Abstract: An optical device includes: a lens member including a plurality of lenses arranged such that optical axes of the lenses are substantially parallel to one another; and a plurality of column parts that are each provided along the optical axis of each lens among the plurality of lenses and each allow light to pass through inside, each column part having an outer periphery through which light is less likely to pass from inside to outside the column part than through an end portion of the column part in a direction along the optical axis, the plurality of column parts being integrally formed and disposed to face the lens member.

Abstract: A camera array, an imaging device and/or a method for capturing image that employ a plurality of imagers fabricated on a substrate is provided. Each imager includes a plurality of pixels. The plurality of imagers include a first imager having a first imaging characteristics and a second imager having a second imaging characteristics. The images generated by the plurality of imagers are processed to obtain an enhanced image compared to images captured by the imagers. Each imager may be associated with an optical element fabricated using a wafer level optics (WLO) technology.

Abstract: An optical system and a projector utilizing the optical system can prevent tilted projection, hence ensuring that keystone distortion will not occur. The inventive optical system includes a lens group and a reflection layer. The lens group has a plurality of lens elements, and is utilized for guiding an input light beam. A shape of each of lens elements is substantially identical to a shape of a half of a rotationally symmetrical lens. The reflection layer is disposed under the lens group, and utilized for reflecting an incident light beam. As a result, the optical system is configured for guiding the output light beam derived from the input light beam to be projected onto an area substantially higher than a common line.

Abstract: An imaging module and method of fabrication. The method comprises forming a first lens wafer with a plurality of outer negative lenses and forming a second lens wafer with a plurality of inner negative lenses The method further comprises bonding the first lens wafer and second lens wafer to create a bonded stack; forming a plurality of inner positive lenses on the second lens wafer and bonding a spacer wafer to the second lens wafer; and forming a plurality of outer positive lenses on the first lens wafer.

Abstract: An imaging module and method of fabrication. The method comprises forming a first lens wafer with a plurality of outer negative lenses and forming a second lens wafer with a plurality of inner negative lenses The method further comprises bonding the first lens wafer and second lens wafer to create a bonded stack; forming a plurality of inner positive lenses on the second lens wafer and bonding a spacer wafer to the second lens wafer; and forming a plurality of outer positive lenses on the first lens wafer.

Abstract: A rear-focusing type zoom lens includes, in order from an object side, a positive first group being fixed, a negative second group moving toward an image plane along an optical axis during zooming from a wide-angle end to a telephoto end; a negative third group being fixed in an optical axis direction, and a positive fourth group moving along the optical axis direction to correct image plane variation being caused by zooming. The first group includes a first subgroup having a negative power as a whole and a second subgroup having a positive power as a whole. The first subgroup includes a negative meniscus lens having a convex surface directed toward the object side and a negative lens. The second subgroup includes a positive lens group having at least one positive lens, a negative lens, a positive lens, and another positive lens group having at least one positive lens.

Abstract: An exemplary wide-angle lens includes, in this order from the object side to the image side thereof, a first lens having negative refraction of power, a second lens having positive refraction of power, a third lens 30 having positive refraction of power, and a fourth lens having negative refraction of power, wherein the wide-angle lens satisfies the formulas: R1>R2>0, R1/R2>4.5, R8<R7<0, and 2<|R8/R7|<2.25, where R1 is the radius of curvature of the object-side surface of the first lens, R2 is the radius of curvature of the image-side surface of the first lens, R7 is the radius of curvature of the object-side surface of the fourth lens, and R8 is the radius of curvature of the image-side surface of the fourth lens.

Abstract: A zoom lens includes in the order from an object a first lens group having a negative refractive power, including at least one negative lens and one positive lens, wherein a negative plastic lens having one or more aspherical surfaces is arranged on a side closest to the object; a second lens group having positive refractive power, including a first positive lens, a second positive lens and a negative lens in the order from the object; and a third lens group, wherein each lens group is moved in a direction of an optical axis for zooming, and the following expressions are satisfied: 2.0<|f1/fw|<3.0 1.2<|f1a/fw|<1.8 where f1, f1a and fw represent focal lengths of the first lens group, of the negative plastic lens arranged closest to the object, and at a wide-angle end of an entire zoom lens, respectively.

Abstract: At least one exemplary embodiment is directed to an optical system which includes a plurality of refractive optical elements arranged substantially symmetrically with respect to an aperture-stop. Furthermore the optical system comprises a refractive optical element being constituted by a solid material. An Abbe number ?d of the solid material and a partial dispersion ratio ?gF of the solid material can satisfy the following conditions: ?gF?(?1.665×10?7·?d3+5.213×10?5·?d2?5.656×10?3·?d+0.755)>0, ?gF?(?1.665×10?7·?d3+5.213×10?5·?d2?5.656×10?3·?d+1.011)<0.

Abstract: A lens for reading an original, comprises five lenses as a whole including two positive and two negative lenses, an aspherical surface provided on at least one surface of the five lenses, a construction of four lens groups for five lenses which include a cemented lens constructed by cementing one of the positive lenses and one of the negative lenses, an aperture stop disposed between a second and third lens groups, and the cemented lens disposed adjacent to the aperture stop.

Abstract: A lens for reading an image of a document includes three positive lenses, three negative lenses, a diaphragm, and at least one cemented lens that includes one of the positive lenses and one of the negative lenses cemented together. The document reading lens includes at least one aspheric surface. The lens adjacent to the diaphragm has the aspherical surface, and at least one cemented lens is arranged to be adjacent to the diaphragm.

Abstract: In a photographic optical system disclosed in the present invention, there are provided a first focusing part for focusing while exposure is not performed on a light-sensitive surface and a second focusing part for focusing while exposure is performed on the light-sensitive surface, wherein the second focusing part correct the displacement in focal position during exposure.

Abstract: An imaging optical system having superior optical performance with the improved correction of chromatic aberration over a wide wavelength range extending from the visible wavelength range to the infrared wavelength range is provided. According to one aspect, an imaging optical system includes, in order from an object, a front lens group GF with a positive refractive power having at least one lens element, an aperture stop SP and a rear lens group GR with a positive refractive power having at least one lens element. The front lens group GF includes a double convex positive lens GT arranged to the most object side. At least one of the front lens group GF and the rear lens group GR includes a triple cemented lens GS being adjacent to the aperture stop SP having a negative refractive power as a whole composed of a first positive lens, a negative lens, and a second positive lens. Predetermined conditional expression is satisfied.

Abstract: An automatic testing illumination system has advantages of speed, quick calibration ability and therefore high accuracy over conventional illuminators. An spherical light source/concentrator exit port is rapidly and sequentially covered by at least one automated device for affecting the light leaving the exit port. Automation enables a very rapid sequencing of light onto a two or three dimensional array to cut the time for test and evaluation, and to permit very accurate calibration of the illuminator system.

Abstract: An image reader including a light source irradiating light to a reading object, a reading device reading an image on the reading object based on the radiated light; and a lens focusing the image onto the reading device and having a characteristic by which a distortion rate is increased from the central part to the end part. The distortion rate of the end part is set to a value in which there is no need to complement the read image.

Abstract: An image reading apparatus includes: illuminating means for illuminating an original with light; a lens forming an image of reflected light from the original, the lens having a resolution characteristic in which a resolution in a vertical scanning direction in an image-reading wavelength region at a field angle in a vicinity of an end of the original is lower than a minimum resolution in an image-reading wavelength region at a field angle on an inner side of the vicinity-of the end of the original; light shielding means for shielding part of the reflected light such that a pupil diameter in the vertical scanning direction in the reflected light from the vicinity of the end of the original is reduced; and photoelectrically converting means for converting the reflected light partly shielded by the light shielding means and undergone image formation by the lens into an electrical signal.

Abstract: A Gauss lens achieves a high reading density when used with an imaging magnification of about 0.16535 and reduces the cost while providing a sufficient angle of view and brightness. The Gauss lens includes: a first lens group including a first lens having a positive meniscus shape; a second lens group including a second lens having a positive meniscus shape and a third lens having a negative meniscus shape, the second and third lenses being connected with each other; a third lens group including a fourth lens having a negative meniscus shape and a fifth lens having a positive meniscus shape, the fourth and fifth lenses being connected with each other; and a fourth lens group including a sixth lens having a positive meniscus shape, wherein the following conditions are satisfied:(1) n.sub.2 <1.53,(2) .nu..sub.2 <66.0,(3) n.sub.3 <1.63,(4) .nu..sub.3 <38.0,(5) 25.0<.nu..sub.2 -.nu..sub.3 <35.0,(6) 0.30<(R.sub.3 +R.sub.5)/R.sub.4 <0.60,(7) 0.24<(D.sub.5 +D.sub.6)/f<0.28,(8) 0.

Abstract: Low-power objective lenses for a microscope are disclosed. The objective lenses exhibit apochromatic optical performance at a numerical aperture of at least 0.1 and have a magnification of about 2.times. or less. Each such objective lens comprises, in order from the object side, a first lens group having positive refractive power; a second lens group having negative refractive power and comprising a negative meniscus lens with a concave surface oriented toward the image side; a third lens group having negative refractive power and having at least one cemented surface; and a fourth lens group having positive refractive power and comprising a positive meniscus lens element with a convex surface oriented toward the image side, and a positive cemented lens including a negative lens element cemented to a positive lens element. The objective lenses satisfy the condition: 1.2<f.sub.1 /D.sub.1 <2.3 and other conditions, wherein f.sub.l is focal length of the first lens group and D.sub.

Abstract: In a Xenotar type image-readout lens of a four-group five-element configuration, predetermined conditional expressions are satisfied so as to attain a bright lens system, while favorably correcting chromatic aberration. In a Xenotar type lens system composed of five sheets of lenses (L.sub.1 to L.sub.5), the second lens (L.sub.2) and the third lens (L.sub.3) are cemented together, a stop (i) is disposed between the third lens (L.sub.3) and the fourth lens (L.sub.4), and the following conditional expressions are satisfied:1.78.ltoreq.N.sub.1, 47.0<.upsilon..sub.3 +.upsilon..sub.4 <57.0, 1.4<f.sub.123 /f<2.0, 22<.upsilon..sub.2 -.upsilon..sub.3,1.37<.vertline.f.sub.2 /f.sub.3 .vertline.<1.64, 1.24<R.sub.42 /R.sub.41 <1.37, 33<.upsilon..sub.5 .times.(N.sub.

Abstract: Axial gradient index of refraction lens elements are used in a lens system, for instance for a photographic objective lens, to correct monochromatic and chromatic lens aberrations, thereby reducing the number of lens elements required to achieve good optical performance in the overall lens design compared to for instance a lens system using aspheric lenses. The gradient index (GRIN) lens elements are bi-convex and/or meniscus type lens elements. The large refractive index gradients as well as large dispersion value gradients provide aberration correction in the overall lens system. A high aperture ratio lens system uses six lens elements where the first and last lens elements are positive power lens elements having refractive index and/or dispersion gradients along the optical axis.

Abstract: A reading lens system for a scanner is used at a reduced magnification so as to read an original image at a high speed, and comprises, successively in order from an object toward an image, a first lens unit to a fifth lens unit and an aperture disposed between the second lens unit and the third lens unit. The first lens unit comprises a positive lens serving as a first lens and a negative lens serving as a second lens and being cemented on an image side of the first lens. The second lens unit comprises a meniscus lens serving as a third lens, of which convex surface faces the object. The third lens unit comprises a meniscus lens serving as a fourth lens, of which convex surface faces an image. The fourth lens unit comprises a biconcave lens serving as a fifth lens and a biconvex lens serving as sixth lens and being cemented on the image side of the fifth lens. The fifth lens unit comprises a plane-parallel glass plate serving as a seventh lens. The lens system has the ratio f/f.sub.