Abstract: A method, apparatus and a data storage device are provided for implementing track following and data recovery with readback of shingled data written in overlapping shingled data tracks on a recordable surface of a storage device. Positional information is identified with data readback of shingled data written in overlapping shingled data tracks. The identified positional information is used to selectively modify at least one predefined channel parameter, for example, to provide enhanced track following and enhanced data recovery.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for positioning of a reader element in a data storage device employing shingled recording. In an embodiment, a system may comprise a data storage medium configured to store data in a shingled manner where at least one track is partially overlapped by an adjacent track, a read element to read data from the data storage medium, and a processor. The processor may be configured to receive a read command to retrieve data from the data storage medium, and when the data is stored to a shingled portion of the data storage medium, adjust a position of the read element according to a squeeze offset value based on an amount of overwrite of a shingled data track by an adjacent data track.

Abstract: A disk drive is disclosed comprising a head actuated over a disk. A position y of the head is measured based on servo sectors, and the measured position y of the head is adjusted based on: z1=y+c1(y) where z1 represents a first adjusted position and c1(y) represents first correction values. The first adjusted position z1 is adjusted based on: z2=z1+c2(z1) where z2 represents a second adjusted position and c2(z1) represents second correction values. The first and second correction values are combined based on: c3(y)=c1(y)+c2(y+c1(y)). The measured position y of the head is adjusted based on: z3=y+c3(y) where z3 represents a third adjusted position comprising the adjustment based on c1(y) and the adjustment based on c2(y), and c3(y) represents third correction values.

Abstract: A disk drive is disclosed comprising a head actuated over a disk having a plurality of data tracks. A vibration is detected, and a write operation is configured to write a first plurality of blocks and a second plurality of blocks to a target data track based on the detected vibration. The first plurality of blocks are written to the target data track during a first revolution of the disk, and the second plurality of blocks are written to the target data track during a second revolution of the disk.

Abstract: Systems, methods, apparatus, and techniques are provided for controlling synchronization of a write clock. A frequency offset is estimated based, at least partially, on a location of the servo synchronization marker to produce the frequency offset estimate. A phase correction value and a frequency correction value associated with the write clock are obtained, and a data clock timing control signal is produced based on the frequency offset estimate, the phase correction value, and the frequency correction value. The data clock timing control signal is applied to a phase interpolator to modify a phase of the write clock.

Abstract: A bit-patterned media (BPM) magnetic recording disk has two sizes of dots of magnetic material. The large and small dots are formed together in a hexagonal-close-packed (HCP) pattern. In the data regions none of the larger sized dots are adjacent one another; however in the servo regions some of the larger sized dots are adjacent one another. The adjacent larger sized dots form blocks that provide large amplitude “bursts” as the readback signal, as required for servo burst fields. The disk is made by imprint lithography using an imprint template, which can be made by directed self-assembly (DSA) of a block copolymer (BCP). The imprint template has two sizes of recesses, resulting in BPM disks with two sizes of dots. After the disks are imprinted they are exposed to a DC magnetic field, which magnetizes all the dots in the same direction.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a magnetic head, a magnetic disk and a magnetic recording controller are provided. The magnetic disk has a burst pattern recorded thereon for determining a position of the magnetic head on a track based on a reading result by the magnetic head. The magnetic recording controller corrects a demodulation position of the magnetic head based on an offset correction value subject to fluctuation of the burst pattern.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for storing a disk drive media defect table or list. Defect table entries for a subject disk track are stored on the subject track and retrieved for determining defective sectors only when the subject track is accessed for a data read or write operation.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a head position detecting method and a magnetic disk device includes measuring a burst output by reading a burst pattern, which is recorded on a magnetic disk, with a magnetic head and calculating a demodulation position of the magnetic head on the basis of the result of the correction of the phase shift of the burst output corresponding to magnetization transition curvature of the burst pattern.

Abstract: An information device includes a slider (100) including a first metal antenna (103a), a second metal antenna (103b), and a heater (107) configured to vary the distance between the first metal antenna (103a) and the second metal antenna (103b) in a direction orthogonal to a track direction on the surface of a disk (104), and an arm motor (120) configured to move the slider (100) in parallel to the surface of the disk (104). The arm motor (120) and the heater (107) cause the first metal antenna (103a) and the second metal antenna (103b) to respectively follow corresponding target tracks.

Abstract: An implementation of a circuit disclose herein comprises a vibration sensor circuit that generates a sensor signal from a disturbance signal, a lattice filter circuit that decorrelates the sensor signal to generate orthogonal backward prediction errors, and a multiple regression filter that estimates a disturbance correction signal using the orthogonal backward prediction errors.

Abstract: Misalignment of a transducer head over a bit-patterned media (BPM) may cause a bit to experience conflicting magnetization forces from the writer, resulting in improperly written data and stored data corruption. The likelihood of data corruption is reduced when a write transition is performed when the write sync margin is increased or maximized. Therefore, a write precompensation system may calculate time shift information for adjusting the timing of an individual write current transition at the transducer that compensates for write sync margin degradation due to any or all of skew angle of the transducer, track misregistration, and write field curvature.

Abstract: A magnetic media tester comprising a Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) head; and a magnetic read head; the LDV head and the magnetic read head being configured for obtaining correlatable data of a region on a magnetic disk.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present invention provide systems and methods for data processing. For example, some embodiments of the present invention provide clock generation systems that include: a first clock multiplier circuit, a second clock multiplier circuit, a modulus accumulator circuit, and a data clock phase control circuit. The first clock multiplier circuit is operable to multiply a reference clock by a first multiplier to yield a first domain clock, and the second clock multiplier circuit is operable to multiply the reference clock by a second multiplier to yield a second domain clock. The modulus accumulator circuit is operable to yield a value indicating a fractional amount of the second domain clock that an edge of the second domain clock is offset from a trigger signal. The data clock phase control circuit is operable to phase shift the second domain clock by a phase amount corresponding to the fractional amount.

Abstract: A contact event between a sensing device and a storage medium is detected by receiving a signal indicating a physical proximity between the sensing device and the storage medium; generating a plurality of frequency bin outputs; comparing one or more frequency bin outputs to a corresponding first level threshold to yield a corresponding comparator output; summing the comparator output with at least one prior instance of the comparator output to yield an aggregated value; comparing the aggregated value to an aggregate threshold to yield an aggregate output; and generating a contact event output if one or more of a first group of the plurality of frequency bin outputs has an associated aggregate output set to a predefined binary value and a predefined minimum number of a second group of the plurality of frequency bin outputs has an associated aggregate output set to a predefined binary value.

Abstract: A magnetic disk device includes a magnetic disk on which servo information is recorded, a head to read the servo information of the magnetic disk, and a position control module. When carrying out positioning control of the head, the position control module estimates frequency components of noise in a head positioning control process, using a high-order digital filter that includes first and second variable coefficients that are each based on position error information generated from the servo information read by the head.

Abstract: A disk drive is disclosed comprising a head actuated over a disk comprising a plurality of normal servo tracks each comprising a plurality of normal servo sectors storing head position information, and a fly height calibration servo track comprising fly height calibration servo sectors, each fly height calibration servo sector comprising head position information and a spacing pattern. After positioning the head over the fly height calibration servo track, the head is servoed over the fly height calibration servo track in response to the fly height calibration servo sectors. A dynamic fly height (DFH) setting is calibrated for the DFH actuator in response to the spacing pattern in the fly height calibration servo sectors. After calibrating the DFH setting, the control circuitry seeks the head to a data track defined by at least one of the normal servo tracks, and startup data is read from the data track.

Abstract: A disk drive is disclosed comprising a disk, a head, and control circuitry comprising a servo control system operable to actuate the head over the disk. A vibration signal VS(k) is measured representing a disturbance in the servo control system. A first future value of the vibration signal VS(k) is predicted based on: VS1(k+1)=?1[VS(k)?VS(k?1)]+VS(k) where ?1 is a first scalar corresponding to a first frequency range. A second future value of the vibration signal VS(k) is predicted based on: VS2(k+1)=?2[VS(k)?VS(k?1)]+VS(k) where ?2 is a second scalar corresponding to a second frequency range different from the first frequency range.

Abstract: Amplifier architectures are provided for current sensing applications. An amplifier includes a load device, an operational amplifier, a current source, and a bipolar transistor. The operational amplifier has a first input terminal connected to a first input node that receives an input current, and a second input terminal connected to a second input node that receives a reference voltage. The current source is connected to an output of the operational amplifier. The operational amplifier, the current source, and the bipolar transistor form a feedback loop that generates and maintains a bias voltage on the first input node based on the reference voltage applied to the second input node. The bipolar transistor amplifies the input current received on the first input node, and generates an amplified input current. The load device converts the amplified input current to an output voltage, wherein the output voltage is used to sense the input current.

Abstract: Determining the extent of thermally-induced expansion of media of a storage device. A controller may write a second signal on a number of ID and OD sideband tracks of the media immediately adjacent to a center track on which a first signal is written; calculate a jog offset range based on the number of ID and OD sideband tracks; over the calculated jog offset range, read the second signal at a first temperature and at a warmer second temperature and determining a jog value for each of the sideband tracks from a quantity related to the read second signal at the first and second temperatures; and compute a jog delta between the jog values at the first and second temperatures for each of the sideband tracks, which indicate the extent to which thermally-induced media expansion affects a position of the sideband tracks relative to the center track.

Abstract: Disclosed is a magnetic recording/reproduction device 2 including: a recording/reproduction head 7; and a recording/reproduction head 7 for detecting a leakage magnetic field of each of the plurality of magnetic recording cells 1 so as to reproduce information, the recording/reproduction head 7 carrying out the recording on the magnetic recording medium 4 so that the magnetic recording medium 4 includes continuous recording regions that (i) satisfy Nmin?2 and that (ii) include a continuous recording region that satisfies N?n×Nmin, where N represents a number of magnetic recording cells 1 in a continuous recording region; Nmin represents a minimum value for N; and n represents a positive integer, the continuous recording regions each being a region on a reproduction track in which region magnetic recording cells 1 sharing an identical magnetization direction are sequentially arranged in a circumferential direction of the magnetic recording medium 4.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present invention provide systems and methods for data processing. As an example, a data processing circuit is disclosed that includes an equalizer circuit and a data detection circuit. The equalizer circuit is operable to filter a series of samples based at least in part on a filter coefficient and to provide a corresponding series of filtered samples. The data detection circuit includes: a core data detector circuit and a coefficient determination circuit. The core data detector circuit is operable to perform a data detection process on the series of filtered samples and to provide a most likely path and a next most likely path. The coefficient determination circuit operable to update the filter coefficient based at least in part on the most likely path and the next most likely path.

Abstract: A disk drive comprising a head for accessing a disk, an actuator for moving the head in the radial direction of the disk and a controller. The controller for servo control of the actuator based on servo data read out from the disk by the head. The controller is configured for maintaining a width of the adaptive chasing notch filter below a specified value in servo system control and estimating an oscillation frequency of the actuator.

Abstract: A data storage medium has first and second data sectors of a track, a pre-servo gap being proximate the first data sector. The data storage medium also includes a servo wedge that stores servo data for the track. A start of the servo wedge is proximate to the pre-servo-gap and an end of the servo wedge is proximate to the second data sector. A repeatable runout field is included in the pre-servo gap.

Abstract: A method of detecting a contact between a transducing head and a storage medium is provided. The method applies an input signal, having a select power level and known frequency, to an actuator for actuating the head. An output signal is obtained in response to the input signal. At least one signal component is extracted from the output signal at the same or a harmonic of the same known frequency as the input signal applied to the actuator. Whether the at least one extracted signal component indicates a contact between the head and the medium is determined. The power level of the applied wave pattern is increased incrementally until the extracted signal component indicates a contact between the head and the storage medium.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes systems and techniques relating to control of storage device, such as disk drives. A described technique includes controlling a motor to actuate a head within a storage device, the motor being associated with first and second states of electric current, where a duration of the first state is longer than a duration of the second state. Controlling the motor can include using both a first mode and a second mode to control current to the motor. The technique further includes detecting an instance of the first state, and initiating, when the instance of the first state is detected, a switch from the first mode to the second mode to control the motor. The switch can be based on a condition of operation with respect to the storage device. A start-up time of the second mode is shorter than the duration of the first state.

Abstract: An implementation of a system disclosed herein provides a method of compensating for a change in write position of a recording head due to a change in an operating condition of the recording head.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are disclosed for decoding data stored on a data storage medium. A disclosed decoding method and decoder include a radial incoherence (RI) detector that increases the probability of detecting RI and improves the decoding performance in terms of the bit error rate of the decoded signal. RI is detected by comparing an input signal to the decoder against a RI threshold value and generating a RI-type signal. The RI detector may include a filter for filtering out noise and error in the RI-type signal, an adaptive threshold unit that adjusts the RI threshold value based upon the RI-type signal, a transition-based threshold unit that adjusts the RI threshold value based upon each transition in the input signal, or a path-based threshold unit that adjusts the RI threshold value based upon a best surviving path corresponding to the input signal, in combination or alone.

Abstract: A system includes a self-servo-write (SSW) module, a read module, and a write module. The SSW module writes servo spirals on a magnetic medium of a hard disk drive (HDD) via a write head of the HDD. The read module reads the servo spirals via a read head of the HDD and generates read signals. The write module writes non-servo data on the magnetic medium via the write head based on the read signals before the SSW module writes servo wedges on the magnetic medium.

Abstract: A motor-drive circuit includes: a filter circuit to attenuate a frequency band including a resonance frequency of an actuator in a target-current signal, the target-current signal corresponding to a digital signal indicative of a target value of a driving current; a digital-analog converter to convert an output signal of the filter circuit into an analog signal, to be outputted as a current-control signal; and a driving circuit to supply the driving current to the voice-coil motor in accordance with the current-control signal, the filter circuit including: a digital notch filter; and a digital low-pass filter, wherein either one of the digital notch filter and the digital low-pass filter configured to be inputted with the target-current signal, the other one of the digital notch filter and the digital low-pass filter configured to be inputted with an output signal of the one of the digital notch filter or the digital low-pass filter.

Abstract: A management apparatus is described of a rotating motor and a load during power loss; the apparatus comprises a first switching circuit coupled with the rotating motor and a controller of said first switching circuit. The controller is configured to drive the first switching circuit so as to convert a back-electromotive force voltage developed in the rotating motor into a power supply voltage for the load. The first switching circuit is driven in accordance with a first duty cycle. The apparatus comprises a second switching circuit coupled with the load and driven in accordance with a second duty cycle. The controller is configured to vary said first and said second duty cycles to keep the power supply voltage for the load above or equal to a threshold voltage.

Abstract: A system includes a management module transferring sectors between an interface or a memory and ports. The management module transfers a first portion of a first sector to or from a first port while transferring to or from a second port a second portion of the first sector or a first portion of a second sector. A first channel module reads from or writes to a first surface of a disk via a first head by transferring the first portion of the first sector to or from a first amplifier module. A second channel module, while the first channel module transfers the first portion of the first sector to or from the first amplifier module, reads from or writes to a second surface of the disk via a second head by transferring to or from a second amplifier module the second portion or the first portion of the second sector.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an information recorder includes: a determination module; a storage module; a reader; and a writer. The determination module determines whether a position of a head for writing data is off a target track of a recording medium. The storage module temporarily stores therein data written by the head. The reader reads, if it is determined that the head is positioned off the target track, first data written in a sector which is considered overwritten by the head positioned off the target track among sectors of an adjacent track adjacent to the target track, from the storage module. The writer writes, if it is determined that the head is positioned off the target track, the first data into a sector positioned later than the sector into which data is written at the time the head is positioned off the target track.

Abstract: A magnetic recording disk drive has three vibration sensors mounted to the disk drive base to provide feedforward vibration compensation signals. First and second spaced-apart sensors are aligned generally parallel to a radius from the disk rotational axis to a head position on the disk between the inside diameter position (hID) and outside diameter position (hOD) for detecting rotational vibration about the disk rotational axis and linear vibration in the cross-track direction. A third vibration sensor is aligned generally orthogonal to the primary axes of the first and second vibration sensors for detecting primarily linear vibrations in the along-the-track or track circumferential direction.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present invention provide systems and methods for detecting contact. For example, a method for detecting head contact is disclosed that includes: receiving an interface signal operable to indicate a physical contact between a sensing device and a storage medium; band pass filtering a data set derived from the interface signal to yield a band pass filtered output; comparing the band pass filtered output to a level threshold to yield a comparator output; summing the comparator output with at least one prior instance of the comparator output to yield an aggregated value; and comparing the aggregated value to an aggregate threshold to yield a contact output.

Abstract: A hard disk drive (HDD) has a high track misregistration (TMR) mode of writing data. If the position error signal (PES) from the servo positioning information exceeds a first write inhibit threshold (WI-1), writing is not inhibited but a high TMR mode of operation is enabled. In high TMR mode, prior to writing data to the target track, the data on the adjacent tracks is read and stored in a buffer. The data to be written to the target track is also stored in the buffer, and is flagged to indicate that the data needs to be written. The data is then written to the target track. However, if during writing the PES exceeds a second threshold (WI-2), then the data from the adjacent encroached track in the buffer is flagged for writing and the process repeated with the encroached track set as the target track.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present invention provide systems and methods for data processing. As an example, a pattern detection circuit is discussed that includes a distance calculation circuit and a comparator circuit. The distance calculation circuit is operable to calculate a noise whitened distance between a reference signal and a received input to yield a comparison value. The comparator circuit is operable to compare the comparison value with a threshold value.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a disk storage apparatus includes a write module and a controller. The write module is configured to move a write head over a disk, and to perform the shingled write method, recording data in the first track while erasing data from a part of the second, i.e., adjacent track. The controller is configured to acquire a first head positioning error with respect to the first track and a second head positioning error with respect to the second track. If the first head positioning error exceeds an off-track threshold value, indicating that the data may no longer be maintained in the first and second tracks, the controller inhibits the data writing.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a magnetic disk device includes: a magnetic disk having data spiral tracks extending from an outer circumference towards an inner circumference or from an inner circumference towards an outer circumference; a head configured to read data recorded in the data tracks of the magnetic disk that is rotating and to write data to the data tracks; and a controller configured to control the head to follow a predetermined data track in units obtained by subtracting a seek time required for the head to seek the predetermined data track from a rotation period.

Abstract: Testing procedure (Integrated Head Spiral Testing) for disk media utilizes a single head with both write and read elements that are offset to allow spiral testing. The offset allows a write element to write one portion of a spiral track while a read element simultaneously reads a previously written portion of the spiral track.

Abstract: A disk drive. The disk drive includes a head, an actuator, and a controller. The head accesses a disk. The actuator is configured to support the head and to move the head by action of a voice-coil motor in a substantially radial direction of the disk. The controller is also configured to perform servo control of the actuator by using servo data read out by the head. The controller includes at least one of a plurality of notch filters having a fixed center frequency inserted in a servo-control loop. The controller is configured to increase an attenuation rate by at least one of the plurality of notch filters having the fixed center frequency at a designated frequency, when a target position of the head is at a position selected from the group consisting of a position outside of a specified region and a position within the specified region.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a magnetic disk drive includes a disk, a first microactuator, a second microactuator and a servo controller. The disk comprises a first surface and a second surface. The first and second microactuators allow first and second heads associated with the first and second surfaces to make micromotion based on first and second operation amounts, respectively. The servo controller provides a third operation amount to the first microactuator as the first operation amount and provides an operation amount obtained by inverting a polarity of a frequency component with a particular frequency contained in the third operation amount, to the second microactuator as the second operation amount, if the third operation amount is generated as an operation amount to be provided to the first microactuator in a particular mode in which the first surface is used as a tracking surface.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a disk storage device includes: a disk on which a servo pattern is recorded; a head; a driver; a signal generator; a demodulator; and a controller. Position signals for detecting an offset position from a center of a track are recorded in a recording area of a servo pattern. The signal generator generates a first timing signal indicating a timing for reading the position signals. When the controller performs a seek operation for moving the head to a target track, the signal generator generates a second timing signal. The period of the second timing signal for reading each of the position signals is made shorter than that of the first timing signal. A center time of the period of the second timing signal is shifted closer to a demodulation center time corresponding to a center of the recording area than that of the first timing signal.

Abstract: A disc drive disc stack assembly and a method for forming the disc stack assembly to reduce servo pattern runout. The disc stack assembly includes a number of prewritten discs having a servo pattern and a disc alignment mark. The first step is to place a first disc about a spindle motor hub of the disc drive. The second step is to align a disc alignment mark of the first disc in relation to a direction of a biasing force. The third step is to apply the biasing force to the first disc to engage the first disc against the spindle motor hub. The fourth step is to repeat the first three steps for each remaining disc in the disc stack assembly. The final step is to clamp the prewritten discs with a disc clamp to secure the position of each prewritten disc relative to the spindle motor hub.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a disk storage device includes: a disk on which a servo pattern is recorded; a head; a driver; a signal generator; a demodulator; and a controller. Position signals for detecting an offset position from a center of a track are recorded in a recording area of a servo pattern. The signal generator generates a first timing signal indicating a timing for reading the position signals. When the controller performs positional control along a virtual circular orbit of the disk, the signal generator generates a second timing signal. The period of the second timing signal for reading each of the position signals is made shorter than that of the first timing signal. A center time of the period of the second timing signal is shifted closer to a demodulation center time corresponding to a center of the recording area than that of the first timing signal.

Abstract: In a positioning control system for a head of a magnetic disk device etc, a frequency of a disturbance oscillation having a specific oscillation component whose amplitude changes with a head position, is selected as a target frequency. Next, a resonance filter is so designed that it has a resonance characteristic at the target frequency and a variable gain device A having the gain changing with head position and a variable gain device B having inverse characteristics to the device A are connected to input and output terminals of the resonance filter, respectively. Input to the filter is made 0 during seek operation and an error signal is used as the input to the filter through the device A after the end of the seek operation. The variable gain devices A and B are controlled so that their product becomes 1.

Abstract: Systems and techniques relating to interpreting signals on a channel having an asymmetrical signal amplitude response are described. A described system includes an asymmetry correction circuit configured to receive an analog signal and to compensate for asymmetry in the received analog signal, a signal equalizer configured to receive an input signal responsive to an output of the asymmetry correction circuit and to generate an equalized signal, a discrete time sequence detector operable to examine the equalized signal, and a control circuit operable to provide a coefficient adjustment to the asymmetry correction circuit to affect asymmetry compensation based on an estimate of nonlinearity derived from the equalized signal and multiple reconstructed ideal channel output values. The reconstructed ideal channel output values can be derived from an output of the discrete time sequence detector and correspond to at least two different discrete times.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium includes: tracks each including a magnetic recording section in which information is recorded and a non-magnetic-recording section in which no information is recorded; and nonmagnetic guide sections magnetically separating the tracks from one another. The non-magnetic-recording section is formed integrally with nonmagnetic guide sections. The magnetic recording medium includes at least one pair of a first region in which at least a portion of each of the respective non-magnetic-recording sections of first and second tracks and a portion of a magnetic recording section of a third track coincide with one another at a position along a direction in which the tracks extend; and a second region in which at least a portion of each of the respective non-magnetic-recording sections of the first and third tracks and a portion of a magnetic recording section of the second track coincide with one another at a position along the direction in which the tracks extend.

Abstract: A magnetic recording system configured for recording to a bit patterned media using both hypertrack recording and shingled recording. The magnetic recording system includes a write pole with a notched trailing edge that results in a write bubble with a trailing edge that has two outer convex lobes separated by a centrally disposed concave region. By locating one of the lobes over first and second data tracks of a hypertrack, a proper alignment of the relative phase of the two tracks can be maintained. Further adjustment to the alignment can be achieved by adjusting the radial location of the write head.

Abstract: A system and method for magnetic transfer. A magnetic transfer device includes a plurality of pairs of magnetic field generating units that apply a magnetic field to a contact body which includes a master disk in close contact with a magnetic recording medium, wherein the master disk has a pattern of preformatted signals. The magnetic field generating units, falling within a specified length range, are moved in synchrony at a predetermined speed in the directions of the outer periphery while the contact body is caused to rotate by a rotation drive unit. The system and method provide a magnetic transfer method and a magnetic transfer device that, by reducing the area of magnetic field generating units that apply a transfer magnetic field, can reduce an attractive force (or repulsive force) between the magnets, and furthermore, shorten a processing time for the transfer.