Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member; a charging member contactable to the image bearing member to electrically charge the image bearing member, wherein an oscillating voltage is applied between the charging member and the image bearing member; wherein a specific weight .sigma. of the image bearing member defined by weight of an effective charging zone of the image bearing member (g) divided by (cross-sectional area thereof (cm.sup.2) .times.length of effective charging zone (cm)) and a frequency f (Hz) of the oscillating voltage satisfy:.sigma..gtoreq.1.4.times.10.sup.-3 .times.f(200.ltoreq.f.ltoreq.350 Hz).sigma..gtoreq.4.0.times.10.sup.-4 .times.f+0.35, (350 Hz<f.ltoreq.1500 Hz).sigma..gtoreq.0.95, (f>1500 Hz).

Abstract: A device for treatment of formed plastic articles using a corona discharge and an air flow which is comprised of a pair of spaced apart hollow air flow housings, each defining a plurality of air flow passageways therein, a pair of electrode mounting plates adapted to house a plurality of spaced, staggered electrode pairs, one plate connected to each said housing, a treatment zone created by and between said mounting plates for the passage of work pieces therethrough, together with any suitable source of high voltage electricity to energize said electrodes and air induction and retrieval means for providing an air flow in said treatment zone. In a first embodiment of the invention, both housings are pressurized with a temperature controlled air flow which in turn passes through said air flow passageways through the mounting plates and around the electrodes, into the treatment zone. The air flow is retrieved by an evacuation apparatus located on the floor of the device directly below the treatment zone.

Abstract: Thin filmed thermoplastic material wall coverings having a preprinted image thereon and provided with a static electrical charge for securing the coverings to a surface. The wall covering may comprise posters, maps, and the like, and the image is printed on the film by means such as silk-screening. The static electrical charge is sufficient to removably secure the film to a wall surface, a window, or the like, and allows for relocation of the covering without damage to the surface upon which it is secured. The coverings may be packaged individually, or be dispensed from a continuous roll. Preprinted maps adherable to a window surface such as a windshield of an automobile are provided.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus capable of preventing a toner from depositing on non-charged part of an image carrier just after the start of an image forming operation even when implemented with a contact reversal development system and a contact charging system. A charge power source assigned to a charging roller feeds a current great enough to prevent toner deposition on the non-charged part of the image carrier to a constant voltage generation circuit which is connected to the image carrier.

Abstract: A high voltage connector is formed of a composite pultruded member that has an inner core including a plurality of high resistance electroconductive strands carried in a resin binder. The inner core is surrounded by an outer nonconductive shell, and extends from a laser cut end of the outer shell to a contact face. During formation of the contact using laser techniques, portions of the outer shell are removed to expose the inner core, the resin binder of the inner core may be removed, and the strands of the inner core may be fibrillated and patterned as desired. In one embodiment, the resistance of the strands of the inner core of the high voltage connector provide a load resistor for a circuit to which the connector may be connected.

Abstract: An apparatus for charging a photoconductive surface to a substantially uniform potential in a printing machine having a cleaning station for cleaning the surface and an exposure station for exposing the surface to a light source includes a first mechanism for charging the surface to a substantially uniform potential of a first polarity after the surface is cleaned at the cleaning station. The apparatus further includes a second mechanism for charging the surface to a substantially uniform potential of a second polarity opposite to the first polarity after the surface is charged to the substantially uniform potential of the first polarity by the first charging mechanism and before the surface is exposed to the light source at the exposure station.

Abstract: A contact charging device for charging a moving surface of an electrostatic latent image support member includes a large number of brush hairs contacting the moving surface of the electrostatic latent image support member; a brush restricting member, which is disposed upstream to the brush hairs in a moving direction of the surface of the electrostatic latent image support member and contacts the brush hairs; and a brush holder member holding the brush hair group, the holder member being electrically coupled to a power supply to apply a voltage to the brush hairs.

Abstract: The device has a glass-like substrate of variable configurations. Three layers of thin paint-like material is uniformly deposited upon the substrate. The first and third layers are an electrically resistive material, the second layer is a dielectric material. An air gap, descending through all three layers, runs the width of the device. Thus, in operation, energizing the resistive layers in varying configurations of potentials will strike a gaseous plasma in a narrow gap thus ionizing air molecules. In the preferred arrangement, a high potential is applied to the first or innermost resistive layer to strike a plasma and generate ions. A fraction of these ions flow outwardly through the gap past the third or outer resistive layer and may be accelerated to the charging charge retentive surface.

Abstract: A charging device for charging a surface of an electrostatic latent image support member used in an image forming apparatus. The apparatus has a rotatably disposed roller confronting the electrostatic latent image support member, a cylindrically formed flexible member having a peripheral length longer than that of the roller and loosely mounted therearound, a guide member for biasing the flexible member against the roller to form a slack of the flexible member at a location confronting the electrostatic latent image support member so that the slack of the flexible member is brought into contact with the electrostatic latent image support member, and a power supply for applying a voltage to the flexible member.

Abstract: A charging device including a movable member to be charged, and a charging member which is contactable to the member to be charged so as to charge the member to be charged, wherein the coefficient of dynamic friction between the member to be charged and a surface of the charging member contactable to the member to be charged is not lower than 0.4.

Abstract: A transferring device in an image forming apparatus is provided which includes a plate-shaped member for transferring a developed image formed on an image carrier onto an image receiving medium. The plate-shaped member has an elasticity and electrical conductivity to press the image receiving medium to the surface of the image carrier. The plate-shaped member is moved between a first position where the plate-shaped member contacts the surface of the image carrier through the image receiving medium and a second position where the plate-shaped member separates from the image carrier.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a latent image carrier having a movable surface, and a stationary contact brush charger for electrostatically charging the surface of the latent image carrier in contact therewith during a movement of the carrier surface relative to the brush charger. In this apparatus, the contact time t, during which any arbitrarily chosen point on the carrier surface then moving in one direction is held in contact with the brush charger, and the electric resistance R of each of the brush bristles forming the brush charger are chosen such that the product of the contact time t multiplied by the common logarithm of the electric resistance R, i.e., (t.times.log.sub.10 R), is within the range of 0.9 to 4.6.

Abstract: A contact for use in contacting a moving photoreceptor surface, is formed from a structure (preferably a pultrusion) including a plurality of continuous strand fibers of high electrical resistance, and a thermally stable insulating component between the resistive fibers. The resistive fibers are configured to form a brush extending from the insulating component for contact with the photoreceptor surface. The resistance of the fibers is sufficiently high to reduce leakage of surface charges away from the photoreceptor and to provide a high resistance between adjacent fibers. The insulating component, which serves to interface the carbon filaments from each other and from a host polymer may comprise an organic compound, such as a polyimide composition, or may comprise an inorganic compound such as Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 or water glass, and is thermally stable below about 1000.degree. C. The host polymer, on the other hand volatilizes rapidly and cleanly upon direct exposure to laser energy.

Abstract: A contact charger for charging an image bearing member comprises a support member, a flexible film supported at a side end by the support member and having a free end adapted to contact the surface of the image bearing member, and power device for applying charging voltage to the flexible film.

Abstract: A xerographic printing machine with at least two rollers disposed so that their axes are arranged parallel to each other. An endless belt, supported by the rollers, has a volume resistance within the range of 10.sup.9 to 10.sup.14 .OMEGA.cm. A photoreceptor is disposed adjacent to the endless belt. An endless belt charging device is disposed opposed to the photoreceptor in such a way that the endless belt is located between the endless belt charging device and the photoreceptor. An electrostatically charged toner supported on the surface of the photoreceptor is transferred to a print media. A guide member is disposed between the photoreceptor and the roller located upstream of the endless belt as viewed in the advancing direction of the endless belt. The guide device guides the advancing print media to bring the print media into contact with the endless belt.

Abstract: In a charger, a plurality of rows of air openings are provided in a shield member. The rows are elongated in the longitudinal direction of stretched corona wires and each of the rows has a plurality of air openings. The air openings are arranged in such a manner that the numbers of the air openings in opposition to the same corona wire in the nearest position are the same when counted in the direction vertical to the length of the corona wire. As a result, soiled portions in the corona wires produced by air streams passing through the air openings are uniformly distributed throughout the whole length of the charger and each part of the charger has substantially the same charging power.

Abstract: A discharge wire cleaning apparatus having a cleaning member adapted to clean a discharge wire, which is used in a corona discharge device and supported so that the wire extends in the lengthwise direction of a back plate of the corona discharge device. An elongated guide groove, which has an opened portion parallel to the discharge wire, is provided in the back plate, and a shaft portion of the cleaning member is fitted slidably in this guide groove, the opened portion of the guide groove restricting the cleaning member so that the cleaning member can be moved in parallel with the discharge wire. The cleaning member can be turned at one end of the guide groove so as to be separated from the discharge wire. A rope is fitted through the shaft portion of the cleaning member and moved by a driving power source to enable the cleaning member to be moved slidingly in the guide groove in the lengthwise direction thereof.

Abstract: In an electrostatic spray gun, particularly a hand spray gun, for coating workpieces with liquid or powdery coating material, the integrated or atached high-voltage cascade comprises a carrier plate of sintered ceramic that is printed with interconnects and capacitor surfaces. The diodes of the high-voltage cascade can also be printed onto a corresponding carrier plate.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a charger for charging an image bearing member. The charger includes a charging member contacted to the image bearing member and supplied with a voltage. The charger functions both as discharging device and charging device by switching a voltage applied thereto. The apparatus is made smaller, simpler and less expensive in cost.

Abstract: A device for use as an electrostatic particle or droplet injector is disclosed which is capable of injecting dielectric particles or droplets. The device operates by first charging the dielectric particles or droplets using ultraviolet light induced photoelectrons from a low work function material plate supporting the dielectric particles or droplets, and then ejecting the charged particles or droplets from the plate by utilizing an electrostatic force. The ejected particles or droplets are mostly negatively charged in the preferred embodiment; however, in an alternate embodiment, an ion source is used instead of ultraviolet light to eject positively charged dielectric particles or droplets.

Abstract: A charger for initial charging is built on the surface of a photosensitive drum. A discharge lamp removes the charge from the photosensitive drum. A current detection unit detects the current flowing from the photosensitive drum upon the removal of the charge from the surface of the photosensitive drum by the discharge lamp. A control unit compares a current which is detected by a current detection unit with a reference value which is initially stored in a memory and generates a digital value corresponding to a difference error between them. An A/D converter converts the digital value which is generated from the control unit into an analog current for supply to the first-mentioned charge. The aforementioned process is repeated by an instruction of the control unit until the difference value between the current detected by the current detection unit and the reference value comes within an allowable range.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus for forming images comprises a movable image bearing member and charger for charging the image bearing member while it is moving. The charger includes a contact member contactable to the image bearing member and a voltage applicator for applying a vibratory voltage between the contact member and the image bearing member. A latent image former is provided for forming a latent image along a scanning line on the image bearing member charged by the charger whereby the latent image is developed and transferred onto a transfer material, wherein a frequency f of the vibratory voltage and a speed Vp of the movement of the image bearing member are so selected that an interval between adjacent scanning lines multiplied by N or 1/N does not fall within a variation range of a spatial wavelength .lambda.sp where .lambda.sp=Vp/f.

Abstract: A charging device includes a charging member for electrically charging a member to be charged, a spacer for maintaining a clearance between said charging member and the member to be wherein the clearance is not less than 5 microns and not more than 300 microns. The charging member is supplied with a voltage having a waveform obtained as a sum of an AC voltage and a DC voltage, wherein a peak-to-peak voltage of the vibratory voltage is not less than twice the absolute value of the charge starting voltage relative to the member to be charged.

Abstract: A charging device for charging a desired object such as a photoconductive element of an electrophotographic copier, laser printer or similar electrophotographic recording apparatus, and a discharging member of the same. The discharging member is implemented by a resistor and located such that the surface of one end thereof defines a discharging end that faces the object with the intermediary of a gap. The other end of the discharging member is connected to a power source via a conductive connector. The discharging end is provided with any one of various alternative configurations. The resistor is covered with a protective covering. A conductive member is adhered or otherwise securely mounted between the resistor and the conductive connector. The resistor is supported by an insulative substrate. On the substrate, the resistor is divided into a plurality of discrete resistors so as to form a plurality of discharge gaps therebetween which are selectively usable.

Abstract: The present invention provides a contact charging member having a conductive layer free from resistance unevenness, comprising a conductive pigment and at least two kinds of polymeric elastic materials A and B, wherein the elastic material A has a higher affinity for the conductive pigment than the elastic material B.

Abstract: A housing (18) for an electronic device comprises a chamber (16) having an interior (14) for receiving electronic circuitry and a detachable contaminant barrier (12) generally contouring the interior (14) of the chamber (16) for preventing foreign particles from entering the chamber (16), for removing existing foreign particles in the chamber (16), and for aiding in the handling of the housing (18) during assembly. The detachable contaminant barrier (12) includes a first protrusion (22) for manipulating said contaminant barrier (12) and said housing (18) and a second protrusion (24) for removing said contaminant barrier (12) from said housing (18).

Abstract: A heating apparatus includes a heater; a film movable in contact with a recording material carrying an image, wherein the image is heated from the heater through the film; the film having an insulative heat resistive resin base layer at a side near the heater and a parting layer containing conductive material at a side near the recording material; a conductive member contacted or close to the base layer of the film; and a potential maintaining device for maintaining substantially the same potential of the parting layer and the conductive member.

Abstract: An electrode for creation of a corona over an area. The electrode includes a corona driving portion and a corona emitting portion in electrical contact with the corona driving portion. The corona driving portion is much larger in size than the corona emitting portion such that corona from the electrode is emitted from the corona emitting portion in a direction away from the corona driving portion. The corona emitting portion includes a spiral wound wire extending from an edge of the corona driving portion to an inner terminus, the wire being spaced from the driving portion at an increasingly greater distance from the outer edge of the corona driving portion to the inner terminus.

Abstract: A charging device for charging a moving member to be charged includes charging device for being contacted to the member to be charged to charge the member; a voltage source for applying a vibratory voltage to the charging device; wherein the charging device includes a first layer contactable to the member to be charged, a second layer adjacent thereto wherein the first layer is a dielectric layer having a volume resistivity larger than that of the second layer.

Abstract: A corona wire tape assembly for a corona charger apparatus, such wire tape assembly providing for a more durable corona wire which is kept substantially clean and which can readily be replaced. The corona wire tape assembly comprises at least one conductive wire adapted to generate ions when having a high voltage from an electrical potential source applied thereto. A flexible dielectric film, separable into lengths substantially corresponding to desired corona wire lengths, encases the conductive wire. The flexible dielectric film defines a first series of openings communicating with the conductive wire to expose the wire to facilitate ion generation and a second series of openings communicating with the conductive wire to facilitate electrical connection of the wire to an electrical potential source.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for providing a charged fluid and for creating an electret from a receptor, such as roll mill polymer film, whereby the electret will have the highest possible static electrical charge within the physical limits of the receptor. The apparatus according to the present invention includes, inter alia, a housing, a plurality of equidistantly spaced electrodes, each electrode having optimum geometry, location and electrification voltage so as to provide a maximum, uniform electric field therebetween, the electrodes collectively forming a charger grid within the housing, and a source of flowing gaseous fluid entering into the housing, the flowing gaseous fluid ionizing at the charger grid, resulting in an optimized corona within the housing. The method according to the present invention induces an optimal corona, defined as a maximum possible electric field having a strength that is near the spark over voltage, in a flowing gaseous fluid by passing the gaseous fluid past the charger grid.

Abstract: A member for charging comprises a surface layer formed of a N-alkoxymethylated nylon. A contact charging method performs charging of a member to be charged arranged in contact with the member for charging by applying externally a voltage on the member for charging. An electrophotographic device comprises the member for charging and an electrophotographic photosensitive member arranged in contact with the member for charging.

Abstract: A grid electrode voltage control aparatus is for a scorotron charging device having a corona discharge electrode operatively connected to a corona producing power source and disposed opposite a counter electrode, and a grid electrode disposed between the corona discharge electrode and the counter electrode. A shunt-regulated stabilized power supply is operatively connected to the grid electrode and has an output variably responsive to the intensity of current flowing through the grid electrode. A series-regulated stabilized power supply (preferably comprising a dc-dc converter and a current limiter) is operatively connected to the shunt-regulated stabilized power supply.

Abstract: There is provided a charging member comprising an electroconductive substrate, and an elastic layer, an electroconductive layer and a resistance layer disposed in this order on the substrate. Such charging member provides good contact with a photosensitive member, to provide good image quality without causing an image defect such as white spot based on charging unevenness. Further, the charging member causes no leak even when the photosensitive member has a pin hole, and reduced the level of noise based on an AC voltage to be applied thereto.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for providing a charged fluid and for creating an electret from a receptor, such as roll mill polymer film, whereby the electret will have the highest possible static electrical charge within the physical limits of the receptor. The apparatus according to the present invention includes, inter alia, a housing, a plurality of equidistantly spaced electrodes, each electrode having optimum geometry, location and electrification voltage so as to provide a maximum, uniform electric field therebetween, the electrodes collectively forming a charger grid within the housing, and a source of flowing gaseous fluid entering into the housing, the flowing gaseous fluid ionizing at the charger grid, resulting in an optimized corona within the housing. The method according to the present invention induces an optimal corona, defined as a maximum possible electric field having a strength that is near the spark over voltage, in a flowing gaseous fluid by passing the gaseous fluid past the charger grid.

Abstract: An electrophotographic device has an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a blade for charging arranged in contact with the photosensitive member, the photosensitive member being charged by application of a voltage on the blade for charging, wherein the ten point surface average roughness Rz of the photosensitive member is 0.3 .mu.m to 5.0 .mu.m.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided that controls the distribution of charge on the surface of a photoreceptor drum in an electrophotographic printer while reducing the ozone output over that of a standard corotron. The apparatus includes an electrically conductive shaft coated with a semiconductive material disposed longitudinally parallel to the photoreceptor drum. The shaft and semiconductive material are biased into contact with the photoreceptor drum via spring mounted bearings. Thus, rotation of the photoreceptor drum drives the shaft and semiconductive material to rotate about its longitudinal axis.

Abstract: A corona charging method and apparatus is disclosed for charging discrete and relatively isolated three-dimensional surfaces of various compositions having a generally exposed surface from which the three dimensional surface extends. The applied charge serves to significantly enhance the wetting and bonding properties of the respective surfaces and is conducted with a relatively concentrated corona emission from discharge electrodes connected to a high voltage source and directed toward the three dimensional surfaces overlying an air gap. The exposed and more accessible surfaces can be treated concomitantly with a field effect diffusion of corona from additional electrodes directed generally toward the exposed surfaces of the composition.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for removing an accumulated charge or for applying a predetermined electrical charge to a web of polymer coated paperboard that is printed with electron beam (EB) cured inks. During the EB printing process, the polymer coated surface may accumulate a charge in excess of 500 volts as a result of the EB irradiation. The accumulated charge may be removed by passing the web through a charging zone where a voltage is applied to the web having the same polarity as the charge on the web. A control system for measuring the charge on the web received by the EB irradiation and for adjusting the extent and sign of the voltage applied to the web for placing a predetermined electrical charge condition on the web is included.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for the generation of electrically charged and/or uncharged particles in which into a cavity resonator (5) filled with a gas or gas mixture electromagnetic energy is introduced and in which a first magnetic field (19, 20) permeates the gas or gas mixture. With the aid of a second magnetic field (H.sub.ext, 40, 41) permeating the gyromagnetic material the cavity resonator (5) is tuned. Usually, the tuning is carried out in such a manner that a hollow space resonator (5) which is loaded and mistuned by the plasma is again brought into resonance.

Abstract: A charging member having a surface layer which comprises a polyurethane resin prepared from a raw material for polyurethane containing an isocyanate group and a hydroxyl group; the raw material having a molar ratio between the isocyanate (NCO) group and hydroxyl group satisfying the following relationship:1.0<(mol of NCO group)/(mol of OH group).ltoreq.2.0.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for providing a charged gaseous fluid and for creating an electret from a receptor, such as roll mill polymer film, whereby the electret will have the highest possible static electrical charge within the physical limits of the receptor. The apparatus according to the present invention includes, inter alia, a housing, a plurality of equidistantly spaced electrodes, each electrode having optimum geometry, location and electrification voltage so as to provide a maximum, uniform electric field therebetween, the electrodes collectively forming a charger grid within the housing, and a source of flowing gaseous fluid entering into the housing, the flowing gaseous fluid ionizing at the charger grid, resulting in an optimized corona within the housing.

Abstract: An electrophotographic apparatus including a photosensitive member and a charging member disposed in contact with the photosensitive member; the photosensitive member being capable of being charged by applying a voltage to the charging member; wherein the ten-point mean surface roughness (Rz.sub.1) of the photosensitive member and the ten-point means surface roughness (Rz.sub.2) of the charging member satisfy the following relationships:______________________________________ 0.1 micron .ltoreq. Rz.sub.1 + Rz.sub.2 .ltoreq. 6.0 microns, 0.05 micron .ltoreq. Rz.sub.1 .ltoreq. 5.0 microns, and 0.05 micron .ltoreq. Rz.sub.2 .ltoreq.5.0 microns.

Abstract: An improved apparatus for generating a negative charge effect in the environment, in which opposite charged spaced electrically conductive plates are dielectric material. A relatively high alternating voltage is applied between alternate spaced plates with sufficient dielectric strength and dielectric constant to withstand the generation of a cold glow discharge or plasma, and withstand the deposit of dirt on them, and withstand exposure to corrosion, humidity, high temperatures, corrosive gases and fumes. A process is disclosed for the separation of undesirable gases and particulates in polluted areas or airstreams. The present invention relates to the excitation, dissociation, and breakdown of gases and other pollutants.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for discharging electric charge accumulated on an object tht expels an electrically conductive gas flow, such as a jet engine, a rocket, or a helicopter or aircraft with an internal combustion engine. The system has an electrical shield surrounding a portion of the gas flow, and an electrode for imposing an electric potential in the shielded gas flow. A servo controller measures the accumulated charge at a point on the object and creates a control signal responsive to the rate at which charge is accumulating. The servo controller imposes an electric potential on the electrode, and hence the gas flow, of an amount and polarity determined by the rate and polarity of charge accumulation. In so doing, the electrode accelerates charges of opposite polarity in the conductive gas away from the object, and deaccelerates like charges towards the object, where they tend to cancel accumulated charges, thus discharging the object.

Abstract: An electrocoating system with multistage voltage application includes an electrocoating bath filled with a coating material and having inlet and outlet sides, a feeding arrangement for supporting and moving an object to be immersed and coated in the electrocoating bath so that the object will serve as an electrode, electrode means including a plurality of voltage-application stages arranged successively from the inlet to outlet sides of the electrocoating bath, each of the stages having at least one electrode arranged along a path of travel of an object as moved by the feeding arrangement, power supply means for applying different independently variable voltages through the stages, respectively, and diode means for preventing the electrodes of the stages from being electrocoated with the coating material, the diode means including diodes which are forward-connected respectively between the power supply means and the electrodes of the stages.

Abstract: A charging device for forming a latent image of high precision includes plural electron beams generated by plural solid state beam sources, which are independently controlled by plural accelerating electrodes by independently variable voltages.

Abstract: A charging device for contact-charging a member to be charged. A charging device for charging a movable member to be charged includes a contacting member adapted to contacting the member to be charged, and means for forming a vibratory electric field between the member to be charged and the contacting member, the vibratory electric field forming means applying between the members a vibratory voltage having a peak-to-peak value not less than twice an absolute value of charge starting voltage to the member to be charged. The member to be charged can be uniformly charged.

Abstract: An imaging process having reduced toner contamination of the printing machine and copies produced therefrom is provided where successive developed toner images are formed on successive registered areas of an endless imaging member movable through a path past a plurality of processing stations by creating an electrostatic fringe field across the width of the imaging member in advance of the lead edge of developed toner image in a registered area of the image member of sufficient magnitude to attract otherwise contaminating toner thereto as it traverses the path whereby contaminating toner is not attracted to successive registered areas of the imaging member. In a preferred embodiment the fringe scavenger filed has a gradient more than 15 volts per millimeter.

Abstract: A corona charging device for depositing negative charge on an imaging surface comprises at least one elongated conductive metal corona discharge electrode supported between insulating end blocks and being coated with a substantially continuous thin conductive dry film of aluminum hydroxide containing conductive particles. The corona discharge electrode may be a thin metal wire or alternatively at least one linear array of pin electrodes and the conductive particles in the coating are graphite particles.