Abstract: A method of computing a computer generated hologram (CGH) for use in displaying a holographic image of a replay object. The method of generating a first computer generated hologram corresponding to the desired replay object (step 1); subdividing the first computer generated hologram into a plurality of blocks, each representing a sub CGH (step 2); for each block or sub CGH, calculating the corresponding replay sub-image hereafter called target wavefront data set (step 3); and generating for each target wavefront data set a second constrained modulation computer generated hologram wherein that second CGH is modulated within constrained values (step 5); and combining the plurality of second constrained modulation computer generated holograms to provide a third complete constrained modulation computer generated hologram (step 6).

Abstract: A hologram screen 1 displays an image by diffracting and scattering image light 31 projected from an image projection apparatus 2. An upward/downward light scattering device 13, which scatters light incident from an upward/downward specific angle range spreading obliquely upward or downward, is placed on the image projection apparatus side of a hologram device 12 in the hologram screen 1. A leftward/rightward light scattering device 14, which scatters light incident from a leftward/rightward specific angle range spreading obliquely leftward and rightward, is placed between the hologram device 12 and the scattering device 13. The construction is such that the upward/downward specific angle range contains the incidence angle of the image light 31 on the hologram screen 1, and thus provides a hologram screen having good color reproducibility and which permits viewing of the background.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a method for performing digital holographic imaging (DHI), said DHI being characterized by the fact that images of a sample are obtained by applying numerical means to reconstruct holograms of the sample. In the method of the invention, the sample is in a medium with controlled properties that influence the behaviour of the sample, and/or that influence the process of hologram formation. The information content of one hologram, or of a plurality of holograms, recorded with the sample in one medium, or in a plurality of medium, is used to reconstruct one image of the sample, or a plurality of images of the sample, that describe quantitatively one property of the sample, or a plurality of properties of the sample. The present invention is also related to an apparatus with which to perform said method.

Abstract: The invention provides systems and methods for generating and displaying computational holographic stereograms having a hologram surface and a spatially distinct image surface. A three-dimensional object or scene is captured or synthesized as a stack of views. The holographic stereogram is computed by obtaining a diffractive fringe vector e and a pixel slice v through the stack of views, and generating the holopixel representation f=ev. The holographic stereogram is displayed using one or more image surfaces that are spatially distinct from the hologram surface. the surfaces can be any two-dimensional structures defined on a three-dimensional space, including, but not limited to planar, cylindrical, spherical, or other surfaces. The holographic stereograms are adjustable through variations in an image surface depth, an image surface resolution, a number of image surfaces, and a scene parallax resolution.

Abstract: A method for tracking particles and life forms in three dimensions and in time. The present invention applies a numerical reconstruction approach to digital in-line holographic microscopy images in order to generate a time sequence hologram representing the trajectory of objects such as particles and life forms. By subtracting consecutive (in time) holograms of a particle sample volume and then adding the resulting differences, a final hologram is constructed that contains the time evolution of the object trajectory free from spurious background interference effects.

Abstract: This invention discloses a method of producing, in a solid transparent material (3), a hologram of an object; the method includes the steps of: developing a three-dimensional mathematical model of an electro-magnetic field emanating from the object, the field producing an image of the object; computing a corresponding three-dimensional set of points, light scattered from which reconstructs the field; and focusing a pulsed laser beam into the solid transparent material onto each of the points sequentially, the beam being capable, when focused, of causing optical breakdown in the solid transparent material.

Abstract: The invention relates to a holographic viewing device that enables a bright reconstructed pattern to be viewed in place of light sources in a scene while a spot due to zero-order transmitted light is kept unnoticeable, and a computer-generated hologram for the same. The invention provides a holographic viewing device comprising a frame and a computer-generated hologram fitted in the frame. The computer-generated hologram is constructed as a transmission Fourier transform hologram.

Abstract: In a hologram screen for reproducing an image based on an output light obtained by scattering and diffusing an image light from an image projector, when a white light (image light) is projected on the hologram screen; and when a distance between two points at optional two points A and B on a surface of the hologram screen is given by 20 cm or less, and a value of the CIE 1976 chromaticity coordinate (u′, v′) at the point A is given by (u′A, v′A) and the value of the CIE 1976 chromaticity coordinate (u′, v′) at the point B is given by (u′B, v′B); the output light perpendicularly from the surface of the hologram screen has a color distribution in which a color difference &Dgr;u′v′between two points A and B is derived from the following formula (1) and given by 0.

Abstract: The invention relates a lithograph for producing computer-generated holograms in a storage medium (13), provided with a source for generating a write beam (2), a moving lens (4) for focussing the write beam (2), means for displacing the moving lens (4) along a direction of movement (6), and with a means for displacing the write beam (2) in relation to the storage medium (13) in a manner that is perpendicular to the direction of movement (6). The aim of the invention is to provide a lithograph in which disruptions in the movement of a lens perpendicular to the direction of movement thereof do not effect this end, the moving lens (4) has refractive power only essentially in a first direction that is parallel to the direction of movement (6). In addition, a stationary lens (9) is provided, and this stationary lens (9) has refractive power only essentially in a second direction (5), whereby the second direction (5) is perpendicular to the first direction and to the write beam (2).

Abstract: A method for producing a holographic recording medium having a holographic recording layer between a first substrate and a second substrate including the steps of: providing a holographic recording layer forming composition onto the first substrate, forming the holographic recording layer between the first substrate and the second substrate by facing the second substrate to the first substrate, and hardening the holographic recording layer by at least one of heat and light.

Abstract: The invention relates to a holographic viewing device that has a high diffraction efficiency, enables bright patterns with less noticeable conjugate or higher-order images to be viewed in place of light sources in a scene and is easy to fabricate with consistent characteristics. The holographic viewing device comprises a frame and a computer-generated hologram constructed as a transmission Fourier transform hologram and fitted in the frame. The computer-generated hologram 20 comprises minuscule cells having pitches &dgr;x and &dgr;y, with a reconstruction image area 30 defined by a range of spreading of ± first-order diffracted light of given wavelength from a diffraction grating having grating pitches 2&dgr;x and 2&dgr;y that are twice as large as the pitches of cells, and an input image pattern, reconstructed at that wavelength in a range of up to ⅔ of the reconstruction image area 30, is recorded in the computer-generated hologram.

Abstract: A method of computing a computer generated hologram (CGH) for use in displaying a holographic image of a replay object. The method comprising the steps of generating a first computer generated hologram corresponding to the desired replay object (step 1); subdividing the first computer generated hologram into a plurality of blocks, each representing a sub CGH (step 2); for each block or sub CGH, calculating the corresponding replay sub-image hereafter called target wavefront data set (step 3); and generating for each target wavefront data set a second constrained modulation computer generated hologram wherein that second CGH is modulated within constrained values (step 5); and combining the plurality of second constrained modulation computer generated holograms to provide a third complete constrained modulation computer generated hologram (step 6).

Abstract: The invention relates to a holographic display for storing and reducing a spatial structure, having a holographic screen forming the master hologram, and having a projection device which illuminates the holographic screen in order to reproduce the spatial structure. The invention, for the holographic display to be constructed from a plurality of holographic screens which are respectively assigned to a dedicated projection device.

Abstract: A computer-generated hologram fabrication process that enables a plurality of original images to be observed with master-slave relations Original images 11, 12, a recording surface 20 and reference light R are defined on a computer, and a number of point light sources P11-1, . . . , P12-1, . . . as samples are defined on each original image. Given angles of spreading of object light beams emitted from individual point light sources are defined, and areas on the recording surface 20, at which object light beams emitted from point light sources defined on each original image 11, 12 with the thus limited given angles of spreading arrive, are determined as recording areas &agr;11 and &agr;12 corresponding to the original images 11 and 12. When there is an overlapping (hatched) portion in the recording areas, the overlapping portion is determined as a recording area corresponding to the master original image.

Abstract: The present invention is a phase-imaging technique by digital holography that eliminates the problem of 2&pgr;-ambiguity. The technique is based on a combination of two or more digital holograms generated using multiple wavelengths. For a two-wavelength experiment, the phase maps of two digital holograms of different wavelengths are subtracted which yields another phase map whose effective wavelength is inversely proportional to the difference of wavelengths. Using two holograms made with a 633 nm HeNe laser and a 532 nm doubled YAG laser an image was obtained that is a 3D reconstruction of a reflective surface with axial resolution of ˜10 nm over a range of −5 um, without any phase discontinuity over this range. The method can be extended to three wavelengths or more in order to reduce the effect of phase noise further.

Abstract: The invention provides a computer-generated hologram which can be viewed in white at the desired viewing region and a reflective liquid crystal display using the same as a reflector. The computer-generated hologram H is designed to diffuse light having a given reference wavelength &lgr;STD and incident thereon at a given angle of incidence &thgr; in a specific angle range. In a range of wavelengths &lgr;MIN to &lgr;MAX including the reference wavelength &lgr;STD wherein zero-order transmission light or zero-order reflection light of incident light on the computer-generated hologram at a given angle of incidence is seen in white by additive color mixing, the maximum diffraction angle &bgr;2MIN of incident light of the minimum wavelength &lgr;MIN in the wavelength range and incident at the angle of incidence &thgr; is larger than the minimum diffraction angle &bgr;1MAX of incident light of the maximum wavelength &lgr;MAX in the wavelength range and incident at said angle of incidence &thgr;.

Abstract: Diffractive optical structures are written within crystal optical elements using ultrafast near-infrared laser pulses. The crystal optical elements preferably perform an optical function such as focusing or chromatically dispersing light. The diffractive optical structures within the crystal optical elements perform additional optical functions that augment or refine the functions performed by the crystal optical elements.

Abstract: A holographic stereogram printing system to print holographic stereograms with good efficiency and no drop in the operating rate of the imaging system and holographic printer. An imaging system control section of an imaging system comprises an operating section that along with controlling the operation of the camera according to the desired selection of the user such as imaging method, image size selection or image layout, also creates an information management file for the base image based on the control information. A holographic stereogram printer prints out a holographic stereogram according to the information management file provided along a transmission path.

Abstract: The invention relates to a lithograph for producing digital holograms in a storage medium (4), having a light source (6, 10) for producing a write beam (12) with a predefined beam cross section, having a writing lens (14) for focusing the write beam (12) onto the storage medium (4) to be written, the writing lens (14) being arranged in a lens holder (16), and having drive means for the two-dimensional movement of the write beam relative to the storage medium. The technical problem of writing computer-generated holograms as quickly as possible and with little effort by means of optical lithography is solved in that a first drive device (18) is provided for moving the lens holder (16) substantially at right angles to the write beam (12) and in that the aperture of the writing lens (14) is smaller than the beam cross section of the write beam (12).

Abstract: A method and system for generating a hologram include a computer (104) connected to a printer (108). A mathematical description (102) of an object, including for example the physical dimensions of the object, is provided to the computer (104). The computer (104) computes a holographic interference pattern based on the mathematical description (102) of the object, and than transmits the computed holographic interference pattern data (106) to the printer (108). The printer (108) prints or otherwise fixes the holographic interference pattern to a print medium (107) to produce a holograph (110). A holographic (three-dimensional) image (114) of the object can then be produced by directing a light beam (118) from a light source (112) onto a surface of the hologram (110), so that the light will interfere with the pattern to generate the holographic image (114).

Abstract: A hologram that can obtain high diffraction efficiency when reconstructed and is superior in productivity is provided. An arbitrary object image and a recording surface in which representative points are disposed with predetermined pitches are defined by use of a computer. At the position of each individual representative point, a complex amplitude for the wave front of object light emitted from the object image is calculated, and a complex amplitude distribution is calculated on the recording surface. This complex amplitude distribution is expressed by a three-dimensional cell having a groove in the surface thereof. Four kinds of groove depths are defined in accordance with the phase &thgr;, and seven kinds of groove widths are defined in accordance with the amplitude A.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a lithograph for producing digital holograms in a storage medium, having a light source (8) for producing a write beam (10), having drive means (12, 14) for the two-dimensional movement of the write beam (10) relative to the storage medium (4) and having a first objective (16) for focusing the write beam (10) onto the storage medium (4) to be written.

Abstract: A three dimensional true color holographic imaging system using three primary color Fresnel-Zone-Pattern laser generators combined as a single beam that scans the target and the reflections of which are sensed simultaneously by a single electronic detector. The detector signals corresponding to each generator are then separated electronically and independently recorded.

Abstract: The invention provides a computer-generated hologram which can be viewed in white at the desired viewing region and a reflective liquid crystal display using the same as a reflector. The computer-generated hologram H is designed to diffuse light having a given reference wavelength &lgr;STD and incident thereon at a given angle of incidence &thgr; in a specific angle range. In a range of wavelengths &lgr;MIN to &lgr;MAX including the reference wavelength &lgr;STD wherein zero-order transmission light or zero-order reflection light of incident light on the computer-generated hologram at a given angle of incidence is seen in white by additive color mixing, the maximum diffraction angle &bgr;2MIN of incident light of the minimum wavelength &lgr;MIN in the wavelength range and incident at the angle of incidence &thgr; is larger than the minimum diffraction angle &bgr;1MAX of incident light of the maximum wavelength &lgr;MAX in the wavelength range and incident at said angle of incidence &thgr;.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for off-axis illumination direct-to-digital holography.

Abstract: An image display apparatus comprises a hologram screen 2 formed by bonding a hologram element 20 to light-transmissible films 21 and an illumination device 11 for irradiating image light 10 onto the hologram screen and reproducing an image on the hologram screen 2. The light-transmissible film 21 positioned on the irradiation side of the image light 10 relative to the hologram element 20 has an angle deviation of not greater than 45 degrees between a direction of the light-transmissible film 21 that gives the highest thermal shrinkage ratio and an axial direction in the hologram screen 2. Therefore, the image display apparatus can provide high-quality images without the superposition of an interference pattern on the images on the hologram screen.

Abstract: A holographic stereogram printing system capable of printing a holographic stereogram by selectively performing a desired image processing on a still picture image or a motion picture image entered. The printing system is comprised of an image processing server for selectively performing an image processing on an image data, an image storage server for storing the image data processed in the image processing server, and a printing device for printing a holographic stereogram in accordance with the processed image data stored in the image storage server.

Abstract: The invention provides systems and methods for generating and displaying computational holographic stereograms having a hologram surface and a spatially distinct image surface. A three-dimensional object or scene is captured or synthesized as a stack of views. The holographic stereogram is computed by obtaining a diffractive fringe vector e and a pixel slice v through the stack of views, and generating the holopixel representation f=ev. The holographic stereogram is displayed using one or more image surfaces that are spatially distinct from the hologram surface. the surfaces can be any two-dimensional structures defined on a three-dimensional space, including, but not limited to planar, cylindrical, spherical, or other surfaces. The holographic stereograms are adjustable through variations in an image surface depth, an image surface resolution, a number of image surfaces, and a scene parallax resolution.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for display of three-dimensional images and production of mega-channel phase-encoded optical communications. In certain embodiments, the device of the present invention allows for the creation and display of real-time, three-dimensional moving holograms. In the present invention, a computed image or virtual model of a real object is stored in a computer or dedicated digital signal processor (DSP). The stored image or model is then converted by the computer or DSP into its Fourier, or holographic, transform. The holographic transform is displayed on a light modulation device that is illuminated by a one portion of a laser emission. The remaining portion of the same laser emission is combined with the holographic transform at a plane to create a three-dimensional image.

Abstract: A three-dimensional image is stored (E0) in a computer memory in the form of digital data and defined in a three-dimensional geometrical space. Two-dimensional images are calculated (E1) by determining, in the three-dimensional geometrical space, the intersections between the three-dimensional image and a plurality of parallel section planes. Respective holograms are calculated (E2) for the two-dimensional images, and are then reproduced (E3) sequentially on a spatial light modulator illuminated by a coherent light source. A transparent three-dimensional image is thus reproduced.

Abstract: A system and method for creating and displaying representations of holographic images comprises a display device, digital image data, a simulation module configured to create a representation of a holographic image and display the representation on the display device, and a processor configured to control the simulation module. The digital image data may include a sequence of images selected by a user by utilizing a selection module. An inspection module inspects the sequence of images for errors. An image sizing module manipulates the digital image data to conform to a size of a final stereogram, and a color module manipulates the digital image data to conform to a color of the final stereogram. A sequence repair module fills any gaps in the sequence of images. When the user determines that the representation is satisfactory, an image data formatter configures the digital image data to conform to requirements of a service provider.

Abstract: A system for producing a white-light interference hologram includes a camera adapted for recording a first and a second bitmap image of a scene from separate vantage points, and the separation distance of the vantage points, a computing engine adapted to compute three-dimensional x, y, and z characteristics of an interference hologram topology for the scene from the bitmap image and separation data, wherein x and y are two dimensional locations of bits in a bitmap of the topology and z is a depth dimension for each x,y bit, and a printer adapted to print in color the x,y bitmap, and to create the depth dimension z at each x,y bit location, providing thereby a three-dimensional interference hologram topology for the scene. In a preferred embodiment the depth dimension is created by electrophoresis, using a medium having an electrophoretic gel layer, with the ink applied to the gel in a bit-mapped pattern being ionic in nature, and capable of being migrated in the gel layer by electrophoresis.

Abstract: A holographic stereogram printing system to print holographic stereograms with good efficiency and no drop in the operating rate of the imaging system and holographic printer. An imaging system control section of an imaging system comprises an operating section that along with controlling the operation of the camera according to the desired selection of the user such as imaging method, image size selection or image layout, also creates an information management file for the base image based on the control information. A holographic stereogram printer prints out a holographic stereogram according to the information management file provided along a transmission path.

Abstract: A system and a method for recording interference fringes in a photosensitive medium. Two light beams are guided along different light paths to impinge on a photosensitive medium, where they interfere to produce the interference fringes. One of the beam is reflected along its path on a delay mirror forming a fixed angle &phgr; with respect to the plane of the photosensitive medium. Both the photosensitive medium and delay mirror are translated with respect to the light paths of the two beams, thereby recording the interference fringes all along the medium. The angle &phgr; is chosen so that the interference pattern is fixed relative to the photosensitive medium along its length.

Abstract: A synthetic aperture system for producing a non-periodic pattern in a region of overlap. The system includes a source of electromagnetic radiation producing a plurality of electromagnetic beams, a plurality of beam controllers positioned to receive a respective one of the plurality of electromagnetic beams and direct the respective electromagnetic beam into the region of overlap; and a system controller in electrical communication with each of the plurality of the beam controllers. Each beam controller controls at least one of the phase, amplitude and polarization of a respective one of the plurality of electromagnetic beams in response to control signals from the system controller. The result is a non-periodic pattern formed within the region of overlap by the interference of a plurality of electromagnetic beams in response to the control signals from the system controller. The invention also relates to a method for producing a non-periodic pattern in a region of overlap.

Abstract: An isotropic, direction and point parameterization (DPP) light-field model is used for rendering graphics images in a hologram production system. Using the DPP light-field models can reduce image artifacts, reduce oversampling, decrease rendering time, and decrease data storage requirements.

Abstract: A method and system for generating a hologram include a computer (104) connected to a printer (108). A mathematical description (102) of an object, including for example the physical dimensions of the object, is provided to the computer (104). The computer (104) computes a holographic interference pattern based on the mathematical description (102) of the object, and than transmits the computed holographic interference pattern data (106) to the printer (108). The printer (108) prints or otherwise fixes the holographic interference pattern to a print medium (107) to produce a holograph (110). A holographic (three-dimensional) image (114) of the object can then be produced by directing a light beam (118) from a light source (112) onto a surface of the hologram (110), so that the light will interfere with the pattern to generate the holographic image (114).

Abstract: A projection engine having a first kernel for modulating light of a first polarization, and a second kernel for modulating light of a second polarization, and a polarization combiner for merging light from the kernels into a dual polarization modulated output beam.

Abstract: A Fourier hologram with the distribution of a radial harmonic function creates, in the far field, a pseudo non-diffracting beam. The properties of this pseudo non-diffracting beam can be set by appropriate characterization of the radial harmonic function. Various operations can also be carried out to change the position of the beam relative to the focal point. The beam can be shifted in space, twisted, or tilted.

Abstract: A system for converting an image into a hologram formed from diffraction gratings includes obtaining image data for each pixel in an image to be converted, putting it into digital form and using the image data to control portions of a laser beam split into a reference beam and at least one object beam. The diffraction gratings are formed by an interference pattern of a reference beam and at least one object beam intersecting on the surface of a photoresist material on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Modulation of at least one object beam and adjustment of the angle at which that beam interferes with the reference beam on the photoresist material is used to reflect image data for each pixel of the image being converted into a hologram consisting of diffraction gratings.

Abstract: A system for converting an image into a hologram formed from diffraction gratings includes obtaining image data for each pixel in an image to be converted, putting the image into digital form and using the image data to control portions of a laser beam split into a reference beam and at least one object beam. The diffraction gratings are formed by an interference pattern of a reference beam and at least one object beam. intersecting on a profitable surface on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Modulation of at least one object beam and adjustment of the angle at which that beam interferes with the reference beam on the profitable surface is used to reflect image data for each pixel of the image being converted into a hologram.

Abstract: In a system in which images having parallax data, and which are made up of plural images containing the parallax information, are processed with viewing point conversion, and the resulting new images having parallax data are used, as in a system of generating a holographic stereogram, a unit for generating the images having parallax data is to be independent from other unit or units. To this end, the information necessary to perform viewing point conversion processing of converting the viewing point for an object is attached to images having parallax data when the images having parallax data have been produced. When the images having parallax data is exchanged between the unit for generating the images having parallax data and other unit or units, the exchanged images having parallax data need to be those to which the information has been attached.

Abstract: A two-color holographic recording apparatus reduces error signals possibly included in reproduced digital data signals. The two-color holographic recording apparatus has first, second and third light shutters for passing or blocking gate light, signal light and reference light incident on a recording medium respectively, and a controller for controlling the respective states of the first, second and third light shutters.

Abstract: A system for projecting images is provided having a group of diffractive phase plates each encoded with different image information which have phase shifts aligned to reconstruct visible images in a Fraunhofer diffraction region. The plates are arranged along a path, and may represent successive frames of animation. A light source illuminates the plates and provides, when multiple plates are illuminated, a composite image representing image information encoded in such multiple plates. This composite image is a coincident superposition of reconstructed images from the multiple plates. A mechanism is provided for moving the plates along their path such that images projected from the system in the Fraunhofer diffraction region represent the composite image from successively different illuminated multiple plates or the reconstructed image from a single plate. Both monochromatic and multi-color channel phase plates may be used in the system.

Abstract: A diffractive optical element has a plurality of step-like patterns each having surface levels of a number less than eight, the step-like patterns being disposed in combination to provide a function of a step-like structure of eight or more levels.

Abstract: A projection screen (30) for representation of images by back-projection comprises a plurality of holographic-optical elements (10) arranged in one plane. The holographic-optical elements are illuminated by a projector (14) comprising three projection devices (22,24,26). Each projection device (22,24,26) generates a light bundle (16,18,20) respectively including the chromatic components of an image to be projected. Each holographic-optical element (10) comprises at least one lens and one diffraction grating which are diffracted in such a manner by the different light bundles (16,18,20) that the holographic-optical element (10) will emit an exiting light bundle (28) with an identical exit angle (&bgr;) in the direction of the viewer (12). Such a projection screen will scatter the light only to a small extent so that the projection screen can be used also at daylight and for large-surface image projection.

Abstract: A method for displaying computer generated holograms of a display object is performed by computing fringe patterns produced by light interference from the display object. The steps are summarized as follows: three-dimensional data of the display object are converted into computational data for fringe pattern generation; a sampling rule for sampling computational data is selected; computational data are sampled according to a selected sampling rule; wavefronts generated by light illumination are computed by assuming that each sampled position has a light source; fringe patterns generated by computed wavefronts and a reference beam are computed; fringe patterns are stored as hologram images; sampling and a wavefront generation are repeated for all data; and a series of hologram images thus generated are displayed successively.

Abstract: This invention pertains to the design of optimized far field viewing devices that simultaneously produce bright far field holographic light patterns and achieve good see-through performance to present a well focused scene. A far field transmission hologram recorded on a transparent substrate has regions having high diffraction efficiency juxtaposed with regions having low diffraction efficiency. The high diffraction efficiency regions contribute to production of bright far field holographic light patterns, whereas the low diffraction efficiency regions contribute to see-through performance.

Abstract: A phase type computer hologram has a plurality of cells for applying a predetermined phase to different portions of a wavefront of light, wherein no phase skip larger than &pgr; is present in the cells. Such a phase type computer hologram can be produced by a process of determining phases for a plurality of cells, respectively, smoothening a distribution of the phases of the cells, by shifting the phase of at least one of the cells by 2&pgr;, and forming, on a substrate, the cells whose phase distribution is smoothened in the smoothening step.

Abstract: A holographic microscope is described along with a method for numerically reconstructing a holographic image. The method uses a coordinate transformation of the Kirchhoff-Helmholtz equation to remove the non-linear component from the phase factor. The intensity distribution in the transformed coordinate system is then interpolated on an equidistant point grid and Fast-Fourier-Transforms are used to compute the result.