Abstract: A system includes a robot, a measuring device, and a processor. The robot is configured to dispense, based on at least one process parameter, a liquid adhesive bead onto a substrate. The measuring device is configured to measure at least one characteristic of the bead shape. The processor is configured to determine, based on a reference bead shape and at least one reference process parameter, response surface profile of the liquid adhesive. The processor is configured to compare the measured bead shape to a reference bead shape and, responsive to determining the measured bead shape is different than the reference bead shape, determine, based on the response surface profile, at least one updated process parameter. The updated process parameter is configured to cause the robot to dispense a second bead having the reference bead shape.

Abstract: A building management system is provided. The building management system uses a ventilation system to exchange air within a room in the building. A controller uses a sensor to determine a property about the room and operates the ventilation system in response thereto. The controller also operates an indicator to provide the users with the status of the room.

Abstract: An automated log scaling system and method. One or more imagers may capture depictions of respective first ends and/or second ends of a plurality of logs, and use the captured depictions to scale the plurality of logs. A diameter value for each end of the log may be determined using the captured depictions. Relative location values for each captured end may be determined and used to form a length of each log. Information captured in the images is used to identify the type of tree or species of tree for each log. At least one of the diameter values may be multiplied by the determined log length, and the resulting product value may be compared to values in a log scaling chart to determine a value for the log. The value of multiple logs may be used to form a load of logs for distribution.

Abstract: A method for external fish parasite monitoring in aquaculture, comprising the steps of: —submerging a camera in a sea pen comprising fish; —capturing images of the fish with the camera; and —identifying external fish parasite on the fish by analyzing the captured images, characterized by the steps of: —distinguishing between at least two different classes of external fish parasite which differ in the difficulty of recognizing the external fish parasite; —calculating quality metrics for each captured image, the quality metrics permitting to identify the classes of external fish parasite for which the quality of the image is sufficient for lice detection.

Abstract: Systems and methods provide real-time shipping optimization recommendations for reducing the cost of shipping freight units in a shipment. System comprises a measurement system in communication with a computer system that comprises a client computer device in communication with a host computer system. The measurement system comprises multiple sensing devices to determine weight, dimensions, and other shipping parameters of the freight units in the shipment. The computer system computes a current shipping cost and density based on the shipping parameters. The computer system determines shipping recommendations including recommended adjustments to the shipping parameters that reduce the current shipping cost. The shipping recommendations are transmitted to the client computer device prior to loading the shipment onto a carrier vehicle for the shipment.

Abstract: A sensor system comprising optoelectronic distance sensors for monitoring a hazard zone at a movable machine part having at least one protected field, wherein the optoelectronic distance sensors are arranged in annular form in a first ring at the movable machine part, wherein a tool is arranged at the movable machine part, and wherein the optical axes of the distance sensors each have an acute angle tangentially to the annular shape or the distance sensors are rotatably arranged at the ring.

Abstract: A verification of a pipette results in a release or a warning message. A liquid measuring container (110) receives the pipette liquid volume (VP) to be verified. A loading cell (120) is connected to the liquid measuring container in a force-transmitting manner. The loading cell outputs a measurement signal (ms) corresponding to the weight force (FG) acting thereon. A processing unit (130) detects and processes the measurement signal (ms), determines a first weight force (Gt1) at time point (t1) and determines a second weight force (Gt2) at time point (t2). The pipette liquid volume is calculated and the calculated value is assigned to a pipette volume class (Ki) having a defined class nominal value (VKi). The processing unit tests whether or not an absolute value of the volume difference (?V) is within a predetermined tolerance value (T) for the assigned pipette volume class. The processing unit outputs the test result.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to optical three-dimensional (3D) measurement, and more particularly to a large-depth-range 3D measurement method, system, and device based on phase fusion. Sinusoidal fringes corresponding to multiple high-frequency binary fringe patterns varying in stripe width, a middle-frequency binary fringe pattern, and a low-frequency binary fringe pattern are formed and then projected onto a to-be-measured object. After modulated by height of the object, the sinusoidal fringes are collected, and wrapped phases of the collected sinusoidal fringes are calculated to determine absolute phases of high-frequency sinusoidal fringes. Phase errors of a high-frequency sinusoidal fringe under different fringe widths are calculated according to the defocusing degree. An optimal absolute phase is selected based on the phase errors for the large-depth range 3D measurement.

Abstract: An automated log scaling system and associated methods are disclosed. In the system and methods, one or more imagers may capture depictions of respective first ends and/or second ends of a plurality of logs, and use the captured depictions to scale the plurality of logs. A diameter value for each end of the log may be determined using the captured depictions. Relative location values for each captured end may be determined and used to form a length of each log. Information captured in the images is used to identify the type of tree or species of tree for each log. At least one of the diameter values may be multiplied by the determined log length, and the resulting product value may be compared to values in a log scaling chart to determine a value for the log. The value of multiple logs may be used to form a load of logs for distribution.

Abstract: Vision systems for robotic assemblies for handling cargo, for example, unloading cargo from a trailer, can determine the position of cargo based on shading topography. Shading topography imaging can be performed by using light sources arranged at different positions relative to the image capture device(s).

Abstract: Systems and processes are provided for measuring carbon deposits on an engine. In some examples, a light source can be transmitted through a viewing window of an engine onto an area of an internal surface of the engine and reflected back through the viewing window and detected using an optical sensor. A topography of the area can be determined based, at least in part, on the reflected light source detected by the optical sensor and used to determine whether carbon deposits have increased, decreased, or remained constant on the area.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a Scheimpflug LIDAR apparatus for detecting a property of a gas comprising: a light source configured to emit a light along at least a first axis, a light detection arrangement, and an optical configuration fulfilling the Scheimpflug condition and Hinge rule. The light source comprises an expander aperture, and wherein the expander aperture and light detection arrangement are configured such that: a spot size of the emitted light along the first axis is matched to a pixel footprint of pixels configured to receive light from corresponding distances along the first axis, and an effective range resolution of at least one column of pixels or probe volume deteriorates linearly with respect to the range.

Abstract: An automated log scaling system and associated methods are disclosed. In the system and methods, one or more imagers may capture depictions of respective first ends and/or second ends of a plurality of logs, and use the captured depictions to scale the plurality of logs. A diameter value for each end of the log may be determined using the captured depictions. Relative location values for each captured end may be determined and used to form a length of each log. Information captured in the images is used to identify the type of tree or species of tree for each log. At least one of the diameter values may be multiplied by the determined log length, and the resulting product value may be compared to values in a log scaling chart to determine a value for the log. The value of multiple logs may be used to form a load of logs for distribution.

Abstract: Moisture content information in soil at a specified site is acquired. Moisture content information a ground surface within a given range that includes the specified site is acquired. An amount of runoff or storage volume of water on the ground surface or in a ground at a freely-selected site in the given range is calculated based on the moisture content information in soil and the moisture content information at the ground. A degree of risk of flood disaster at the freely-selected site within the given range is calculated based on the amount of runoff or storage volume of water on the ground surface. A point where there is the risk of flood disaster within the given range is determined and highlighted based on the degree of risk of flood disaster.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an apparatus the for verification, calibration, and/or adjustment of a measuring instrument. The apparatus includes the measuring instrument, a reference measuring instrument, and a smart device. The apparatus performs a measuring operation in which the measuring instrument determines a value of a variable of the medium and the reference instrument determines a reference value of the variable from a sample of the medium. The measuring instrument communicates wirelessly and performs the verification, calibration, and/or adjustment on the basis of the measured value and the associated reference value. The reference measuring instrument is portable and communicates wirelessly with the smart device and the measuring instrument. An application executed on the smart device controls a data transfer between the measuring instrument, the reference measuring device, and/or the device that is required for executing the verification, calibration, and/or adjustment.

Abstract: Moisture content information in soil at a specified site, and moisture content information at a ground surface within a given range that includes the specified site, are acquired. A point where there is a risk of natural disaster within the given range is determined and highlighted, based on the moisture content information in soil at the specified site and the moisture content information at the ground surface within the given range.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods for measuring package dimensions. The systems and methods may include determining, by a computing device comprising a processor, pixel locations of a plurality of corners of a package within an image. The systems and methods may also include determining, by the computing device, the package dimensions based on the pixel locations.

Abstract: In order to achieve highly accurate prediction across a wide area for disasters caused by rainfall, this disaster prediction system includes: soil moisture acquisition means that acquires amount of moisture in soil at a specified site, ground surface moisture acquisition means that acquires amount of moisture at a ground surface within a given range that includes the specified site, and estimation means estimates amount of moisture in soil at a freely-selected site in the given range or a parameter that indicates a property of soil at the freely-selected site in the given range, based on the amount of moisture in the soil at the specified site and the amount of moisture at the ground surface within the given range.

Abstract: A method of operating an infusion pump includes transmitting light through or around a drop of fluid suspended from an end of a drip tube for the infusion pump, the end of the drip tube located in a drip chamber for the infusion pump, wherein the drip tube is configured for connection to a source of the fluid; receiving, using an optical system for the pump, light transmitted through or around the drop; transmitting, to a specially programmed microprocessor and using the optical system, data regarding the received light; and, using the microprocessor to calculate a volume of the drop using the data.

Abstract: A packaging method includes the steps of (a) detecting whether a height (104) of contents (105) in a container (106) exceeds a predetermined height (112), and (b) indicating how much dunnage to dispense based on predetermined criteria, including whether a detected height exceeds a predetermined height that is less than a height of the container. The indicating step includes indicating a quantity of dunnage to dispense selected from a plurality of predetermined quantities of dunnage. If no detected height is greater than the predetermined height, the indicating step includes indicating that a regular amount of dunnage should be dispensed. And if a detected height is greater than the predetermined height, the indicating step includes indicating that either zero or less than the regular amount of dunnage should be dispensed. The detecting step also can include detecting whether any contents in the container have a height above the height of the container.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, and methods for correcting position in a handheld image translation device are described herein. The handheld image translation device may include a position module to determine a first position of the device and a print module to deposit a printing substance on a medium adjacent to the device based at least in part on the position. The device may also include an image capture module to capture surface images of the section of the medium with printing substance deposited thereon. These surface images may be used by the position module to determine subsequent positions of the device. Other embodiments may be described and claimed.

Abstract: A system and related method for improved liquid delivery evaluation using a solution containing one or more dyes such that the solution exhibits multiple distinct detectable light absorbance spectral features for calibrating or testing over extended volume or dilution ranges are described. The system includes: a photometric instrument capable of measuring optical absorbance at multiple wavelengths; one or more sample solutions to be dispensed using the liquid delivery system whose performance is being tested or calibrated; and vessels optionally pre-filled, or filled by the user, with diluent solution. The sample solutions contain one or more dyes, chosen so that multiple distinct detectable light absorbance spectral features, such as peaks and/or valleys and/or plateaus of the solution can be distinguished for volume or dilution ranges of interest.

Abstract: A computer-based apparatus, including: a memory element storing computer readable instructions; a processor; and a source element to expel a first plurality of drops of a substance with a known density through a medium, and under a set of conditions. The processor executes the computer readable instructions to calculate uncalibrated volumes for the first plurality of drops using respective images of drops in the first plurality of drops. The source element expels a second plurality of drops of the first substance through the medium, and under the first conditions. The processor executes the computer readable instructions to: calculate, using a weight for the second plurality of drops and the known density, actual volumes for the second plurality of drops; and generate, using uncalibrated volumes and the actual volumes, an equation to modify the uncalibrated volumes to match the actual volumes.

Abstract: A method for determining a mean cell volume for a blood sample includes: illuminating the sample with incident light at a plurality of illumination wavelengths and obtaining a two-dimensional image of the sample at each of the plurality of illumination wavelengths; identifying a plurality of cells that appear in each of the images; for each one of the plurality of cells, determining an integrated optical density corresponding to each of the plurality of illumination wavelengths; for each one of the plurality of cells, determining a cell volume based on the integrated optical densities corresponding to each of the plurality of illumination wavelengths; and determining the mean cell volume for the blood sample from the cell volumes for each one of the plurality of cells.

Abstract: Volume dimensioning employs techniques to reduce multipath reflection or return of illumination, and hence distortion. Volume dimensioning for any given target object includes a sequence of one or more illuminations and respective detections of returned illumination. A sequence typically includes illumination with at least one initial spatial illumination pattern and with one or more refined spatial illumination patterns. Refined spatial illumination patterns are generated based on previous illumination in order to reduce distortion. The number of refined spatial illumination patterns in a sequence may be fixed, or may vary based on results of prior illumination(s) in the sequence. Refined spatial illumination patterns may avoid illuminating background areas that contribute to distortion. Sometimes, illumination with the initial spatial illumination pattern may produce sufficiently acceptable results, and refined spatial illumination patterns in the sequence omitted.

Abstract: A spray sizer is provided that can measure the average droplet size in a spray. The spray sizer first separates a section of the spray for measurement. This section of the spray is passed through an optical droplet counter and the number of the droplets is measured while the droplets are collected after counting. The volume of the collected droplets is determined and it is divided by the total number of the droplets. This provides and average droplet diameter for the spray.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining a set of optical imaging functions that describe the imaging of a measuring volume onto each of a plurality of detector surfaces on which the measuring volume can be imaged at in each case a different observation angle by means of detection optics. In addition to the assignment of in each case one image position (x, y) to each volume position (X, Y, Z), the method according to the invention envisages that the shape of the image of a punctiform particle in the measuring volume be described by shape parameter values (a, b, 100 , I) and that the corresponding set of shape parameter values be assigned to each volume position (X, Y. Z) for each detector surface.

Abstract: The present invention determines the dimensions and volume of an object by using a novel 3-D camera that measures the distance to every reflective point in its field of view with a single pulse of light. The distance is computed by the time of flight of the pulse to each camera pixel. The accuracy of the measurement is augmented by capture of the laser pulse shape in each camera pixel. The camera can be used on an assembly line to develop quality control data for manufactured objects or on a moving or stationary system that weighs as well as dimensions the objects. The device can also ascertain the minimum size of a box required to enclose an object.

Abstract: Volume dimensioning employs techniques to reduce multipath reflection or return of illumination, and hence distortion. Volume dimensioning for any given target object includes a sequence of one or more illuminations and respective detections of returned illumination. A sequence typically includes illumination with at least one initial spatial illumination pattern and with one or more refined spatial illumination patterns. Refined spatial illumination patterns are generated based on previous illumination in order to reduce distortion. The number of refined spatial illumination patterns in a sequence may be fixed, or may vary based on results of prior illumination(s) in the sequence. Refined spatial illumination patterns may avoid illuminating background areas that contribute to distortion. Sometimes, illumination with the initial spatial illumination pattern may produce sufficiently acceptable results, and refined spatial illumination patterns in the sequence omitted.

Abstract: Disclosed is a volume sensor having first, second, and third laser sources emitting first, second, and third laser beams; first, second, and third beam splitters splitting the first, second, and third laser beams into first, second, and third beam pairs; first, second, and third optical assemblies expanding the first, second, and third beam pairs into first, second, and third pairs of parallel beam sheets; fourth, fifth, and sixth optical assemblies focusing the first, second, and third beam sheet pairs into fourth, fifth, and sixth beam pairs; and first, second, and third detector pairs receiving the fourth, fifth, and sixth beam pairs and converting a change in intensity of at least one of the beam pairs resulting from an object passing through at least one of the first, second, and third parallel beam sheets into at least one electrical signal proportional to a three-dimensional representation of the object.

Abstract: Exemplary apparatus and process can be provided for imaging information associated with at least one portion of a sample. For example, (i) at least two first different wavelengths of at least one first electro-magnetic radiation can be provided within a first wavelength range provided on the portion of the sample so as to determine at least one first transverse location of the portion, and (ii) at least two second different wavelengths of at least one second electro-magnetic radiation are provided within a second wavelength range provided on the portion so as to determine at least one second transverse location of the portion. The first and second ranges can east partially overlap on the portion. Further, a relative phase between at least one third electro-magnetic radiation electro-magnetic radiation being returned from the sample and at least one fourth electro-magnetic radiation returned from a reference can be obtained to determine a relative depth location of the portion.

Abstract: Embodiments of methods are disclosed for characterizing a tested polycrystalline diamond (“PCD”) element, such as a PDC cutting element. In an embodiment, a method for characterizing a tested PCD element is disclosed. An initial volume of a PCD element is measured using a coordinate measuring machine (“CMM”). A workpiece is cut with the PCD element so that the PCD element develops a wear flat. A post-cut volume of the PCD element is measured after cutting the workpiece using the CMM. A wear volume of the PCD element is determined at least partially based on the post-cut volume and the initial volume of the PCD element.

Abstract: Volume dimensioning employs techniques to reduce multipath reflection or return of illumination, and hence distortion. Volume dimensioning for any given target object includes a sequence of one or more illuminations and respective detections of returned illumination. A sequence typically includes illumination with at least one initial spatial illumination pattern and with one or more refined spatial illumination patterns. Refined spatial illumination patterns are generated based on previous illumination in order to reduce distortion. The number of refined spatial illumination patterns in a sequence may be fixed, or may vary based on results of prior illumination(s) in the sequence. Refined spatial illumination patterns may avoid illuminating background areas that contribute to distortion. Sometimes, illumination with the initial spatial illumination pattern may produce sufficiently acceptable results, and refined spatial illumination patterns in the sequence omitted.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method that obtains emissivity or reflectivity based on ratios of the brightness temperature measured by a satellite and the land surface temperature, calculates two reflectivity using polarizing features of a microwave according to surface characteristics, and measures a volumetric soil water content of a land surface considering that water has different physical characteristics from those of soil. In particular, it may be possible to measure volumetric soil water contents on territories of other countries as well as regions which have many limitations and troubles in direct measurement of the volumetric soil water contents. Accordingly, valuable materials in terms of nation economy may be produced together with substantial contribution to industrial fields that have direct effects on agriculture and disaster prevention.

Abstract: The present invention determines the dimensions and volume of an object by using a novel 3-D camera that measures the distance to every reflective point in its field of view with a single pulse of light. The distance is computed by the time of flight of the pulse to each camera pixel. The accuracy of the measurement is augmented by capture of the laser pulse shape in each camera pixel. The camera can be used on an assembly line to develop quality control data for manufactured objects or on a moving or stationary system that weighs as well as dimensions the objects. The device can also ascertain the minimum size of a box required to enclose an object.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a liquid dispensing apparatus for dispensing a liquid from a flexible bag. The apparatus has a support for supporting the flexible bag in use and a mounting adapted for receiving a proximal portion of the flexible bag, for progressive movement relative to the support towards an outlet located at a distal portion of the flexible bag. As the flexible bag is progressively wound up, liquid is squeezed from the proximal portion to the distal portion to dispense liquid from the outlet in a controlled manner in use. This allows desired and precise dosage portions of liquid to be squeezed from the bag and direct dosing from the flexible bag amongst other advantages.

Abstract: In an apparatus for measuring the dimensions of an object, an opto-electronic sensor system includes an illumination device which sends light towards the object and a receiving device which receives light reflected from the object. In particular, the apparatus includes means for optically splitting the field of view of the opto-electronic sensor system into a plurality of sectors. Each of these sectors covers at least a partial view of the object under inspection from a unique viewing point. The arrangement of the optical splitting means is selected so that based on the respective field of view and the location of the actual or virtual viewing point of each sector the area on the object surface which is visible from at least one of said viewing points is maximized. The apparatus uses only one opto-electronic sensor, but obtains multi-perspective imaging of the object.

Abstract: Isolated non-naturally occurring populations of spermatozoa (15) having high purity and technologies to differentiate spermatozoa (28) based on characteristics such as mass, volume, orientation, or emitted light including methods of analysis and apparatus such as beam shaping optics (30) and detectors (32).

Abstract: An optical imaging system for use with an infusion tube having a drip chamber and an output tube. The drip chamber includes a first portion with a drip tube, a second portion with an exit port, and a third portion between the first and second portions. The optical imaging system includes: an illumination system with at least one light source for emitting light, an optical system, and a memory element storing computer executable instructions. The optical system receives the light transmitted by the output tube or the second portion and transmits data characterizing the received light. The system includes at least one processor configured to execute the computer executable instructions to: detect, using the data, an air bubble in the output tube or the second portion; and determine a volume of the detected air bubble.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for monitoring the filling of a capsule with a medicament, a corresponding filing method and the corresponding devices. According to the monitoring method, after at least part of the capsule is filled with a given filling mass of given closed shape of medicament, in a first step, at least the filling mass located in the part of the capsule after filling is recorded with a digital image, in a second step, the shape of the filling mass located in the part of the capsule is determined from the digital image and, in a third step, the shape analysed to give an analysis of the filling in comparison with given shapes.

Abstract: A system and method reconstruct an anatomical impression. The system contains a light signal generating device for generating a light signal directed toward a synthetic test body having the anatomical impression. The light signal is directed toward the synthetic test body such that the light signal is attenuated upon passing through the synthetic test body. A sensor captures the attenuated light signal through the synthetic test body and converts the captured attenuated light signal into digitized image information. The system further includes a digital reconstruction device for reconstructing the digitized image information based on measurement of light attenuation to generate a three-dimensional volume of the anatomical impression.

Abstract: A device for determining a person's health that uses a body scanner to obtain a three-dimensional model of a person. The device calculates the volume of at least a first part of the person's body and a second part of a person's body from the three-dimensional model. An indication of the person's health is calculated based on the volume of the first part and volume of the second part of the person's body.

Abstract: The present invention determines the dimensions and volume of an object by using a novel 3-D camera that measures the distance to every reflective point in its field of view with a single pulse of light. The distance is computed by the time of flight of the pulse to each camera pixel. The accuracy of the measurement is augmented by capture of the laser pulse shape in each camera pixel. The camera can be used on an assembly line to develop quality control data for manufactured objects or on a moving or stationary system that weighs as well as dimensions the objects. The device can also ascertain the minimum size of a box required to enclose an object.

Abstract: A parcel dimension measurement system includes image sensors oriented to image a parcel, an imaging subsystem configured to stitch together outputs of the image sensors to produce at least one two-dimensional image comprised of a plurality of pixels, and a general dimension subsystem including general parcel dimension information. A fine dimensioning subsystem is configured to determine dimension measurements of the parcel using the at least one two-dimensional image and the general parcel dimension information.

Abstract: An improved dimensional detection system is portable and can be used to characterize a workpiece. The dimensional detection system employs as few as a single focused light source and as few as a single camera along with a calibration data set to convert the illuminated pixels of an image of a beam on the workpiece into a cloud of real world points in space on an outer surface of the workpiece. The cloud of points can be processed to characterize the workpiece, such as by determining the right hexahedron that would encompass all of the real world points in space and which could be used to determine a dimensional weight of the workpiece.

Abstract: An improved dimensional detection system is portable and can be used to characterize a workpiece. The dimensional detection system employs as few as a single focused light source and as few as a single camera along with a calibration data set to convert the illuminated pixels of an image of a beam on the workpiece into a cloud of real world points in space on an outer surface of the workpiece. The cloud of points can be processed to characterize the workpiece, such as by determining the right hexahedron that would encompass all of the real world points in space and which could be used to determine a dimensional weight of the workpiece.

Abstract: A reflecting device with wide viewing angle, reduced distortion and anamorphosis and reduced doubling of reflected images, particularly for vehicles. The reflecting device has a monolithic body made of transparent plastic material and comprising an internal surface and an external surface, the latter facing the objects to be detected and being arranged opposite the internal surface. At least the external surface is constituted by an anamorphic surface which is non-revolution surface.

Abstract: An inkjet printing system includes; a stage configured for mounting a substrate thereon, an inkjet head which drips an ink droplet on the substrate, a conveying device which moves the inkjet head, and a measuring device which measures a height of the ink droplet on the substrate.

Abstract: The invention provides ways to determine the impact of diluting a solution wherein the diluting may be carried out for any of a variety of purposes. In one embodiment, the method enables accurate volume dispensation calculations independent of meniscus shape. In another embodiment, the method enables accurate determination of plate washing efficiency. In yet another embodiment, the method enables the accurate determination of dilution ratio over a plurality of dilution steps. The methods described may be carried out using one or more systems arranged to perform the steps. A kit of the invention includes instructions for carrying out the steps of the methods and, optionally, one or more solutions suitable for conducting photometric measurements.

Abstract: Methods and systems for realizing high resolution three-dimensional (3-D) optical imaging using diffraction limited low resolution optical signals. Using axial shift-based signal processing via computer based computation algorithm, three sets of high resolution optical data are determined along the axial (or light beam propagation) direction using low resolution axial data. The three sets of low resolution data are generated by illuminating the 3-D object under observation along its three independent and orthogonal look directions (i.e., x, y, and z) or by physically rotating the object by 90 degrees and also flipping the object by 90 degrees. The three sets of high resolution axial data is combined using a unique mathematical function to interpolate a 3-D image of the test object that is of much higher resolution than the diffraction limited direct measurement 3-D resolution. Confocal microscopy or optical coherence tomography (OCT) are example methods to obtain the axial scan data sets.