Abstract: A voltage attack detection circuit includes: at least one voltage regulation circuit, where the at least one voltage regulation circuit is connected to an external supply respectively, the at least one voltage regulation circuit is configured to convert the external supply to at least one internal supply, and the at least one internal supply is configured to output at least one first voltage respectively; at least one voltage sensor, where the at least one voltage sensor is connected to the at least one internal supply respectively, so as to receive the at least one first voltage respectively, each voltage sensor of the at least one voltage sensor is configured to output a reference voltage based on a received reference voltage and a received first voltage, the reference voltage is configured to indicate whether a received first voltage is within a present voltage range.

Abstract: A method provides thermal protection for an IC device that has multiple components. For each component, temperatures are sensed, each of which associated with a different area of the respective component and a respective temperature sense signal is output indicative of the highest sensed temperature of the respective component. For each of the components, the respective temperature sense output signal is sampled to produce a sequence of discrete sampled temperature values. A sequence of differences between a reference temperature value and each of the discrete sample temperatures is integrated over time to compute, for each of the components, a respective integration output. The respective integration output computed for each of the switches is compared to a threshold value. An action related to the thermal protection function is initiated upon the integration output of an affected component exceeding the threshold value.

Abstract: A power conversion device includes: semiconductor switching elements; a housing on which the semiconductor switching elements are fixed; a circuit board on which a driving circuit for driving the semiconductor switching elements is mounted and which is located opposite to and spaced apart from a fixing surface; insertion guides which are disposed on an opposing surface of the circuit board relative to the fixing surface; and elongated terminal extension members each having a length that is matched with a height of a pulse transformer, one ends of which are bonded to respective lead terminals, and the other ends of which extend toward the insertion guides; wherein the pulse transformer is disposed on the opposing surface so as to be opposite to major surfaces of the semiconductor switching elements.

Abstract: An electrostatic chuck includes a ceramic dielectric substrate, a base plate, a bonding part, a gas inlet path, a counterbore part, and a ceramic porous part. The bonding part is located between the ceramic dielectric substrate and the base plate. The gas inlet path extends through the ceramic dielectric substrate, the base plate, and the bonding part. The gas inlet path includes a first hole part, a second hole part, and a third hole part. The first hole part is positioned at the ceramic dielectric substrate. The second hole part is positioned at the base plate. The third hole part is positioned at the bonding part. The counterbore part is located in at least one of the first hole part or the second hole part. The ceramic porous part is located in the counterbore part. The ceramic porous part includes an exposed surface exposed in the third hole part.

Abstract: An electrical safety device is described which includes a socket arranged to receive an electrical plug of an electrical appliance to connect a current supply to the electrical appliance, a thermal sensor arranged to detect the surface temperature of an electrical plug when received in the socket and a processor in communication with the thermal sensor, the processor configured to determine when the sensed surface temperature exceeds a predetermined threshold. The invention also includes an electrical safety system comprising the electrical safety device configured to communicate with a remote device. The device and system provide early detection of electrical faults and hazards to reduce the risk of fires.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a medical system includes a catheter configured to be inserted into a body part of a living subject, and including an elongated deflectable element including a distal end, a proximal coupler connected to the distal end, an expandable assembly comprising a plurality of flexible polymer circuit strips, the flexible polymer circuit strips having respective proximal ends connected to, and disposed circumferentially around, the proximal coupler, respective ones of the flexible polymer circuit strips including respective multiple strip electrodes, respective contact arrays disposed at the respective proximal ends, and respective multiple circuit traces electrically connecting the respective multiple strip electrodes with the respective contact arrays, and a plurality of surface mountable electrodes mounted on, and bulging over respective ones of the flexible polymer circuit strips.

Abstract: Implementations described herein provide a substrate support assembly which enables both lateral and azimuthal tuning of the heat transfer between an electrostatic chuck and a heating assembly. The substrate support assembly comprises a body having a substrate support surface and a lower surface, one or more main resistive heaters disposed in the body, a plurality of spatially tunable heaters disposed in the body, and a spatially tunable heater controller coupled to the plurality of spatially tunable heaters, the spatially tunable heater controller configured to independently control an output one of the plurality of spatially tunable heaters relative to another of the plurality of spatially tunable heaters.

Abstract: A power quality monitor (PQM) module includes a solid-state semi-conductor switch having a voltage input, two signal inputs and two voltage outputs. A voltage input line is electrically connected to the voltage input. A PQM signal input line is operatively connected to at least one of the two signal inputs. A voltage output line is electrically connected to one of the two voltage outputs to provide power to a load. A method of controlling a GCB includes opening a solid-state semi-conductor switch when a PQM signal is powered at a first logic voltage. The method includes closing the solid-state semi-conductor switch when a PQM signal is powered at a second logic voltage lower than the first logic voltage to allow a voltage from a GCU to go to the GCB.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatus to control weld current in a preheating system are disclosed. An example preheating power supply includes power conversion circuitry configured to output welding-type power via a first output power connector and a second output power connector, and a bypass path prevention circuit configured to prevent less than a threshold voltage applied to the first output power connector and the second output power connector from a different power supply from causing current to flow between the first output power connector and the second output power connector.

Abstract: An electrical mains plug having a body formed of an electrically insulating material is described. Two contact pins are arranged parallel to one another and which project out of the body at a first side thereof, and inside the body are connected or can be connected in each case to an electrical conductor which leads out or can be led out of the body at a second side thereof. The thermal bimetallic element is provided as a temperature sensor, said thermal bimetallic element being a constituent part of the thermal bimetallic switch which is associated with at least one of two contact pins. An electrical connection cable suitable therefor and an electrical device connected thereto are also described.

Abstract: One example includes a power supply system. The system includes a power switch configured to activate via a control voltage responsive to a first state of an activation signal to conduct current from a power rail to a switching terminal. The system further includes a power switch deactivation driver configured to control an amplitude of the control voltage responsive to a second state of the activation signal based on a voltage difference between the power rail and the switching terminal to provide for a variable rate of deactivation of the power switch.

Abstract: A charging control device (1A) according to the present invention includes a determination part that determines whether or not an abnormality in input power occurs on the basis of input power information on the input power and a predetermined determination threshold value. The determination part makes the determination on the basis of the input power information when a predetermined time has passed after an input of the input power.

Abstract: In a power supply control device, a temperature calculation circuit calculates a wire temperature of a wire based on the current value of a current flowing through the wire. If the wire temperature calculated by the temperature calculation circuit is lower than a temperature threshold value, a drive unit switches on or off a switch in accordance with content indicated by a control signal output by a communication unit. When the wire temperature calculated by the temperature calculation circuit rises to the temperature threshold value or higher, the drive unit switches off the switch independently of content indicated by a control signal output by the communication unit.

Abstract: An electric motor monitor having at least one sensor in electrical communication with a memory device and a motor. The memory device is configured to establish a performance baseline of the motor throughout its workload. The signal processing incorporates a memory device such as a microcomputer and/or a programmable logic controller configured to determine the work being performed by the motor by comparing the baseline performance of the motor throughout its work load to at least, the armature amperage of the motor. A wireless system transmits an operating motor's work parameters including, but not limited to, amperage, temperature, vibration, sound, rotation, power, moisture and/or voltage data, to a mobile or fixed base receiver. Data is accessible and viewable in real time. Alerts based on user-defined thresholds of the sensors are sent to an electronic device such as a tablet, a computer, and/or a smart phone.

Abstract: A protection device is capable of protecting a load drive system at an appropriate timing according to a temperature of a power semiconductor. The protection device includes: a capacitor configured to output a voltage according to a charge accumulated by a first current; and a protection circuit configured to: (i) determine whether or not the voltage output by the capacitor exceeds a certain threshold value; (ii) generate a second current having a magnitude according to information related to the temperature of the power semiconductor which drives a load; and (iii) change a magnitude of the first current based on the second current.

Abstract: A fuse element for a fuse with an integrated measurement function, includes a first receiving area in an embodiment, for receiving a melting conductor of the fuse, delimited in the length direction of the fuse by a closure element and in a direction orthogonal to the length direction by the fuse element. Further, in an embodiment, the fuse element has a second receiving area, physically separated from the first receiving area, for receiving a measuring device of the fuse. The second receiving area is designed to receive the measuring device in a wall section of the fuse element. The second receiving area formed in the fuse element protects the measuring device arranged therein against interfering environmental influences. The measuring device is used to ascertain the electric current flowing through the fuse directly on the fuse.

Abstract: In a method for monitoring a winding temperature of a winding of an electric machine powered by a converter, a heating power applied to the winding of the electric machine is determined and evaluated using a thermal model. A relative increase in a resistance of the winding, when the winding heats up, is determined from the heating power in comparison with a standard reference value for 20° C. winding temperature. The winding temperature is calculated from the relative increase in the resistance, and a warning signal and/or a switch-off signal is generated when a critical winding temperature value is exceeded.

Abstract: In a power distribution device, a current detection circuit detects a current value of a current flowing through a wire. When a switch is on, a microcomputer determines whether or not a predetermined condition is satisfied, based on the current value detected by the current detection circuit. If it is determined by the microcomputer that the predetermined condition is satisfied, a drive circuit turns off the switch.

Abstract: A computational heat dissipation structure includes a circuit board including a plurality of heating components; and a radiator provided corresponding to the circuit board; wherein a space between the adjacent heating components is negatively correlated with heat dissipation efficiency of a region where the adjacent heating components are located. Since the space between the adjacent heating components of the disclosure is negatively correlated with the heat dissipation efficiency of the region where the adjacent heating components are located, i.e., the higher the heat dissipation efficiency of the region where the adjacent heating components are located is, the smaller the space between the adjacent heating components in the region will be, the heat dissipation efficiencies corresponding to the heating components are balanced, and load of a fan is reduced.

Abstract: Described is a method including monitoring a point of regulation voltage input to a generator control unit and monitoring a generator output voltage as a backup point of regulation voltage input. The method also includes detecting an overvoltage fault at the point of regulation voltage input, the backup point of regulation voltage input, or both. Additionally, the method includes opening a first solid-state switch (110) in response to detecting the overvoltage fault. Opening the first solid-state switch (110) prevents provision of an input signal (104) to a generator excitation field (102). Further, the method includes opening a generator excitation field relay (112) in response to detecting the overvoltage fault. Opening the excitation field relay (112) also prevents provision of the input signal (104) to the generator excitation field (102).

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a power converter capable of preventing upsizing of a chip on which a switching element is formed and detecting the temperature in a switching operation of the switching element. A power converter includes: an IGBT connected between an IGBT connected to the positive electrode side of a variable power supply and the negative electrode side of the variable power supply; a temperature detection resistor element connected to a gate to which a gate signal for controlling the switching operation of the IGBT is input and detecting the temperature of the IGBT; and a detector detecting the temperature level of the IGBT based on the voltage of the gate.

Abstract: System and methods for motor drive electronics are provided. Aspects include receiving, by a controller on a motor driver electronics (MDE) component, voltage data associated with a thermoelectric generator, wherein the MDE component is configured to operate an electric motor, and wherein the MDE component comprises a power card including one or more components, determining a temperature reading based on the voltage data, enacting an action associated with the MDE component based at least in part on the temperature reading.

Abstract: To provide a protection element and a protection circuit that can protect from an overcurrent without using rectifying means such as a diode or a switching element, and can more reliably interrupt passage of an electric current during operation with a simpler circuit configuration. A protection element including: an insulating substrate; at least a pair of fuse electrodes provided on the insulating substrate; an intermediate electrode provided on the insulating substrate between the fuse electrodes; a fuse element joined to the fuse electrodes and the intermediate electrode, and electrically connected to the fuse electrodes and the intermediate electrode; and a heating element provided on the insulating substrate to be electrically connected to the intermediate electrode and a heating electrode, wherein conduction means between at least a pair of electrodes of the fuse electrodes including the intermediate electrode is provided differently from conduction means between the other electrodes.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing information about thermal overload conditions and near-miss tripping events in a circuit interrupter are disclosed. The systems and methods provide a user with detailed information about thermal overload and near-miss tripping events, including how much time remains until a trip will be initiated due to a thermal overload, and what the real-time thermal capacity of the circuit interrupter is after a thermal overload condition ends.

Abstract: In some examples, a system can include: a heating device, a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller and a switching mechanism to selectively enable transmission of signals to the heating device based on a real time temperature in proximity to the heating device, wherein the PID controller is to continuously output pulse width modulation (PWM) signals independent of selective transmission of signals by the switching mechanism.

Abstract: An example system for controlling heating of a workpiece includes: an interface configured to receive a target temperature (TT) for the workpiece; a processor configured to: select a current temperature (TS) for the workpiece based on monitoring one or more temperature sensors; and set a control temperature (TC) based on the received target temperature and TS; and a control system configured to: control heating of the workpiece via a heating device until the workpiece reaches TC as measured by at least one of the one or more temperature sensors, and controlling the heating device to stop heating the workpiece in response to the workpiece reaching TC; wherein: the processor is configured to characterize a temperature ramp rate based on a measured temperature overshoot at the workpiece after turning off the heating device; and the control system is configured to control heating of the workpiece to TT by controlling the heating device based on the temperature ramp rate.

Abstract: A method and device for temperature monitoring of a power transistor formed in a semiconductor die comprising are disclosed. A side of a temperature-sensing resistor disposed in the semiconductor die is coupled to a voltage input side of the power transistor. A controller coupled to a second side of the temperature-sensing resistor is configured to detect a voltage across the resistor and trigger a temperature related corrective action using the detected voltage.

Abstract: A surge protection device with a high breaking capacity includes a housing with at least two lead-out electrodes, and a voltage limiting device and a thermal tripping mechanism that are installed in the housing. The voltage limiting device includes a voltage limiter, a first electrode and a second electrode that are positioned and installed in an insulating cover. The thermal tripping mechanism includes a fixed assembly, a movable assembly and a thermal trigger device. The fixed assembly and the movable assembly form a plurality of displacement switches arranged in series. The thermal trigger device is disposed in linkage with the movable assembly and includes a metal trigger sheet, a fusible alloy and an energy storage member. One end of the metal trigger sheet is fixed on the movable assembly, and the other end of the metal trigger sheet is fixed on the second electrode through welding by the fusible alloy.

Abstract: A power converter including a control circuit configured to output a control signal, and a semiconductor module. The semiconductor module includes a semiconductor chip, a switching device provided on the semiconductor chip, the switching device being configured to be turned on and off in response to the control signal, and a first temperature sensor configured to detect a temperature of the semiconductor chip. The control circuit is configured to monitor a thermal resistance of the semiconductor module based on a first temperature detected by the first temperature sensor, a second temperature corresponding to a temperature of the semiconductor module, and a power consumption of the switching device.

Abstract: A downlight apparatus includes a light source, a driver box, a light housing and a heat dissipation plate. The driver box is used for storing a driver. The driver is connected to an external power source to generate a driving current to the light source. The light housing has a light holder and a rim. The light source is stored in the light holder. The rim defines a light opening for a light of the light source to escape. The heat dissipation plate is placed between the light holder and the driver box for carrying away both heat of the driver box and the light source. The heat dissipation plate is a separate metal piece from the driver box and the light housing. The heat dissipation plate has a portion not covered by the light holder and the driver box and exposed to air.

Abstract: A battery module, a vehicle, and a method of manufacturing a battery module, the battery module including a housing accommodating a plurality of secondary batteries; and a thermoelectric element assembly on the housing and in contact with the plurality of secondary batteries through at least one contact opening in the housing, the thermoelectric element assembly being configured to heat or cool the plurality of secondary batteries.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a detecting unit, a communicating unit, and a control unit. The detecting unit detects a temperature of a cable connected to the electronic device. The communicating unit receives cable information including information related to the cable from the cable. The control unit changes a threshold temperature from a predetermined temperature to a temperature indicated by the cable information, in a case where the temperature indicated by the cable information is higher than the predetermined temperature and the communicating unit has received the cable information. The control unit controls a power supply device to stop supplying power from the power supply device to the electronic device via the cable or controls the electronic device to stop receiving power from the power supply device via the cable, in a case where a detected temperature of the cable is higher than the threshold temperature.

Abstract: An overcurrent protection circuit configured to limit an output current flowing through an output transistor includes a sense transistor that provides a sense current proportional to the output current, a sense resistor through which the sense current flows, a current limiting circuit that detects a sense voltage generated by the sense resistor and controls a gate voltage of the output transistor, and a current correction circuit that provides the sense resistor with a corrected sense current added to the sense current based on a difference of voltage between a drain voltage of the output transistor and a drain voltage of the sense transistor.

Abstract: An object is to provide a semiconductor device capable of accurately detecting a temperature of a transistor part and a temperature of the diode part, and improving an overheat protection function. A semiconductor device includes a semiconductor chip having a cell region made up of a plurality of cells including cells corresponding to a transistor part and a diode part, respectively, a temperature detection part detecting a temperature of the transistor part, and a temperature detection part detecting a temperature of the diode part, the temperature detection part is disposed in the cell corresponding to the transistor part, and the temperature detection part is disposed in the cell corresponding to the diode part.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a processor includes: a first plurality of intellectual property (IP) circuits to execute operations; and a second plurality of integrated voltage regulators, where the second plurality of integrated voltage regulators are oversubscribed with respect to the first plurality of IP circuits. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: Provided are a protection circuit and a photovoltaic system capable of irreversibly interrupting a current path of photovoltaic units such as solar cells by a signal in an emergency such as a fire. The protection circuit includes: a photovoltaic units 26, a protection element 2 provided on a current path of the photovoltaic units 26, and a switch 3 for activating the protection element 2, wherein the protection element 2 irreversibly interrupts the current path of the photovoltaic units 26.

Abstract: A high-voltage fusing apparatus includes a current fuse, a temperature fuse, and a current-carrying fuse. The current fuse is connected in series with the temperature fuse, and a series branch of the current fuse and the temperature fuse is connected in parallel with the current-carrying fuse. A resistance value of the current-carrying fuse is less than a resistance value of the current fuse, and a fusing temperature of the current-carrying fuse is lower than a fusing temperature of the temperature fuse. The high-voltage fusing apparatus can cut off a high-voltage circuit quickly, and effectively protect the high-voltage heating circuit from overheating.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are disclosed for battery current monitoring. An example apparatus includes a haptic device, an isolation switch to deliver power from a battery to the haptic device, an integrator to integrate a signal based on a current from the battery to the haptic device to generate an integrator output, and control logic to control the isolation switch based on a comparison of the integrator output to a threshold.

Abstract: A thermal cutoff includes a first fusible element, a second fusible element, and a closed cavity bounded by a housing having an open end, a cover plate, and a sealant. The two ends of the first fusible element and the two ends of the second fusible element are connected in parallel to a first electrode and a second electrode, respectively. The first fusible element and the second fusible element are provided in the closed cavity. A direction extending from a closed end to the open end of the housing is defined as a vertical direction. The first fusible element and the second fusible element are vertically arranged. The thermal cutoff has a vertical configuration and thus in its entirety has an elongated shape to meet corresponding application requirements.

Abstract: Digital isolator devices, and many other devices, have a maximum device junction temperature, which, if exceeded, may cause device failure and the integrity of the isolation is no longer guaranteed. The use of an electronic fuse, eFuse, arranged in series with the digital isolator, provides a protection scheme for the digital isolator in which current is limited by the eFuse when it is determined that the supply current of the digital isolator exceeds a predetermined threshold that would the cause junction temperature to increase above an absolute maximum rating. As such, the integrity of the digital isolator is preserved in the event of a system fault.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatus to control weld current in a preheating system are disclosed. An example preheating power supply includes power conversion circuitry configured to output welding-type power via a first output power connector and a second output power connector, and a bypass path prevention circuit configured to prevent less than a threshold voltage applied to the first output power connector and the second output power connector from a different power supply from causing current to flow between the first output power connector and the second output power connector.

Abstract: A power distribution assembly is disclosed for use with at least one computer in a data centre. The power distribution assembly (11) comprises i) at least one controller (14) comprising at least one heat sensitive component (16) and ii) at least one cooling arrangement (17) comprising a casing (18) configured to contain a coolant (19). At least a portion of the coolant (19) is configured to come into contact with at least part of the controller (14) and/or at least one component for transferring heat away from the at least one controller (14)/component (16) towards at least one wall of the casing (18). This arrangement ensures that even in increased temperature data centres, there is provided consistent and reliable operation of heat sensitive components in smart power strips through dedicated cooling of the components (16).

Abstract: An engine cooling control apparatus, a system including the same, and a method thereof provide an engine cooling control apparatus including a processor configured to calculate a required fan rotation speed for controlling a cooling fan based on proportional integral (PI) control and a storage configured to store data acquired by the processor and an algorithm for driving the processor. The processor classifies a plurality of control regions depending on a coolant temperature and adjusts and outputs the required fan rotation speed for each of the control regions.

Abstract: A method of overpower protection in a power supply system for driving a light source includes determining a voltage drop across a voltage-controlled resistor (VCR) coupled in series with the light source, calculating a power dissipation of the VCR based on the voltage drop and an output current of the power supply system, determining whether the power dissipation is greater than a power threshold, and in response to determining that the power dissipation is less than or equal to the power threshold, determining that an accumulated energy of the VCR is greater than zero, and decrementing the accumulated energy based on the power threshold and the power dissipation of the VCR.

Abstract: Disclosed is a substrate treating apparatus that performs a heat treatment to a substrate. The apparatus includes the following elements: a heat treating plate; a casing that produces a heat treatment atmosphere by the heat treating plate; a movable top board that is movable between a ceiling surface of the casing and the heat treating plate; and a controller that causes the movable top board to be moved to a raised position when the substrate is loaded/unloaded, and causes the movable top board to be moved to a lowered position when the substrate is placed on the heat treating plate for performing the heat treatment, thereby controlling the lowered position for every substrate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a disconnecting device for a surge arrester which is accommodated by a support body, and wherein plug contacts which are connected to at least one arrester element of the surge arrester extend from the support body. The invention further comprises a switching tongue which is connected at a first end to the arrester element via a thermal separating point and with a second end to one of the plug contacts. Furthermore, a spring-preloaded insulating disconnecting bracket which is pivotably mounted on the support body is provided, the spring preload acting on the thermal separating point via the switching tongue. According to the invention, the switching tongue is configured as a straight-surface, elongated, metallic, resiliently elastic disconnecting strip having a rectangular cross-section.

Abstract: A wiring system for a vehicle is specified, which has a voltage source and an electrical load, whereby a need for the electrical load depends on an external condition. Furthermore, the wiring system has a load path with an electrical line, which connects the voltage source to the electrical load, and a first switching element, which is arranged in the load path, for disconnecting the electrical load from the voltage source, wherein a working range of the external condition is defined, within which the function of the electrical load is reasonable, and a control unit is arranged, which is designed in such a way that a switching on of the electrical load is prevented if the external condition lies outside the working range. Furthermore, a method for the design of an electrical line of such a wiring system is given.

Abstract: An emulating device for emulating a bimetallic strip, the emulating device comprising a current sensor capable of measuring a line current (IP) flowing through the emulating device, the emulating device being capable of providing a value representative of a cumulative thermal state over time t, which value is referred to as cumulative thermal state, by recursively adding a value representative of an initial thermal state, which value is referred to as initial thermal state, and a value representative of a present thermal state, which value is referred to as present thermal state, which is determined on the basis of the line current (IP).

Abstract: Provided herein are thermally protected varistor (TPV) devices including a varistor body and a terminal assembly directly coupled together. The terminal assembly may include a housing, wherein an opening is provided in a base of the housing. A lead is coupleable with the varistor body via a thermal linking material positioned within the opening of the base, the thermal linking material operable to maintain direct physical contact with the lead when the thermal linking material is below a melting point. The terminal assembly may further include a shield slidable within the housing between a first position and a second position, wherein in the first position the shield is positioned adjacent the thermal linking material, and in the second position the shield is positioned between the lead and the second side of the varistor body. The shield includes a tab for releasably coupling the shield to the housing.

Abstract: An apparatus for modifying an electrical circuit includes a first electrical contact, a second electrical contact, an electrical coupler formed of an electrically conductive material, a first assembly including a cavity, a driving portion, an inhibiting portion, and a second assembly electrically coupled to the second electrical contact. The electrical coupler is moveable within the cavity along a movement axis, a wall of the cavity is electrically coupled to the first electrical contact and to the electrical coupler, and when the electrical coupler is disposed at an initial position within the cavity, the electrical coupler is not electrically coupled to the second electrical contact. The driving portion applies a first force on the electrical coupler in a movement direction along the movement axis. The inhibiting portion inhibits the movement of the electrical coupler along the movement axis.