Abstract: Video processing devices, systems and methods are disclosed. A control device, a capture device, and at least one cooperation application are provided. The cooperation application configures the capture device and control device to communicatively pair for cooperation with one another to perform a video processing operation. The cooperation application determines a split of video processing tasks between the capture device and the control device. A first set of video processing tasks are performed by the capture device, and a second set of video processing task are performed by the control device.

Abstract: A source driver includes a gamma voltage generation circuit. The gamma voltage generation circuit generates a gamma voltage and varies a gamma voltage based on a drive frequency. A data voltage generation circuit generates a data voltage based on the gamma voltage.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus which is capable of properly performing tone correction without damaging the atmosphere of an image in shooting. Based on a luminance histogram for photographed data, an input lower limit and an input upper limit of luminance values for use in developing the photographed data are determined. Based on at least one of the input lower limit and the input upper limit, a reference level of a gamma curve for use in carrying out gamma correction on the photographed data is calculated. Gamma correction on the photographed data is performed using the input lower limit and the input upper limit and the gamma curve corresponding to the reference level.

Abstract: A digital video camera is placed on a vehicle. The video camera is attached to the vehicle and is directed to a surface at a certain angle to the surface. The camera angle can change while vehicle is in motion. The camera angle is constantly measured by angular sensor (i.e., inclinometer). Images of the surface are projected onto a video matrix and transformed into a sequence of digital frames that are formed at a pre-set time interval. A speed of the video camera relative to the surface is calculated as a ratio of an off-set between the adjacent frames and the time interval between the frames. Then a known relative speed of the vehicle can be corrected by multiplication of the height of the camera (above the surface) by a coefficient that equals a ratio of the known vehicle speed and the measured camera speed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for acquiring a corrected digital image of an object includes a digital camera operable to capture a plurality of color component images, an imager body and a support arm. The support arm is coupled to the imager body and adapted to support the digital camera. An image processor is provided to produce corrected color component images and an image combiner is provided to combine the corrected color component images to form the corrected digital image. The camera is moveable to more than one position to enable to formation of three-dimensional images or images with increased depth of focus.

Abstract: A method of driving a display panel includes generating a high pixel gamma voltage and a low pixel gamma voltage. At least one of the high pixel gamma voltage and the low pixel gamma voltage includes a positive gamma voltage and a negative gamma voltage having different values. The positive gamma voltage is a difference between a first gamma voltage higher than a common voltage and the common voltage. The negative gamma voltage is a difference between the common voltage and a second gamma voltage lower than the common voltage. A high pixel data voltage is generated based on the high pixel gamma voltage and the high pixel data voltage output to a high pixel. A low pixel data voltage is generated based on the low pixel gamma voltage and the low pixel data voltage is output to a low pixel.

Abstract: A page-turning device turning a page of a book includes a turning unit and a blower. The turning unit holds the page at a departure position of the page of the book being opened and releases the holding of the page at a destination position of the page. The blower sends air above the page at the departure position to blow against the page at the destination position.

Abstract: An automated document processing machine may comprise an electro-mechanical transport subsystem configured to convey a document through the machine, and a camera arranged adjacent the transport and configured to capture an image of a front side of the document. A fingerprinting software component may be configured for processing the captured image of the document to create a unique digital fingerprint of the document based on the front side image, and a software interface may be configured for storing the digital fingerprint in a database of document identifiers in association with a unique alphanumeric identifier so that the document may be subsequently identified in a second processing machine that has access to the database. The digital fingerprint may be responsive to indicia that otherwise appears on the front side of the document, and may comprise data that identifies a document as being unique based on the front side indicia.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus of the present invention acquires a photographed image of an object on which a plurality of indicators have been arranged, recognizes an indicator in the photographed image, detects the position of the indicator, judges the state of the object based on the detected position of the indicator, and judges the state of the photographed image based on the detected positional relationship of the plurality of indicators, when the judged state of the object is a predetermined state.

Abstract: A method of stitching frames of a video sequence to image a target document. The method comprises capturing a group of frames of a video sequence using an image sensor of a handheld device having a display, during the capturing, analyzing the video sequence to select iteratively a group of the frames, each member of the group depicts another of segments of a target document, during the capturing, sequentially presenting a plurality maneuvering indications, each the maneuvering indication is presented after a certain frame depicting a certain of the segments is captured and indicative of a maneuvering gesture required for bringing the image sensor to capture another frame depicting another segment of the segments, the another segment being complementary and adjacent to the certain segment, and stitching members of the group to create a mosaic image depicting the target document as a whole.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a protection system for printed documents using steganographic and computer vision, materialized by the use of portable devices, where ETCODE encoded images are generated for this purpose. This method was created in order to ensure the document's authenticity, integrity of information, store information about authorship and copyright protection of printed documents. The protection method described in this patent is to generate an encoded image ETCODE using steganographic techniques, to be printed with the document, using conventional printers, and also that the decoding is performed by a digital camera portable device, obtaining therefore the information hidden in ETCODE, and then confronted with the information about the document in its digital version present in a database, thus fulfilling the proposal document protection.

Abstract: A digital image capture device, comprising an image sensor and an optical system for capturing digital images, and a program memory storing instructions configured to cause a data processing system to implement a method for extracting textual information from a document containing text characters. The method includes capturing plurality of digital images of the document using the image sensor. Each of the captured digital images is automatically analyzed using an optical character recognition process to determine extracted textual data. The extracted textual data for the captured digital images are merged to determine the textual information for the document, wherein differences between the extracted textual data for the captured digital images are analyzed to determine the textual information for the document.

Abstract: A process for digitizing closed books without having to open them, of printed documents or manuscripts, bound or in batches, without having to separate them, using an imaging system of a three-dimensional object by Terahertz waves including acquiring by an THz acquisition subsystem a set of three-dimensional low-resolution images representative of this object and obtained by application of shifts orthogonal three-dimensional in translation according to which the object and the THz acquisition subsystem are relatively shifted relative to each other, a process in which, during these three-dimensional shifts, the amplitude of the relative shift in each of these three dimensions is less than the spatial resolution of the THz acquisition subsystem in each of these three dimensions and a three-dimensional super-resolution processing step is provided, capable of generating a super-resolved 3D image from a linear combination of 3D low-resolution images and an image-restoration step capable of generating a restored su

Abstract: An image reading apparatus includes: a light emitting element array that includes plural light emitting elements arranged in line in a first scan direction of a document; a guiding unit that guides light entering from the light emitting element array, and that emits the light toward a reading position of the document while diffusing the light; a light receiving unit that receives reflected light from the reading position irradiated with the light from the light emitting element array through the guiding unit; and a scan unit that moves the reading position of the document in a second scan direction, the reading position being a position read by the light receiving unit.

Abstract: An electronic camera includes an imager. An imager repeatedly outputs an image representing a scene captured on an imaging surface. A definer executes a process of defining a document page region within the scene captured on the imaging surface, corresponding to a document page photographing mode. A searcher searches for one or at least two characteristic images including a page edge from a partial image belonging to the document page region defined by the definer out of the image outputted from the imager. A detector detects a termination of a page turning operation based on a search result of the searcher. An extractor extracts the image outputted from the imager corresponding to a detection of the detector.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus obtains image data included in an image file stored in a storage medium of the digital camera and the updated time of the image file stored in the storage medium of the digital camera, and reads out the shooting time of the image data included in the header of the image file stored in the storage medium of the information processing apparatus. The information processing apparatus displays a first view that displays the image data in an order based on the obtained updated time, and a second view that displays the image data included in the image file stored in the storage medium of the information processing apparatus in an order based on the read out shooting time.

Abstract: An image reading device is provided. The image reading device suppresses uneven intensity of light emitted on a subject, by disposing a diffusion plate between the subject and a plurality of luminescence portions, and an image forming device that includes this image reading device. The image reading device includes an illumination portion that irradiates light onto a subject. The illumination portion includes: a plurality of LED's disposed at predetermined intervals in a main scanning direction; and an elliptical diffuser plate that is disposed between the subject and the plurality of LED's and diffuses light emitted by the plurality of LED's in a higher diffusion rate in the main scanning direction than in a sub-scanning direction.

Abstract: Improved scanner designs are provided to improve imaging and reduce errors during the scanning process. Embodiments disclosed include, for example, the use of dual cameras to improve imagery and reduce the scanner enclosure size, synchronized lighting techniques during the scanning sequence, shielded lens for the camera scanner, a scanner enclosed on at least three sides, adjustments to scanner lighting based on the levels of ambient lighting, a combined branding and scanner apparatus, a gimbaled scanner mount, and a tilted platen with stop for document alignment.

Abstract: Virtual straight lines are parallelly shifted at regular intervals from starting points, which are four vertexes of a rectangular-shaped captured image, toward the center of the captured image, the virtual straight lines being tilted at an angle of a predetermined degree with respect to coordinate axes extending along two mutually orthogonally intersecting edges of the captured image. While doing so, intersection points between the virtual straight lines and outline elements are obtained. Based on the intersection points, angular points of a contour of a document is obtained. Based on the angular points, a mesh model is generated.

Abstract: In an image forming apparatus, an energy converting unit receives light from an optical source and converts the light into electric power, and an electrical storage unit stores therein the electric power. The energy converting unit is arranged in such a manner that a relative position of the energy converting unit to the optical source is always constant when a reading unit is reading an image.

Abstract: Multiple images are combined where the images exhibit variations in illumination between one another. The images are of the same portion of an object, and each image is represented by a set of image data. A comparative data transform is applied to each set of image data, such that the transformed comparative image data isolates and preserves first variations in the illumination between the images but suppresses second differences in illumination between the images. At least one normalization transform is determined from the transformed comparative image data sets. When applied to at least one of the image data sets, the at least one normalization transform minimizes the variation in illumination between the image data sets. Each determined normalization transform is applied to the at least one of the image data sets. The normalized sets of image data are transformed to a single image of the portion of the object.

Abstract: An optical text scanning device compatible with a small handheld computer such as a personal digital assistant (PDA). The scanning device allows for a clear view of the text that is scanned simultaneous to the scanning process so that the operator can continuously align the device to the text. The scanned images of the text are converted in real-time to standard byte or word characters for subsequent display on the computer's viewing screen. The operator can quickly verify the accuracy of the conversion by comparing the displayed character with the actual character of text on the surface that is being scanned. Scanned text characters are stored in standard digital text files for ease of manipulation.

Abstract: A process for digitizing closed books without having to open them, of printed documents or manuscripts, bound or in batches, without having to separate them, using an imaging system of a three-dimensional object by Terahertz waves including acquiring by an THz acquisition subsystem a set of three-dimensional low-resolution images representative of this object and obtained by application of shifts orthogonal three-dimensional in translation according to which the object and the THz acquisition subsystem are relatively shifted relative to each other, a process in which, during these three-dimensional shifts, the amplitude of the relative shift in each of these three dimensions is less than the spatial resolution of the THz acquisition subsystem in each of these three dimensions and a three-dimensional super-resolution processing step is provided, capable of generating a super-resolved 3D image from a linear combination of 3D low-resolution images and an image-restoration step capable of generating a restored su

Abstract: A method of capturing an image of a document is provided. First, a notebook computer having a base is provided, wherein an image pickup device is disposed on the notebook computer, and a symbol mark is formed on the base of the notebook computer. Next, a document fixer having a fixer middle mark is provided. The document is fixed by the document fixer, wherein a centerline of a long edge of the document is aligned with the fixer middle mark. Next, the document fixer is moved according to a size of the document until the fixer middle mark is aligned with the symbol mark. After the image of the document is captured, an image processing procedure is performed. By aligning the fixer middle mark with the symbol mark of the notebook computer, the document is precisely positioned and thus a sharp image with no tilted distortion is acquired.

Abstract: When a predetermined operation is made of a remote commander while moving picture data read from a storage unit and decoded is being displayed on a display screen, a thumbnail of a reproduced image being displayed on the display screen and a plurality of thumbnails near the reproduced image displayed on the display screen are displayed being superposed on the reproduced image. Information on edit points indicating the position of image data corresponding to ones, designated by the remote commander, of the plurality of thumbnails displayed on the display screen is added to the moving picture data, and the data is stored into the storage unit. Thus, it is possible to set IN and OUT points as edit points elaborately and easily for edition of moving picture data.

Abstract: A document illuminator includes a light-transmissive element having an embedded source of illumination fitted in a cavity formed therein. The light-transmissive element preferably has one or more optical notches and preferably is encased in an opaque surround to promote total internal reflection of the light rays emanating from the LED. The one or more optical notches may include a dual-V notch or an elliptical notch. The reflected light rays are collected at an aperture which in turn transmit light at high power and highly uniform illumination profile to illuminate a document.

Abstract: A document illuminator comprising a light-transmissive element having an embedded side emitting LED fitted in a cavity formed therein. The light-transmissive element is formed with one or more optical notches and is totally encased in a white surround to yield total internal reflection of the light rays emanating from the LED. The reflected light rays are collected at an aperture which in turn transmits high power and highly uniform illumination profile to illuminate a document.

Abstract: This communicator makes it possible for the user to do telephone, facsimile, and data communication at any location. On a pen input device, a space eye 2, a telephone control system, a facsimile control system, and a data transmission system are mounted. All of them are operated by an input pen 55 or the space eye 2. The pen input device is connected to a wireless telephone equipment 7, and can be connected to a desired party through the public communication channel. In order to make the most of the equipment of a GPS user, the GPS user device 8 is connected to the pen input device 3. The current location of the GPS user is found through the GPS user device 8, and the data on the current location is transmitted to the party. Further, to make this communicator usable in any country, it is provided with means to connect it to a wireless telephone network of an individual service area of the country.

Abstract: An accurate white balance adjustment process is provided for an image captured in an environment where different color components, such as an ambient light and a flash light are mixed. With respect to image to be captured under a plurality of different types of irradiation light, such as ambient light, and flash light, the image is captured or generated in an environment of single light irradiation. The white balance adjustment according to the parameter set up based on the color component (color temperature) of each type of irradiation light is carried out with respect to the image in each environment of the single light irradiation, so as to synthesize them Furthermore, with respect to the moved portion of the subject itself, the present invention is arranged such that the pixel value is compensated and set up based on adjacent pixel values of the motionless portion, it becomes possible to generate a natural image data with smooth changes between pixels.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a display device for communicating with a video output device, comprising a control signal receiving portion that receives a list of screens from the video output device as a first control command, a displaying portion that displays the list of screens, a control signal transmitting portion that transmits a request to output at least one screen selected from the list of screens as a second control command, and a video signal inputting portion that receives at least one screen as a video signal.

Abstract: This invention provides an image input system capable of setting an arbitrary imaging inhibited area. This system displays a map showing the positions of cameras arranged in an office and the directions in which these cameras can be aimed, or displays the view angles of the cameras. An operator designates an imaging inhibited area on the map. In accordance with the designated imaging inhibited area, a limiting direction is calculated for each camera, and each camera is so controlled as not to point in that direction. Even when cameras are fixed, the system controls display so that an imaging inhibited area is not displayed.

Abstract: A data communication apparatus comprises a memory for storing plural data, a transmitter for transmitting the plural stored data, a display for displaying situations of the plural stored data, and a controller for performing, in case of displaying the situations, control to change order of display of the data being transmitted. Thus, the data being transmitted can be easily specified from among the plural stored data, the data being transmitted can be easily specified by changing display forms, the data being transmitted can be easily specified by shifting them to the head of a list and displaying this list, and the data being transmitted can be easily specified by automatically scrolling a display area thereof.

Abstract: A system and method for facilitating facsimile transmissions has one or more store and forward facilities. The store and forward facilities include a computer for controlling operations and mass data storage equipment. Subscriber mailboxes are provided as part of the mass storage, which can be accessed by a subscriber to have his messages delivered to any facsimile machine he designates. Secure facsimile transmission is achieved through use of subscriber PIN numbers. The system can also be used in cooperation with a paperless facsimile machine which directly displays the facsimile message on a screen and is capable of entering outgoing facsimile messages to the store and forward facility.

Abstract: A data communication apparatus comprises a memory for storing plural data, a transmitter for transmitting the plural stored data, a display for displaying situations of the plural stored data, and a controller for performing, in case of displaying the situations, control to change order of display of the data being transmitted. Thus, the data being transmitted can be easily specified from among the plural stored data, the data being transmitted can be easily specified by changing display forms, the data being transmitted can be easily specified by shifting them to the head of a list and displaying this list, and the data being transmitted can be easily specified by automatically scrolling a display area thereof.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a video processing apparatus which makes it possible to print a picture having an arbitrary size without forging an original picture. A video processing apparatus according to the present invention includes a print size selecting means 51 for selecting a print size of a printer 3 by selecting a size of a picture frame, a CPU 43 for determining the number of pixels of a video data corresponding to the selected print size, and a memory controller 33 for processing the video data in accordance with the number of pixels so that pixels of a video data output from a camera 1 should be in one-to-one correspondence with pixels of a video data to be printed by the printer 3. It is not necessary to subject the original picture to video processings such as a decimating processing, an interpolation processing or the like.

Abstract: A Fax-compatible Internet appliance includes a network connection section for communication with a network using both data protocols and fax protocols, a video section including a video signal output for outputting video signals to be displayed on a video display, a user interface signal receiver for receiving user interface signals generated by a reduced-keyset user interface device, and a processing unit which controls the network connection section and the video section to generate video signals for displaying received fax messages on the video display. The processing unit provides user interface functions via the video display and user interface signals, the interface functions enabling the user to control transmission, reception and display of fax messages solely through the reduced-keyset user interface unit.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide a video display technique with which a stable video with a high contrast can be obtained according to brightness of a screen. In one embodiment, a video signal processing system for a video display apparatus which performs display on the basis of a video signal comprises a gain control module configured to provide a feedback signal based upon maximum luminance level information and average luminance level information of a luminance signal corresponding to the video signal, the feedback signal being used to control a gain of the luminance signal; and a correction module configured to apply a gamma correction based upon the average luminance level information to the video signal after the gain of the luminance signal has been controlled by the gain control module.

Abstract: A video printer (1) comprises a video printer housing portion (2), and a video camera station (3) disposed on a rear upper portion of the video printer housing portion (2) and having a signal input and output connection terminal (4). A video camera (6) with a liquid-crystal display monitor (7) is electrically connected to the connection terminal (4), and attached to the video printer (1) at its video camera station (3) so that, when the video printer (1) is in use, a user can operate the video camera (6) and the video printer (1) by operating systems (8), (9) disposed on the video printer (1) while visually confirming a picture displayed on a picture screen of the liquid-crystal display monitor (7).

Abstract: A multi-function peripheral (MFP) includes a built-in video encoder. Through the video encoder, an image data can be directly displayed on the large-size screen of a TV or computer monitor, and an user can then preview, select and process the image data thereon. The MFP may also include one or more I/O interfaces used to connect other commercially available electronic devices.

Abstract: The preset invention provides an image device, which combined scanning device with video device. Due to the scanning device and video device have image data treating elements are identical in function, thus, the two image data processing elements within the scanning device and video device could combine to be an image device to process the two different image data type and the image data could output by one image device to diminish the cost.

Abstract: In a device for scanning films using at least one sensor with discrete light-sensitive elements, the light-sensitive elements of the sensor are randomly addressable for the read-out of video signals. Provision is made for an arrangement for addressing adapted to the imaging of the film on the sensor. In this case, the film may be imaged with the entire width on the sensor. Groups of pixels onto which in each case the filmed image, the perforation and, if appropriate, an optical sound track are imaged are addressed and read out separately.

Abstract: Processing for obtaining processed compressed moving image data can be carried out efficiently through image enhancement processing on compressed moving image data. In a moving image processing unit of a relay server in a mobile phone system, a division unit divides compressed moving image data attached to an e-mail into a target part to be corrected and a non-target part not to be corrected. A decoding unit decodes the target part to generate decoded data. A correction unit carries out image enhancement processing on the decoded data, and obtains corrected decoded data. An encoding unit encodes the corrected decoded data, and obtains encoded corrected data. A combination unit combines the encoded corrected data with the non-target part, and obtains processed compressed moving image data.

Abstract: This invention provides an image input system capable of setting an arbitrary imaging inhibited area. This system displays a map showing the positions of cameras arranged in an office and the directions in which these cameras can be aimed, or displays the view angles of the cameras. An operator designates an imaging inhibited area on the map. In accordance with the designated imaging inhibited area, a limiting direction is calculated for each camera, and each camera is so controlled as not to point in that direction. Even when cameras are fixed, the system controls display so that an imaging inhibited area is not displayed.

Abstract: A system and method for viewing a fax document includes a fax device which may be configured for transmitting/receiving fax transmissions. When a transmitting fax device with a video camera and a video display transmits a fax transmission to a receiving fax device with a video camera and a video display, and the receiving fax device receives the fax transmission, the transmitting fax device controls the receiving fax device until the fax transmission ends. An image of the fax transmission may then be previewed on the transmitting fax device, the fax transmission may then be electronically released from the receiving fax device, and an image of the fax transmission may then be printed. The video camera of the receiving fax device may then scan the printed image, display the scanned printed image, and physically release the scanned printed document from the receiving fax device.

Abstract: The name of this invention is called the “VIDEO PICTURE SCANNER” What makes this Machine so unique is that it can copy the image that you stop it on shown on your TV screen that's coming from your Pause TV, Video and/or DVD. When you want to pull a image from off your monitor, all you have to do is Dress Fast Forward or Rewind until you get to the image that you want. Then press pause and then push the “PICTURE COPY” (button), then your copy of that image will come out from the top of the Picture Scanner. You will then have the PICTURE of the Particular image you want from off the Pause TV. Video and/or DVD. The Picture Scanner can be either made into the video machine or made separately. The Picture Scanner top opens and closes so that you can put the copying paper into the machine one at a time, or it can be made to copy more then one.

Abstract: An enhanced reading device that which secures written material in a fixed location and moves a video camera across the written text or images for the purpose of automatically registering the video camera at the beginning of each new line. The device uses a manually operated transmission to move a camera across a line at a speed controlled by the user. The video camera is also stepped to the next line under control of the user. Optional embodiments permit the transmission to be powered and control by push buttons for automatic registration at the beginning of new lines. The device also has a document tray assembly to control vertical movement of the document in relation to the video camera under control of the user. The document tray assembly can also be optionally powered rather than manually operated.

Abstract: An image pick-up device includes an image pick-up unit 3 for shooting a subject 2 in a desired direction, a light source unit composed of a circular type cold-cathode tube 4 fixed to a predetermined portion of the image pick-up unit 3 in such a way that an illuminating direction of the light source unit 3 is substantially coincident with a shooting direction of the image pick-up unit 4 and a support light source unit 5 housed in an arm 6 for supporting the image pick-up unit 3. The subject 2 to be shot by the image pickup unit 3 is always illuminated with light from the circular type cold-cathode tube 4.

Abstract: In an electronic imaging apparatus, image information of an image signal photoelectrically converted from an image incident is stored in image information storing means in a format dependent upon a type of the applied storage device. Provided therein are communication means for transmitting and/or receiving image information generated in this apparatus or the other equivalent apparatuses while an operation mode of the apparatus is set for communication and switch means for causing the communication means to start a communication mode operation.

Abstract: A coordinate system in which the surface top of the light flux emission face is set to the origin O of the coordinate system, the optical axis is set to the z-axis and the axis vertical to the optical axis is set to the y-axis, is provided on a section parallel to the end face of the light guide member, and when l0 represents the length on the z-axis from the face top to the diffusion and reflection unit, l1 represents the length on the z-axis from the face top to the surface of the original and n represents the refractive index of the light guide member to the locus of the light flux emission, the following imaging equation is obtained to perfectly image (focus) the light flux emitted through the light flux emission face onto the surface of the original when the diffusion and reflection unit is regarded as a secondary light source: n(y2+(l0−z)2)½+(y2+(l1+z)2)½=nl0+l1 The shape of the light flux emission face is designed on the basis of the above imaging e

Abstract: For an open and flexible system that is robust and cost-effective, it is proposed to use scalable video algorithms (106, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 306, 308, 406, 408). Scalable video algorithms (106, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 306, 308, 406, 408) can dynamically trade resource usage with visual output quality. In such a system both the visual output quality and the resource usage may change at run-time leading to unpredictable behaviour of the system. A novel approach that assists in the predictability of an open and flexible system is proposed. The idea is that by knowing the parameters that influence the output quality and load of some video algorithms (106, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 306, 308, 406, 408), by appropriately measuring them and by providing the necessary information (316, 320, 416, 420, 426, 427) to the system control (321, 421), the system control (321, 421) can react sooner and do the appropriate changes (317, 322, 323, 417, 422, 423), leading to a predictable system.