Abstract: Provided is an encoder apparatus that is free from battery maintenance or has low frequency of battery maintenance. The encoder apparatus includes: a position detection system including: a scale; a light emitter that irradiates the scale with light; a light detector that changes a relative position thereof with the scale in response to movement of a mover; and a detector that detects position information on the mover based on a detection result of the light detector. The encoder apparatus also includes an electric signal generator that generates an electric signal in response to the movement of the mover; and a light emission adjuster that adjusts emission of light from the light emitter based on the electric signal.

Abstract: A system for filtering light using a spectrometer enhanced with spectral filters using an array of independent photodetectors to measure the fluorescent or scattered light signal. A system comprising a light source, an illuminated sample, a light spectrum device, a collimator lens, a plurality of spectral filters each having a varying and selected light transmission spectrum and a plurality of photodetectors wherein each photodetector is oriented to a spectral filter. A scanning cytometer for measuring fluorescence and light scattering from an illuminated portion of the sample comprising a first light source, a scanner scanning in two axes, a fluorescence detector, an objective lens, an optically translucent medium through which a sample may be illuminated and a confocal apparatus positioned distally from the light source and sample and through which light signals from the sample are transmitted to a fluorescence detector.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an optical device. The optical device comprises an electronic component, a plurality of light conducting pillars and an opaque layer. The electronic component includes a plurality of pixels. Each of the light conducting pillars is disposed over a corresponding pixel of the plurality of pixels of the electronic component. The opaque layer covers a lateral surface of each of the light conducting pillars.

Abstract: The present invention includes: an optical fiber being provided either of between a light source and a measurement cell and between the measurement cell and a light detection part; and light path switching means adapted to achieve switching between a measurement cell passage state in which a light path formed by light transmission means passes through the measurement cell and a measurement cell non-passage state in which the light path formed by the light transmission means passes through a region different from the measurement cell, wherein calibration processing for a first calibration with a long calibration cycle is performed in the measurement cell passage state, and calibration processing for a second calibration with a short calibration cycle is performed in the measurement cell non-passage state.

Abstract: A hydrogen purity sensing system includes a light source which provides an optical signal through a fiber optic cable. A hydrogen purity sensor is provided in the system which comprises a multilayered nanostructural film of high refractive index and low refractive index materials for receiving the optical signal. The system further includes a photodetector for receiving a reflected optical signal from the hydrogen purity sensor and a processing circuitry coupled to the photodetector for analyzing the reflected optical signal.

Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatus and a method for detecting a surface plasmon resonance. The apparatus may radiate a polarized beam of light to a device, such as a surface plasmon resonance generator, and may measure variations in a temperature of the device to detect whether a surface plasmon resonance has occurred. The detection of a surface plasmon resonance may be associated with the presence of a particular material such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or materials disrupting ozone, for example.

Abstract: A method and system for calibrating a multiple-beam curvature/flatness sensor in order to provide an accurate media curvature/flatness measurement. One or more flat media sheets are passed through a multiple-beam media curvature/flatness sensor and the timing data associated with the lead edge/trail edge crossing each beam associated with the multiple beam curvature/flatness sensor is used for the calibration of the curvature/flatness sensor system. The unknown variables in the media curvature/flatness equation which takes into consideration of the manufacture and assembly errors of the sensor as well as the media deflection due to gravity can be determined and eliminated in order to obtain a calibrated media curvature/flatness equation. The calibrated media curvature/flatness equation can further be applied in the curvature/flatness measurement in order to achieve accurate measurement results.

Abstract: A laser and monitoring system is provided. In another aspect of the present invention, the system includes a laser, pulse shaper and detection device. A further aspect of the present invention employs a femtosecond laser and binary pulse shaping (BPS). Still another aspect of the present invention uses a laser beam pulse, a pulse shaper and a SHG crystal. In yet another aspect of the present invention, a multiphoton intrapulse interference phase scan (hereinafter “MIIPS”) method is used to characterize the spectral phase of femtosecond laser pulses and to correct them. A further aspect of the system of the present invention is employed to monitor environmental chemicals and biological agents, including toxins, explosives, and diseases.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for bitstream modulation of an infrared light source used by an optical sensor in a stereoscopic projection system, combined with a bitstream filter on the receiver electronics.

Abstract: A light amount detector includes a light emitter, a light receiver, and a light amount detection unit. The light emitter emits light on a detection pattern formed on a detection surface of an image carrier. The light receiver detects diffused light reflected from the detection pattern. The light amount detection unit detects an amount of light received by the light receiver based on detection output of the light receiver. One of the light emitter and the light receiver is provided at a position directly opposite to the detection surface, such that a distribution of sensitivity of the light receiver detecting the diffused light is substantially symmetrical with respect to a detection output peak when the detection surface is substantially parallel to a hypothetical line connecting the light emitter with the light receiver.

Abstract: An exhaust gas analyzer of the present invention includes a sensor unit 11 installed in an exhaust path from an engine, applies laser light to exhaust gas emitted from the engine and receives laser light that has passed through the exhaust gas so as to measure the concentration of a component contained in the gas based on the received laser light. To an aperture 16 formed in a sensor base 15 of the sensor unit 11, an adjustment ring 40 in a circumferential face of which small holes 41 serving as a laser light passage portion is formed and whose inner circumferential face serves as an exhaust gas passage opening 21 is detachably fitted, whereby the sensor unit can be attached so as to conform to different inner diameters of exhaust tubes.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for evaluating window transmission loss comprising taking a plurality of photographs through a filter of a window to be evaluated, determining a percentage of the window shown in each photograph that is undamaged, and computing an estimate of transmission loss for the window from the percentages determined.

Abstract: This document discusses, among other things, systems, devices and methods for fluid flow analysis for example, in an education environment. The light source, for example, a laser, is housed to illuminate particles in a fluid while minimizing exposure to the user. A control unit is provided that is remote from the fluid flow device. The fluid flow device further includes a removable fluid obstacle such that different fluid flow effects can be obtained. A computational unit is provided to perform computational fluid flow dynamics analysis on fluid flow models. The computed data can then be compared to the test data from the fluid flow analysis device.

Abstract: A scanning method for scanning samples of biological cells using optical tomography includes preparing, acquiring, reconstructing and viewing three-dimensional images of cell samples. Concentration and enrichment of the cell sample follows. The cell sample is stained. Cells are isolated from the cell sample and purified. A cell/solvent mixture is injected into a gel by centrifugation. A cell/gel mixture is injected into a capillary tube until a cell appears centered in a field of view using a stopped-flow method. An optical imaging system, such as a fixed or variable motion optical tomography system acquires a projection image. The sample is rotated about a tube axis to generate additional projections. Once image acquisition is completed, the acquired image projections are corrected for errors. A computer or other equivalent processor is used to compute filtered backprojection information for 3D reconstruction.

Abstract: A system for optical imaging of a thick specimen that permits rapid acquisition of data necessary for tomographic reconstruction of the three-dimensional (3D) image. One method involves the scanning of the focal plane of an imaging system and integrating the range of focal planes onto a detector. The focal plane of an optical imaging system is scanned along the axis perpendicular to said plane through the thickness of a specimen during a single detector exposure. Secondly, methods for reducing light scatter when using illumination point sources are presented. Both approaches yield shadowgrams. This process is repeated from multiple perspectives, either in series using a single illumination/detection subsystem, or in parallel using several illumination/detection subsystems. A set of pseudo-projections is generated, which are input to a three dimensional tomographic image reconstruction algorithm.

Abstract: A method of determining position information, the method having detecting—along a first direction—a value of a geometry parameter related to a structure formed on and/or in a substrate, and determining—with regard to a second direction—a value of a position parameter based on the detected value of the geometry parameter and a predetermined relationship between the geometry parameter and the position parameter.

Abstract: An apparatus for the photoelectric measurement of an essentially planar measurement original includes a photoelectric scanner and a positioning arrangement for the two dimensional movement of the scanner over the measurement original positioned on a supporting surface and the positioning at defined measurement locations on the measurement original. The positioning arrangement is constructed as a type of SCARA robot and includes a stationary base, a first and a second movable robot arm and a positioning control. The first robot arm is mounted on the stationary base for rotation by a motor about a first axis of rotation perpendicular to the supporting surface. The second robot arm is mounted at the free end of the first robot arm for rotation by a motor about a second axis of rotation perpendicular to the supporting surface and carries the scanner, and the positioning control is constructed for rotation of the two robot arms according to externally supplied positioning commands.

Abstract: Methods for automated uniformity assessment and modification of image non-uniformities using an image measurement device capable of determining image reflectance and/or transmitter as a function of position, such as a spectrophotometer, a calorimeter, and/or a densitometer. One or more of these devices scan an image on a substrate, such as a sheet, thereby generating data representing image characteristics, such as, for example, image non-uniformity. The sheet may contain a reference/test pattern including one column, strip or patch intended to have a uniform density. This data generated by the device after the scan of the substrate is analyzed with signal processing algorithms for image characteristics assessment, including image spatial uniformity and compared to reference image characteristics including image spatial uniformity. An image modification profile may be generated to be applied to a marking system to thereby alter subsequent image data and improve image spatial uniformity of the marking system.

Abstract: A mapping-measurement apparatus includes a light illumination unit, a photodetector for detecting, through an aperture, reflection light or transmission light from a sample, and adjustable scanning mirrors on the illumination and detection sides of the sample, each mirror having two independent rotational axes about which they can be independently rotated by a controller. The aperture restricts light incident on the photodetector from a predetermined portion of the sample surface.

Abstract: Laser skin treatment apparatus includes a handpiece for delivering laser-radiation pulses from a laser to an area of skin being treated. The area being treated is larger than an area treatable in a single firing of the laser. The larger area is treated by treating adjoining sub-areas within the larger area by repeated firings of the laser. The laser is fired automatically depending on the position of the handpiece in the larger area. Several arrangements for determining the position of the handpiece are disclosed. These include optical detection by the handpiece of indicia drawn on the skin being treated; optical, magnetic, or mechanical detection of indicia on a separate guide for the handpiece or on a roller attached to the handpiece; and detection by determining time of travel of signals from a transponder in the handpiece to a fixed reference plane.

Abstract: One aspect of the present invention is a system for estimating sensor and illumination non-uniformities. The system comprises a first light source, and a first sensor operable to capture light reflected from a first side of film illuminated by the light source while the film has a developer chemical applied thereto and processing circuitry coupled to the first sensor. The processing circuitry is operable to capture a first plurality of readings from the sensor responsive to light reflected from an unexposed region of film to determine a first set of non-uniformity data and adjust image data obtained from the film in response to the first set of non-uniformity data. In a further embodiment, the processing circuitry is further operable to dim the first light source for at least a portion of the time that the sensor is being used to sense the unexposed region of the film.

Abstract: An analysis machine for analyzing the cleanness condition of perforated strips enables a direct non-destructive measurement, without image conversion, of pollution by particles on the surface of plastic strips that are relatively transparent and perforated. This is done by using an automatic analysis machine, and a supporting and guiding device of the strips to be analyzed. The supporting and guiding device comprises a transparent revolving cylinder provided with at least one groove of small depth in which are arranged opaque masks that practically superimpose with the perforations of the strip to be analyzed. This arrangement prevents the disturbance and deterioration of the recording due to the light rays emitted by a light source located near the device.

Abstract: A method and device for fluorimetric determination of a biological, chemical or physical parameter of a sample utilize at least two different luminescent materials, the first of which is sensitive to the parameter, at least with respect to luminescence intensity, and the second of which is insensitive to the parameter, at least with respect to luminescence intensity and decay time. The luminescent materials have different decay times. The time- or phase behaviour of the resulting luminescence response is used to form a reference value for determination of a parameter.

Abstract: One aspect of the present invention is a system for estimating sensor and illumination non-uniformities. The system comprises a first light source, and a first sensor operable to capture light reflected from a first side of film illuminated by the light source while the film has a developer chemical applied thereto and processing circuitry coupled to the first sensor. The processing circuitry is operable to capture a first plurality of readings from the sensor responsive to light reflected from an unexposed region of film to determine a first set of non-uniformity data and adjust image data obtained from the film in response to the first set of non-uniformity data. In a further embodiment, the processing circuitry is further operable to dim the first light source for at least a portion of the time that the sensor is being used to sense the unexposed region of the film.

Abstract: The optical scanner comprises a light source, an image sensor, a planar array of elongate optical waveguides, and input and output coupling optics for communicating light to and from the image transmission optics. The light source is adapted to direct light toward and reflect light from an object to be scanned. The planar array of elongate optical waveguides is formed in a substrate. Each of the waveguides include an input end and an output end and can be tapered along the length of the waveguide. The input optics disposed between the object and the waveguide array can include tubes, single lenses per waveguide, larger lenses per cluster of waveguides, a GRIN lens array or comparable mirror systems for directing light reflected from the object to be scanned to the input ends of the waveguides. The output optics disposed between the waveguide array and the image sensor can include lenses or mirror systems similar to that used for the input coupling optics.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for providing an indication of a type of note passing through the apparatus includes a note transport (12) which moves the note past transversely spaced spot sensing assemblies (18). Each spot sensing assembly includes four emitters (32). Each of the emitters produces radiation at a different wavelength. The spot sensing assemblies include a reflectance detector (20) and a transmission detector (22) which are disposed on opposed sides of the passing note. The emitters direct radiation onto test spots (34) on the passing note. The emitters in each assembly are activated individually and repeatedly in a sequence. Radiation reflected from each type of emitter to the reflectance detector at each test spot causes a control circuit (24) to generate reflectance values. Radiation transmitted from each emitter through each test spot to the transmission detector causes the control circuit to generate transmission values.

Abstract: There is provided a film image detection method, comprising the steps of measuring densities at a large number of measurement points arranged along a first direction and a second direction crossing the first direction in a measurement area including an image recording range on a photographic film on which an image is recorded, calculating density variation amounts at the measurement points along the first and second directions on the basis of the densities at the measurement points in the measured measurement area, accumulating the calculated density variation amounts at the measurement points along the first direction for each of a plurality of first rows of measurement points constituted by a predetermined number of measurement points arranged along the second direction, and for accumulating the density variation amounts at the measurement points along the second direction for each of a plurality of second rows of measurement points constituted by a predetermined number of measurement points arranged along

Abstract: A method for determining the fine structure of materials by means of a nonlinear scanning laser microscope, including the steps of forming an image of a specimen by scanning selected points thereof with a focusable laser beam of a predetermined fundamental frequency w, thereby exciting the points to generate signals constituting the third harmonic 3w of said fundamental frequency w, collecting the signals by collecting means, substantially filtering out from the collected 3w signals, signals of a frequency other than the third harmonic 3w, feeding the filtered 3w signals to a detector, and storing the output of the detector for processing and display. A nonlinear scanning laser microscope adapted to form an image of a specimen by scanning it point by point with a focusable laser beam of a predetermined fundamental frequency, is also provided.

Abstract: Described herein is a method and apparatus for identifying image-forming material type, particularly photographic material types. The method comprises illuminating a sample of the material at a plurality of wavelengths and measuring the density at each of these wavelengths. The set of density values obtained are then used to determine the slope of the cyan dye curve between the magenta and cyan peaks. This slope can then be compared to data to identify the material.

Abstract: In a microscopic photometry apparatus having an optical system for photometry and an optical system for observation, there are provided a mirror having a slit for photometry, a photodetector for receiving light from the slit for photometry, a TV camera for observing an image of a sample reflected by the mirror, an image translating mechanism for translating the image of the sample, and an image rotating mechanism for rotating the image of the sample. Photometry is performed for an arbitrary position within the image of the sample by translating and rotating the image while simultaneously observing the slit for photometry and the image of the sample. Therefore, it is possible to easily and accurately perform observation and/or measurement for a microscopic object or a microscopic part of a macroscopic object, including photometry for arbitrary two points.

Abstract: Provided is a checking apparatus for array electrode substrate, which can check an array electrode substrate in non-contact and at high speed. A probe assembly includes a plurality of electro-optic probes arranged in the staggered relation. Since this arrangement uses a plurality of (for example, eight, sixteen, twenty, forty, etc.) small electro-optic probes, it becomes equivalent to an arrangement of an elongate electro-optic probe, thereby enabling simultaneous measurement of potentials of numerous unit electrodes. Namely, because a measurement light beam is incident into each electro-optic probe and each reflection-return light is detected by a photodector, potentials of unit electrodes in a number corresponding to the number of electro-optic probes can be simultaneously measured.

Abstract: A laser scanning microscope provided with a laser light source, an illuminating optical system for condensing the light from the laser light source to form a light spot on a specimen, a scanning device for causing relative movement of the light spot with respect to the specimen, a photodetector for measuring the amount of light transmitted or reflected by the specimen, and an optical system with positive refraction power for guiding the light beam, transmitted or reflected by the specimen, to the light-receiving plane of the photodetector, wherein the photodetector is composed of a two-dimensional image sensor provided in a position displaced from the conjugate point of the light spot by such an amount that the light beam forms a far-field diffraction pattern of the specimen on the light-receiving plane of the photodetector.

Abstract: A spot densitometer system comprising a viewing assembly, a photodetection apparatus optically connected to the viewing assembly, and a computer interface electrically connected to the photodetection apparatus. The viewing assembly comprises a flat spectrum lamp, condensing lens, film handler, focusing lens comprises a photomultiplier tube optically connected to the viewing assembly, a monochromator electrically connected to the photomultiplier tube, and a control unit electrically attached to the photomultiplier tube and the monochromator. The computer interface comprises an analog to digital card and signal processing software, which convert analog electrical signals from the photodetection apparatus into useful output formats such as color density, relative exposure, and log relative exposure. The position of the film emulsion whose density is being measured may be adjusted vertically and horizontally.

Abstract: An apparatus for digitally archiving analog film images includes a support surface on which an analog film image may be supported, and a digitizer that is spaced from the support surface in a direction defining a Z axis perpendicular to the support surface. A light transilluminates the film image and projects it toward the digitizer through an objective lens which focuses the image. The positions of the digitizer and the lens along the Z axis are adjustable so that the size of the image projected onto the digitizing means can be varied. For example, it is possible to move the digitizer and objective lens between a range of enlarging positions in which the lens is closer to the film image than to the digitizer, and a range of reducing positions in which the lens is further from the film image than from the digitizer so that the film image may be either enlarged, reduced or reproduced at the same size before being sensed and converted into digital data.

Abstract: Sensitometers are used for monitoring photographic and radiographic processes, and then making it possible to control these processes. However, although it is relatively straightforward to obtain control strips for individual sensitometers, it is often difficult to compare the results of control strips which have been exposed using different sensitometers. Described herein is a method for calibrating or cross-referencing sensitometers. The method comprises exposing a first control strip to a step wedge in the first sensitometer, and a second control strip-to a step wedge in the second sensitometer, the first and second control strips being formed on the same photographic material. The material is then processed and the characteristics of the material is determined using the known exposures given to the material by the second sensitometer and the density values obtained corresponding to those exposures.

Abstract: A completely passive adapter for scanning transparent images in a reflective scanner. Mirrors are used to capture light from a lamp that is internal to the scanner and to reflect that light thought a transparent image along the light path required by internal scanner optics. For larger images, a lens is added to capture additional light. Different embodiments of the adapter accommodate variation in angles of optical paths and offset between the light source path and the light detection path. Embodiments are provided having two tilted mirrors, two mirrors plus an optical wedge, four mirrors, and seven mirrors. An optional graduated density optical filter may be added to compensate for nonuniform illumination.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device of this invention relates to a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device with ultra-micropattern electrodes. Light is projected on a resist film, and reflected light from a region on which no semiconductor chip is formed, i.e., a flat region is detected to measure the thickness of the resist film. Based on the measured thickness, at least one of the resist film forming step, the exposing step, and the developing step is controlled, so that the electrodes have a desired width.

Abstract: Laser imaging apparatus includes a laser which produces a laser beam. An image media is scanned with a laser beam in a raster pattern to produce a scanned image. A photodetector converts the scanned image into an image signal. An amplifier amplifies the image signal and has varying gain. A control circuit controls the laser beam scanning device to scan image media of different sizes with laser beam raster patterns of different sizes. The control circuit includes detectors for detecting the size of the image media. The control circuit varies the gain of the amplifier as a function of the detected size of the scanned image media.

Abstract: The method and apparatus for using a light beam to scan media, particularly radiographic film media, for digitization wherein the scanning beam and the media transport path are optimized to minimize interference of the incident directly transmitted scanning beam with light internally reflected back by the light exit surface of the media, which gives rise to significant modulation of the transmitted intensity and forms contour or fringe patterns which follow small variations in the media thickness. An optical light beam shaping system is employed to generate a generally elliptical or elongated cross-section light beam having a major and minor axis. A scanner deflects the light beam through a predetermined, flat scanning angle in a scan direction forming a scanning line on the incident surface of the film media. The film media is transported past the scanning light beam such that successive lines of the media are scanned.

Abstract: A radiation image read-out apparatus comprises a read-out section for photoelectrically reading out a radiation image from silver halide film, on which the radiation image has been recorded, and thereby generating an image signal representing the radiation image. A signal conversion device converts the image signal such that distortion in the image signal, which distortion is caused to occur by nonlinear characteristics of the silver halide film, may be eliminated. A corrected image signal is thereby obtained, which can be processed commonly with an image signal obtained by reading out a radiation image from a stimulable phosphor sheet, on which the radiation image has been stored.

Abstract: Apparatus and a method for digitizing an image having a high dynamic range is disclosed. The apparatus includes a solid-state image sensor having at least two linear charge-coupled device arrays thereon. Means is provided to pass the image across the image sensor to be sensed by all of the arrays in a single pass. A light source is provided to direct light from the image onto the arrays. The arrays are provided with means to adjust the arrays so that at least one array is sensitive to low optical densities and at least one array is sensitive to high optical densities. The output signals from the arrays are feed to analog-to-digital converters to convert the signals therefrom to digital form. The digital signals are fed to a computer which combines the signals into a single signal corresponding to the image.

Abstract: A film densitometer for generating digital density values as a function of analog transmittance signals received at an input. A comparator coupled to the input compares the transmittance signals to one or more range references characterizing a plurality of ranges of transmittance signal magnitudes, and provides digital transmittance range signals as a function of the comparison. An amplifier amplifies the transmittance signals to provide amplified transmittance base signals. A gain control circuit coupled to the amplifier and the comparator controls the gain factor of the amplifier as a function of the magnitudes of the transmittance signals. The amplified transmittance base signals are converted to digital transmittance base values by an analog-to-digital converter. A lookup table of data characterizing the logarithmic relationship between transmittance base values and density base values is stored in base memory.

Abstract: A web of photographic film or the like having an optical property to be inspected and measured (such as exposure density or reflectance) is transported through a flasher chamber at a predetermined nominal speed and is exposed to radiation in the flasher to produce a series of longitudinally spaced, transversely oriented exposure bands separated by unexposed bands on the web. The transport speed of the web through the exposure chamber is selected for a given exposure period for each band such that the web moves only a minor fraction of the longitudinal width of each band during exposure of the band. Subsequent inspection of the web, for example, in a densitometer, produces a pulsed output signal waveform in which the peak amplitudes of the pulses are proportional to the optical property being measured independent of any perturbations in transport speed of the web through the exposure chamber.

Abstract: A laser imaging system is disclosed which provides the versatility of wide field digital imaging with enhanced spatial resolution and light gathering efficiency. The system will scan targets of any size, dependent only upon the data retrieval and storage limitation of the computer support system, for forward light loss densitometry images as well as fluorescent and forward scatter images. The system is easily adaptable for rare event detection and tracking. The laser system will provide image capture of an entire target within 10 to 60 seconds and controls the scan of the laser beam in three-dimensional pattern and speed. The beam may be repositioned to any one of 16 million locations on a target within an accuracy of +/-0.5 um. Finally, the imaging system of the present invention utilizes a novel optical fiber based detector assembly having NA values of 0.58-0.95 and filters having less than 15% loss at emission wavelengths.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for electronically mapping an updatable microfiche includes a microprocessor-based analyzer programmed to control and evaluate optical scanning of the imaging frame areas arranged in generally parallel rows and columns. Optical photosensors are used to detect the presence of a frame mark within an expected region of an imaged area. An electronic data mask retrievably stored in a mask table memory array is used to screen the output data from the sensors. The mask table is derived from relative sensor position data collected during a scanning operation on a calibrated microfiche. A look-up table memory array is used to store the results of an evaluation scan by storing which frames are imaged and which are available for imaging.

Abstract: A density measurement position adjustment method includes the steps of setting a reference sheet on which a predetermined pattern is printed on an X-Y coordinate table, designating at least three reference points within the pattern of the reference sheet, determining coordinate positions on the X-Y coordinate table of the three reference points, and memorizing coordinate positions at density measurement reference points within the pattern of the reference sheet with a single point and two intersecting lines obtained by computation based on the coordinate positions of the reference points being as an origin, an X-axis and a Y-axis, respectively.

Abstract: An automatic scanning densitometer which is self calibrating and accurately measures highlight density, shadow density and tonal distribution of midtones occurring in the subject matter of the photograph to be reproduced. A reflection densitometer is disclosed which in one or more scans identifies and measures first the highlight and shadow densities and the tonal distribution of the subject matter to be reproduced, as opposed to the background of the photo. The instrument automatically determines the size of the original and, with an input to the device, the size of the window in which the original is to be reproduced to provide enlargement or reduction. Measurement of density values are uniquely stabilized and with the use of a monolithic sensor on a single substrate the entire image is processed and measured, not just target areas which must be manually measured or aligned with an apertured scanning bar.

Abstract: An apparatus for reading a microfilmed image to obtain digital image signal, in which the level of quantizing is determined by measuring the density of image and of background.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for producing an enhanced radiographic image from a developed radiograph. The apparatus includes a support structure for supporting the radiograph in a stacked relationship with the radiographic film, a light source positioned in close proximity to the radiograph for directing a beam of light at the radiograph to sweep generally in a line from one side to the other, and an elongate light sensor aligned with the line of travel of the light beam to sense and signal the intensity of the light passing through the radiograph and film. A controller responds to the signals produced by the light sensor by producing light control signals which are applied to the light source to vary the intensity and/or the scanning speed of the light beam. As the scanning takes place, the support structure moves transversely of the line of travel of the light beam so that the radiograph is scanned by light substantially over its length and width.

Abstract: In order to make it feasible to obtain a differential phase image having a uniform brightness and good quality, a scanning type optical microscope comprises: a laser light source; an objective lens for collecting, onto an object under observation, a light beam emitting from the laser light source; a scanning light deflector disposed between the laser light source and the objective lens; a light detector comprised of a plurality of photoelectric converters receiving a light from the object and being separated into two sections; a signal processing circuit for calculating the difference between the signals coming from the two sections of the light detector to thereby obtain a differential phase signal; and adjusting means for adjusting the differential phase signal with a signal varying with an image height and being synchronous with the scanning of the light beam.