Abstract: One illustrative optical device disclosed herein includes a base layer comprising a semiconductor material and a photodetector-coupler that comprises a detector-coupler element. The device also includes a first diode structure that is positioned in the detector-coupler element and a second diode structure that is positioned in the base layer, wherein the second diode structure is positioned vertically below at least a portion of detector-coupler element.

Abstract: A hybrid system and method for recording wave fronts of light. This system combines elements of two imaging systems, Holography and Integral imaging, to produce an imaging system that has higher efficiency and better resolution than Integral imaging, and few of the limitations of holographic recording.

Abstract: A curved surface diffraction grating fabrication method for fabricating a curved surface diffraction grating having a desired curvature with high accuracy, includes: a step of forming a diffraction grating pattern on a flat-shaped silicon substrate; a step of curving the silicon substrate on which the diffraction grating pattern is formed, by pressing, in a heated state, a fixing substrate having a shape with a desired curved surface onto the silicon substrate and of fixing the silicon substrate on which the diffraction grating pattern is formed to the fixing substrate having the shape with the curved surface, to fabricate a curved surface diffraction grating cast; and a step of bringing a member having flexibility into contact with the curved surface diffraction grating cast, to transfer the diffraction grating pattern to the member.

Abstract: A non-transitory computer readable medium storing instructions which, when executed by a processor of an electronic device that includes a touch sensitive and pressure sensitive display, cause the processor to enable a user interface of the electronic device, by which a glide gesture along the display and an amount of pressure applied to the display both generate the same user interface command.

Abstract: The invention disclosed here teaches methods and apparatus for altering the temporal and spatial shape of an optical pulse. The methods correct for the spatial beam deformation caused by the intrinsic DC index gradient in a volume holographic chirped reflective grating (VHCRG). The first set of methods involves a mechanical mean of pre-deforming the VHCRG so that the combination of the deflection caused by the DC index gradient is compensated by the mechanical deformation of the VHCRG. The second set of methods involves compensating the angular deflection caused by the DC index gradient by retracing the diffracted beam back onto itself and by re-diffracting from the same VHCRG. Apparatus for temporally stretching, amplifying and temporally compressing light pulses are disclosed that rely on the methods above.

Abstract: To obtain images with a higher ANSI contrast compared to that of the related art. A hemispherical hologram screen includes a hologram recording medium arranged on a projection surface. The hologram recording medium records a hologram recording image having diffusion characteristics to diffuse the projection image light that is incident on the hologram recording medium as a first diffusion light in a predetermined angle range towards an area range where a viewer is present, the viewer observing an image from the non-planar screen. A hemispherical hologram screen reproduces the hologram recording image from the hologram recording medium using the projection image light as a reference light to emit the first diffusion light.

Abstract: A Head Up Display can be utilized to find light from an energy source. The Head Up Display includes a first waveguide having a first input coupler and a first output coupler. The Head Up Display can also include a second waveguide having a second input coupler and a second output coupler. The first waveguide has a first major surface and the second waveguide has a second major surface, which are disposed approximately parallel to each other. The first waveguide and the second waveguide are positioned as a combiner and allowing viewing an outside feed and information from an image source. The first input coupler diffracts light in the first field of view into the first waveguide and light in a second field of view reaches the second input coupler and is diffracted into the second waveguide.

Abstract: A method and a device produce an individualized hologram from a generated light beam. According to the method, the light beam is individually modulated in a spatial light modulator, a holographic recording material is arranged relative to a holographic master, and the individually modulated light beam is guided in such a manner that at least part of the individually modulated light beam is refracted and/or reflected on the holographic master and an interference pattern representing the individualized hologram is produced in the holographic recording material. The individually modulated light beam is displaced relative to the holographic recording material and the holographic master to scan the entire holographic master. The recording material is arranged so as to rest on a cylindrical drum or a cylindrical drum segment and the drum is rotated about a drum axis of the drum or the drum segment during scanning of the holographic master.

Abstract: An optically variable magnetic stripe assembly includes a magnetic layer, an optically variable effect generating layer over the magnetic layer, and an electrically non-conductive reflective layer between the magnetic layer and the optically variable effect generating layer.

Abstract: A cooling device which prevents ambient persons from being exposed to an unpleasant feeling as much as possible by properly controlling an exhausting direction of the air which is used for cooling and exhausted from a chassis and an image projection apparatus having the cooling device are obtained. The cooing device cools first and second members to be cooled provided in the chassis, has first and second exhaust fans for guiding winds which have cooled the respective first and second members to an outside of the chassis, and is characterized in that the first and second exhaust fans are arranged so as to face the same surface of the chassis and the winds exhausted from the first and second exhaust fans are mixed.

Abstract: There is provided a light source unit which includes a luminescent light source which receives excitation light so as to emit light of a predetermined wavelength band, excitation light sources which shine excitation light on to the luminescent light source, a reflection space having the luminescent light source in an interior thereof and an emission space which emits luminescent light source light emitted from the reflection space from an emission port whose area is made smaller than the area of the luminescent light source and a projector which employs the light source unit.

Abstract: A three-dimensional (3D) color display apparatus may include: light sources emitting different color beams; a volume diffractive element, in which a hologram is recorded using one of the color beams that is emitted from one of the light sources as a reference beam and a signal beam, displaying color images by diffracting the color beams emitted from the light sources; and a scanning unit scanning the color beams diffracted by the volume diffractive element. A 3D color image display method may include: recording holograms in a volume diffractive element using a first color beam as a reference and signal beam; irradiating the first color beam and another color beam onto the volume diffractive element as a reproducing reference beam; forming beam spots by diffracting the first color beam and the another color beam using the volume diffractive element; and scanning the color beams diffracted by the volume diffractive element.

Abstract: An optical member 7 is bonded, at its rear side 7b, to a holographic stereogram 6. The front side 7a of the optical member 7 consists of parallel triangular prisms. Illumination light 9 is applied to the front surface 7a of the optical member 7 at a predetermined angle of, for example, 60°. The optical member 7 is made of, for example, optical glass or transparent plastic. Each triangular prism has an incidence surface 8, to which the illumination light is applied at right angles. The illumination light is applied to the interface 22 between the optical member 7 and the holographic stereogram 6, at an incidence angle &thgr; of, for example, 60°, thereby to suppress surface reflection of the illumination light 9 at the interface 22.

Abstract: Disclosed is a triacetyl cellulose film comprising (a) a triphenyl monophosphate compound and (b) an aromatic polyol-bridged polyphosphate compound. Such a film exhibits a reduced rate of water vapor transmission.

Abstract: A hologram medium printing wheel includes a roller having an outer surface and an ultraviolet curable resin layer formed on the outer surface and completely surrounding the roller. Holographic patterns are formed on the resin layer before it is cured. The resin is then exposed to an ultraviolet source for curing and forms a solid printing mold. If desired, an adhesive layer can be interposed between the resin layer and the roller to more securely attach the resin layer to the roller.

Abstract: A hologram recording medium comprises a hologram recording layer for recording a hologram, and a wedge substrate for varying the propagating direction of a reference light and an object light incident upon the hologram recording medium. By rotating the hologram recording medium comprising the hologram recording layer and the wedge substrate, the propagating direction of the reference light and the object light are varied, whereby angle multiplex recording of holograms can be realized with ease.

Abstract: The current invention comprises the recording of full parallax, one-step, full color holographic stereograms so as to properly display the resultant imagery when the hologram is mounted on a curved substrate after recording. It also comprises mounting the hologram on a substrate that can be curved in one or two dimensions, thereby producing any arbitrary shape. The hologram is scalable, making it possible to create curved holograms of unlimited size. The hologram can be generated for application to one of a variety of curved substrates, including hemi-cylindrical substrates with opaque backing to allow up to 180 degrees of horizontal view zone, and full cylinders with transparent backing to allow viewing through 360 degrees horizontally. It also includes adaptation to conical, spherical, and other curved geometric and irregular topographies.

Abstract: A holographic display device, e.g. for a vehicle, which reduces a color of hologram reflection toward the outside of the vehicle or a color of hologram transmission toward the inside of the vehicle generated at a hologram installation portion of a wind-proof glass, and which further reduces an external light noise. Light from a display element is transmitted through an imaging optical component to form a display image on a transmission diffusion hologram provided to a wind-proof glass, and the display image is reflected on the surface on the vehicle outer side of the wind-proof glass for visual recognition by an observer. The above transmission diffusion hologram is produced by diffused light, which is transmitted through a diffusion optical component, being made to fall on one side of a hologram photosensitive material.

Abstract: A method for fabricating an error-free linear position encoder incorporates the generation of fringes on a holographic plate by the interference of light from two point sources. The fringes are projected onto a curved holographic plate without intervening optical elements, the curve being such that the fringes have a constant pitch along the surface of the plate. A methodology for generating such a curve includes the creation of a graphic representation of the hyperbolic fringes generated by the interference between two coherent point sources, which would fall on an appropriately curved holographic plate. A numerical technique derived from the graphic representation produces a “constant-pitch” curve such that all of the fringes projected onto the curve are equidistant. The holographic plate, coated with a photosensitive material, is fabricated or formed in the shape of the constant-pitch curve.

Abstract: The present invention provides a curved lens having a hologram and a method of fabricating the same. In this method, a chromium-plated metal plate on which a hologram is formed is fixed to a moving plate of an injection mold having a curved cavity, and plastic resin is injected and molded. Thus, the metal plate is stretched or elongated, and simultaneously, the hologram of an elongated metal plate is transferred to the plastic resin. Then, a highly refractive material is deposited on the injected plastic, and the resultant structure is coated with a UV-blocking material. In this way, the curved lens having a hologram is fabricated. The plastic curved lens passes the standard values for sunglass lenses in terms of power and parallelism, and can obtain a distinct hologram image by completely preventing generation of color stripes which is the most serious problem in existing plastic curved lenses.

Abstract: A pattern formation method wherein a very small pattern composed of a desired element (atoms) is formed directly on a substrate by using atomic beam hologram technology. Quantum coherent reflection of an atomic wave is utilized. A coherent atomic beam is irradiated as a material wave, for example, upon a hologram of the transmission type to modulate the atomic beam with pattern information included in the hologram. The atomic beam having passed through and diffracted by the hologram is introduced to a reflecting plane so that the atomic beam may be quantum coherent reflected by the reflecting plane, and the atomic beam thus reflected is introduced into a substrate. A binary (two-value) hologram produced by computer synthesis is used suitably as the hologram. A hologram of the potential control type may be also used.

Abstract: An apodised refractive index grating is recorded in a photosensitive optical fiber by forming first and second component interference patterns with different pitches, that are recorded in the grating such as to result in apodisation. The component patterns are spatially in phase in a central region and move progressively out of phase towards the ends of the patterns. The patterns may be recorded sequentially or concurrently. The fiber may be stretched once or cylically.

Abstract: A holographic data storage and/or retrieval apparatus having a spherical holographic recording medium and addressing means for rotating the recording medium to selectively expose the recording medium to data and reference beams at predetermined rotational positions. Whereby image data contained in the data beam is recorded in the recording medium and/or a data beam containing image data is reconstructed from the recording medium.

Abstract: A volume holographic memory whose three-dimensional photosensitive body has exposed portions comprised only of continuous faces prevents recording of noise caused by scattered light at the time of light irradiation.

Abstract: A photolithograhic method and apparatus for exposure of a spherical shaped semiconductor substrate according to a mask pattern of a primary spherical object mask in the manufacture of a spherical semiconductor device is disclosed. A secondary mask is provided, the secondary mask having stored therein a hologram recorded from the primary spherical object mask and containing spherical mask pattern information. The spherical shaped semiconductor substrate is then positioned with respect to the secondary mask in preparation for a photolithographic exposure. Lastly, a reference beam is directed upon the secondary mask for enabling inverse scattering of the hologram to produce an inverse scattered holographic image photolithographic exposure of the spherical shaped semiconductor substrate.

Abstract: A three-dimensional photo mask is formed from a substrate having a first side and a three-dimensional side. A hologram is provided on the first side of the substrate. The three-dimensional side of the substrate has a photosensitive resist material provided thereon. The hologram includes information that defines features to be imaged onto the photosensitive resist material. A method and a system are disclosed for producing the three-dimensional mask.

Abstract: An optical transmission system having a transmission waveguide, an optical amplifier, a pump radiation source for supplying pump radiation to the optical amplifier, and a Bragg grating for reflecting pump radiation to the amplifier. The Bragg grating is produced using two collimated, non-collinear beams of actinic radiation to form an interference pattern in a medium. While changing the product .lambda..times.0.5 csc .phi./2, the interference pattern is advanced relative to the medium such that the interference pattern has a spatially varying period. The resulting Bragg grating has a sufficiently wide bandwidth in reflection, sufficiently high extinction in transmission, and sufficiently low intrinsic loss that the pump radiation source may be located at least one kilometer from the optical amplifier.

Abstract: A space light modulating apparatus and a stereoscopic display apparatus which are used in a rewritable hologram stereoscopic display. A solid image can be properly displayed by a phase distribution of a low spatial frequency. A plurality of flat space light modulating units, each having a predetermined area for performing a wave front conversion while setting a position near the position of a cross point (center position) of a normal line from a virtual display surface of a non-flat shape to display the phase distribution into a producing position of a solid image, are arranged along the virtual display surface such as a cylindrical surface or a spherical surface.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are provided for mass production of transmission holograms onto a continuous web of photosensitive material, one method involving the mounting of a master transmission hologram onto the outside surface of a clear hollow drum, the clear hollow drum being rotatable and having means for directing an irradiating wavefront propagated from a radiation source through the master transmission hologram onto a passing recording medium in a predetermined direction, the directing means configured so that said predetermined direction is fixedly maintainable independent of the rotation of the hollow drum and the master transmission hologram mounted thereon. The redirected irradiating wavefront transmitted through the master transmission hologram generates an object beam and a "zero order" reference beam, said object beam and "zero order" reference beam combine to form an interference pattern, the interference pattern being recorded on the photosensitive recording medium.

Abstract: A holographic filter for protection from radiation, notably laser radiation. At least one support is covered with at least two holograms. Each hologram is constituted by a stack of strata. The holograms are fixed to each other by an optical bonder associated with a selective absorbent material.

Abstract: Separate circuit sections of active driver circuits located adjacent at least one side of a liquid crystal display have a first encapsulating material covering each of the active driver circuits separately and a second encapsulating material covering all of the active driver circuits and their first encapsulating layer. The active driver circuits may also be sealed between two spaced bands forming an enclosure between the substrates and having an opening in the outer seal to allow a fluid to be inserted in the enclosure formed by the two seal bands to protect the active driver circuits therein. The opening may be sealed with an adhesive.

Abstract: A method for transferring a photopolymer hologram from a curved exposure surface to a curved application surface including the steps of forming a release layer on the exposure surface, forming a photopolymer layer on the release layer, forming a protective layer on the photopolymer layer, recording a hologram in the photopolymer layer, removing the protective layer, attaching the laminar assembly comprised of the exposure substrate, the release layer and the photopolymer layer to the curved application surface of the final substrate with an optical adhesive layer located between the photopolymer layer and the curved application surface, and removing the exposure substrate from the release layer.

Abstract: An achromatic hologram optical system for converting a wave front A into a wave front B. Two holograms (H.sub.1 and H.sub.2) are provided. The length of an optical path from an equiphase front of the wave front A to an equiphase front of the wave front B is constant, and each of the two holograms has a curved surface shape.

Abstract: An optical scanning device comprises a light source for emitting a light, a light guide path being adapted to receive the emitted light and to transmitting the received light therein, a plurality of diffraction gratings disposed on the light guide path for taking out the transmitted light in a form of an array, and a liquid crystal shutter for scanning the taken out light in the form of the array. An optical scanning device comprises a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the first substrate and the second substrate, a light guide path disposed on the first substrate for entering a light transmitted therein into the liquid crystal layer, a plurality of micro lenses disposed on the second substrate for converging the entered light, wherein, assuming that n.sub.CORE is a refraction index of a light guide medium forming the light guide path, that n.sub.LCON is a refraction index of a liquid crystal when an electric field is applied (on), and that n.sub.

Abstract: The holographic element of the present invention includes a holographic grating pattern that is impressed in the media of the element utilizing beams of electromagnetic energy of wavelength .lambda..sub.o. The holographic grating pattern is capable of manipulating a beam of electromagnetic energy having a wavelength .lambda..sub.c at which the media is not necessarily suitable for recording. The method for manufacturing the holographic element utilizes an object beam and a reference beam having aspherical wavefronts of wavelength .lambda..sub.o to create the grating pattern in the media. In the preferred embodiment, the aspherical object beam and reference beam are created utilizing parent holographic devices recorded with spherical beams. An alternative embodiment of the present invention is a doublet holographic device which incorporates two holographic elements that are formed in accordance with the present invention to manipulate a beam of electromagnetic energy of wavelength .lambda..sub.

Abstract: A hologram plate manufacturing apparatus comprising a copying optical element disposed in opposed relation to a photosensitive surface of a hologram plate. The copying optical element is arranged so that its one surface facing the photosensitive surface of the hologram plate has a plane configuration and its other surface has a convex or concave configuration. On the convex or concave surface there is formed a reflection film for effectively reflecting incident light. Also included a refraction index adjusting layer which is provided between the photosensitive surface of the hologram plate and the convex or concave surface of the copying optical element, the refraction index adjusting layer having an index of refraction substantially equal to indexes of refraction of the hologram plate and the copying optical element.

Abstract: A method for increasing the authentication effect of a verification hologram to be affixed to a protected document includes laser etching individualized indicia into the reflective layer of each hologram produced en masse on a moving, continuous web. The laser is finely focused and guided by a computer which records the data used to form the selected indicia, such data being referenced for comparison to provide verification of authenticity upon presentation by a bearer. In one embodiment, the data used to create the indicia is generated by a computer program which may include a random number generator.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for storing holographic synthesized information for reflection integral Bragg holograms, free of the limitations of dispersing elements (such as unilateral diffusing screens, conventional lenticular screens and Fresnel lenses), multiple reference beams, mirrorized indexing or other similar materials or techniques. These holograms accurately satisfy Bragg's condition, provide an expanded (and essentially normal) vertical viewing range and can be displayed both flat (in which case the image is behind the film plane) or concave towards the viewer (in which case the image is in front of the film plane). Flat and curved holograms can be combined together. The final holographic images are produced directly from motion picture film, without intermediate transfer prints as required by the prior art. All are front illuminated. By curving the developed hologram for viewing a high definition projection image is obtained.

Abstract: A hologram exposure system that includes a spherically curved mirror surface positioned adjacent a substrate/hologram assembly that includes a spherically curved hologram recording layer supported by a spherically curved substrate surface, wherein the spherically curved mirror surface is concentric with the spherically curved substrate surface. A first rotating means provides for rotation of the curved mirror surface about a first axis that passes through (a) the center of curvature of the spherically curved substrate surface that supports the hologram recording layer, and (b) a point on the hologram recording layer that allows for convenient rotation about the first axis; and a second rotating means provides for rotation of the curved mirror surface about a second axis that is orthogonal to the first axis and intersects the first axis at the center of curvature of the substrate surface that supports the hologram recording layer.

Abstract: A holographic member for a helmet visor comprising a first holographic layer having planes of diffraction oriented in a first direction in a given local area is disclosed. A second holographic layer disposed over said first holographic layer has planes of diffraction oriented in said local area in the opposite direction. The first holographic layer is transferred from a slanted planar holographic mirror. The second holographic layer comprises the holographic analog of an oppositely slanted transferred planar mirror. The slant and the opposite slant have substantially the same magnitude of slant but opposite orientation, providing for diffractive ghost compensation. A third holographic layer, unslanted, is transferred from an unslanted planar holographic mirror. The three holographic layers provide practical total eye coverage with minimum diffractive unwanted ghosts.

Abstract: Process for producing a hologram reproducing the image of at least one object. Said process is characterized in that a first recording is made of the image of said object on at least one first holographic recording material in order to obtain a holographic image of said object, followed by developing this first holographic recording material, making a second recording from said holographic image on a second holographic recording material shaped to present at least one concave part turned towards the first holographic recording material, whereby at least one part of said image must be located in the space defined by the two holographic recording materials. The first and second holographic recording materials are combined in such a way that the distance separating them during the second recording is variable. Said second holographic recording material is developed and then used in the same configuration in order to play back the image of the object.