated with a pixel location. The intensity value of the first spectral channel may be based on electromagnetic radiation reflected from an object after being emitted from a narrow-band electromagnetic radiation source. The method may further include defining an intensity value of a second spectral channel based on the intensity value of the first spectral channel. The second spectral channel may be associated with a spectral region of electromagnetic radiation different from a spectral region of electromagnetic radiation associated with the first spectral channel. The method may also include associating the intensity value of the second spectral channel with the pixel location.

Abstract: A colorimeter of a profile generator calorimetrically measures a color chart after elapse of a sufficient period of time from printing of the color chart, thereby producing post-dry-down colorimetric values. The colorimeter also calorimetrically measures certain patches selected from the color chart immediately after printing thereof, thereby producing pre-dry-down calorimetric values. Colorimetric value differences between the post-dry-down colorimetric values and the pre-dry-down colorimetric values are calculated. Using the calorimetric value differences and the post-dry-down calorimetric values, device-dependent data are converted into colorimetric values, which represent pre-dry-down device-independent data. The colors of a print prior to dry-down are predicted based on such converted colorimetric values.

Abstract: A method of preparing effect pigment color formulas matched to a color original, comprising the steps of (a) producing a calibration series for each pigment included in the coloring system of an effect pigment color original, (b) experimentally determining the reflectances R? of the color original and of the calibration series, (c) calculating the optical parameters of the color original and of the constituents of the coloring system, (d) selecting a suitable starting formula, (e) determining the residual color difference between the starting formula and the color original, (f) producing a first matched color formula, (g) and repeating steps (e) and (f) until the residual color difference between the matched color formula and the color original is acceptable, which involves (i) transforming the reflectances R? of the color original and of the calibration series by means of a suitable mathematical function such that all of the transformed reflectances R?? lie between 0 and 1, and (ii) calculating the optical

Abstract: A control station for a printing press, includes at least one true color monitor for displaying at least one soft proof serving as a color reference for printed copies printed during the printing process, and at least one standard light source for at least partial illuminating the control station to allow visual comparison, independent of room lighting, of a printed copy with the soft proof serving as the color reference. The luminosity produced by the at least one standard light source is variable, so that the luminosity produced by the at least one standard light source can be adjusted to match a brightness achievable on the true color monitor to match a contrast achievable on the true color monitor during the display of the soft proof.

Abstract: Embodiments include an apparatus including a color sensor including a transmitter portion and a receiver portion, the transmitter portion including a light source operable to generate and transmit a light having a particular range of wavelengths, the receiver portion including a first detector operable to receive a first portion of the light emitted from the transmitter portion and to measure a luminance of the received first portion of the emitted light, and a second detector including a polarization filter, the second detector operable to receive a second portion of the light emitted from the transmitter after the second portion has passed through the polarization filter, and operable to measure a pure color of the received second portion of transmitted light.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes a unit configured to acquire spectral data of ambient light to be estimated, a unit configured to receive spectral data and ambient light type information of a plurality of reference ambient light conditions, a comparison unit configured to compare the spectral data of the ambient light to be estimated with the spectral data of the plurality of reference ambient light conditions, and an estimation unit configured to estimate an ambient light type of the spectral data of the ambient light to be estimated from the ambient light type information of the reference ambient light based on a result of comparison provided by the comparison unit.

Abstract: Provided is a one-chip vitality measuring image sensor. The image sensor includes one chip where a plurality of IR pixels and a plurality of visible pixels are alternately disposed, IR pass filters which are disposed on the IR pixels, and color pass filters which are disposed on the visible pixels. In the image sensor, IR strength and color strengths are obtained from light which is incident to the IR pixels and the visible pixels, and a vitality of a subject is measured by comparing the IR strength with the color strengths.

Abstract: A reference-color measurement step of obtaining a reference-color measurement value by measuring a spectroscopic-radiation luminance of a light being emitted from a reference-color portion in a measurement direction, or a tristimulus value thereof, using a light-source-color measuring instrument 5, without irradiating the reference-color portion with a light source for measurement, in a predetermined measurement environment; an objective-portion measurement step of obtaining an objective-portion measurement value by measuring a spectroscopic-radiation luminance of a light being emitted from a measurement-objective portion in the measurement direction, or a tristimulus value thereof, using the light-source-color measuring instrument 5, without irradiating the measurement-objective portion with a light source for measurement, in the measurement environment; and a color identification step of finding a color of the measurement-objective portion by means of computation from a ratio of the objective-portion measur

Abstract: A system (200) and method (800) for determining whether a sample object (203) has a color that is within a predetermined range is provided. The system (200) includes a light source (201) capable of projecting lights having different light wavelength spectrum upon the sample object (203). A controller (222) causes the light source (201) to project a first light wavelength spectrum upon the sample object (203), then another, then another, and so forth. While each light is projecting upon the object, a monochromatic image capture device (202) captures an image having luminous intensity information. The luminous intensity information, or a subset thereof selected by an image selection tool (232) is then compared to the statistical range, which is derived from a plurality of images taken of a reference object (403).

Abstract: A method for determining a mixture composition of a plurality of fluorescent materials includes steps of calculating a first function, calculating a second function and determining a secondary mixture composition of the plurality of fluorescent materials. The first function is calculated by comparing an objective spectrum of an objective light with a reference spectrum of a reference light. The second function is calculated by comparing a primary spectrum of the plurality of fluorescent materials mixed at a primary mixture with the reference spectrum composition. The secondary mixture composition is determined on the basis of the result of comparison between the first function and the second function.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for calibrating a color temperature of a projector that creates a light of a desired color by mixing primary lights. The method includes setting target values for the mixed light, measuring color coordinate values for the primary lights, calculating the target brightness values for the primary lights using the target values and the measured color coordinate values, and calibrating the output of the primary lights output from the projector based on the calculated target brightness values.

Abstract: A laser irradiation process includes: scanning a substrate with laser having a predetermined lasing frequency at different irradiation intensities to form a plurality of first irradiation areas corresponding to the irradiation intensities; illuminating the first irradiation areas to reflected light receive from the fist irradiation areas; determining microcrystallization intensity based on the received reflected light; and determining irradiation intensity based on the thus determined microcrystallization intensity. The laser irradiation process uses the irradiation intensity for irradiating a polycrystalline film in a product semiconductor device.

Abstract: An optical processing apparatus that is capable of detecting accurately the sticking status of deposits sticking to optical means in a background of same color as deposits, preventing occurrence of defective soldering due to feeding failure of wire solder, and detecting solder failure when the leading end portion of the wire solder does not reach up to the processing area. This optical processing apparatus comprises light energy output means for producing light energy, a first optical path for guiding the light energy into a work, optical means disposed in the first optical path for shaping the light energy, a second optical path sharing part of the first optical path for guiding the light from the work to photo receiving means, and driving means for changing the relative positions of at least the optical means and the work.

Abstract: The specification describes an optical wavelength monitor/analyzer that uses a cost effective wavelength reference source. The wavelength reference source is a nominally fixed wavelength laser with inherent tunability over a very limited wavelength range, i.e. a few nanometers. Tuning is effected by changing the temperature of the laser. The limited range is useful for making multiple wavelength measurements in the context of analyzing wavelength drift in tunable optical filters.

Abstract: A color inspection system capable of making a determination on pass or failure with accuracy equivalent to that for the case of a visual inspection even in the case of inspecting various textile products as measurement targets, such as raised cloth, cloth with printed patterns such as a marbled pattern, moire pattern and detailed pattern is provided. With the color inspection system, an illuminant is set to shine a light on the surface of a textile product placed on the top surface of a measuring platform to thereby make measurements from a direction at an angle of 45 degrees from the surface of a measuring region of the textile product by use of a spectroradiometer of a measuring unit. The spectroradiometer is provided with a wide range lens attached thereto to thereby expand a measuring region. The results of measurement by the spectroradiometer are inputted to an information processor of a determination unit.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for evaluating control marks on printing materials by an optical sensor connected to a computer, which interprets overshooting of a predefined intensity threshold as it registers the printing material being a line of a printed control mark. The apparatus is distinguished by the fact that the control mark is registered by a color measuring instrument and that the intensity threshold of the optical sensor is calculated by the computer in dependence on the measured color value registered by the color measuring instrument.