Abstract: A flexible energy storage device with a redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte is provided. The flexible energy storage device can include a pair of electrodes separated by the redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte. The redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte can include a polymer hydrogel, charge balancing anions and redox-active transition metal cations at least one selected from the group consisting of vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, and copper. The flexible energy storage device may retain greater than 75% of an unbent specific capacitance when bent at an angle of 10° to 170°.

Abstract: A flexible energy storage device with a redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte is provided. The flexible energy storage device can include a pair of electrodes separated by the redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte. The redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte can include a polymer hydrogel, charge balancing anions and redox-active transition metal cations at least one selected from the group consisting of vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, and copper. The flexible energy storage device may retain greater than 75% of an unbent specific capacitance when bent at an angle of 10° to 170°.

Abstract: One object is to provide an electric storage element for electrochemical devices that can prevent fall of active material powder from an outer edge of an active material layer, thereby preventing functional disorders due to the fall of the active material powder. In accordance with one aspect, an electric storage element has laminated structure wherein active material layers (first active material layer and second active material layer) are placed between an ion permeable layer and a first collector layer and between the ion permeable layer and a second collector layer. The active material layers have a smaller outline than the ion permeable layer and are tightly enclosed with insulating layers (first insulating layer and second insulating layer) filling the respective ambient regions corresponding to the difference in outlines from the ion permeable layer.

Abstract: A paste composition for forming an electrode on a silicon semiconductor substrate, the paste containing aluminum powder; an organic vehicle and a hydroxide. The paste composition finds applicability in a solar cell element wherein the electrode is formed by applying the paste on the silicon semiconductor substrate and thereafter, firing the paste composition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrochemical energy storage device referred to herein as a Metal/Ion Pseudo-Capacitor (MIPC). The MIPC stores charge through reversible metal electro-deposition and dissolution processes as anode functionality and ion adsorption/desorption processes, faradaic processes or both as cathode functionality.

Abstract: The present invention provides a solid electrolytic capacitor having a low ESR, excellent heat resistance, and reliability used under a high temperature condition. On the dielectric layer of the capacitor element, 2-alkyl-2,3-dihydro-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxine monomer is subject to oxidation polymerization to provide a first conductive polymer layer. Then, 2,3-dihydro-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxine or a monomer mixture of 2,3-dihydro-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxine and 2-alkyl-2,3-dihydro-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxine is subject to oxidation polymerization to provide a second conductive polymer layer. The formation of the first conductive polymer layer and the second conductive polymer layer is alternatively repeated. The first conductive polymer and the second conductive polymer serve as a solid electrolyte to provide a solid electrolytic.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor includes a solid electrolytic capacitor element having an anode element having a dielectric film formed on a surface thereof and a conductive polymer layer formed on the anode element, an ionic liquid composed of an anion component and a cation component is present in the conductive polymer layer, and the cation component contains a cation having two or more ether linkages.

Abstract: This is to provide an electroconductive polymer material which has excellent adhesion to a base and excellent water resistance. Also, this is to provide a solid electrolytic capacitor which has excellent water resistance by using the same. An electroconductive polymer solution according to the present invention contains an electroconductive polymer, at least one water-soluble multivalent alcohol, and at least one oxoacid having two or more hydroxy groups. Since a resin obtained by carrying out a polycondensation reaction of the water-soluble multivalent alcohol and the oxoacid has a cross-linked structure, an electroconductive polymer having lower water-absorbing property and more excellent water resistance in comparison with a resin having a linear structure can be obtained.

Abstract: A conductive composition comprises a ? conjugated conductive polymer, a dopant, and a nitrogen-containing aromatic cyclic compound. A capacitor comprises an anode composed of a porous material of valve metal, a dielectric layer formed by oxidizing the surface of the anode, and a cathode provided on the dielectric layer and having a solid electrolyte layer containing a ? conjugated conductive polymer, which comprises an electron donor compound containing an electron donor element provided between the dielectric layer and the cathode. Another capacitor is based on the above-described capacitor, wherein the solid electrolyte layer further comprises a dopant and a nitrogen-containing aromatic cyclic compound. An antistatic coating material comprises a ? conjugated conductive polymer, a solubilizing polymer containing an anion group and/or an electron attractive group, a nitrogen-containing aromatic cyclic compound, and a solvent. An antistatic coating is formed by applying the antistatic coating material.

Abstract: [Object] One object is to provide an electric storage element for electrochemical devices that can prevent fall of active material powder from an outer edge of an active material layer, thereby preventing functional disorders due to the fall of the active material powder. [Solution] In accordance with one aspect, an electric storage element SD11 has laminated structure wherein active material layers (first active material layer 13 and second active material layer 16) are placed between an ion permeable layer 12 and a first collector layer 15 and between the ion permeable layer 12 and a second collector layer 15. The active material layers have a smaller outline than the ion permeable layer 12 and are tightly enclosed with insulating layers (first insulating layer 14 and second insulating layer 17) filling the respective ambient regions corresponding to the difference in outlines from the ion permeable layer 12.

Abstract: Super capacitor including a gel electrolyte and manufacturing method thereof are provided. The gel electrolyte is one selected from a group consisting of a P(AN-EG-AN) copolymer, a P(AN-EG) copolymer, a P(EG-AN-EG) copolymer and a combination thereof.

Abstract: A resist layer is formed over one surface of a current-collector material, while a resist layer having a predetermined pattern is formed on the other surface of the current-collector material. Through-holes are formed on the current-collector material through an etching process. An electrode slurry is applied onto the current-collector material formed with the through-holes without removing the resist layers. Specifically, since the through-holes are closed by the resist layer, the electrode slurry does not pass through the through-holes to leak out. Therefore, the current-collector material can be conveyed in the horizontal direction, whereby the productivity of an electrode can be enhanced. The resist layers are made of PVdF, and the resist layers are removed in a heating and drying step in which the PVdF is dissolved.

Abstract: A capacitance unit includes an anode portion, an insulating portion, a cathode portion and a colloid portion. The front end of the anode portion extends to from an anode terminal. The insulating portion surrounds the anode portion and covers a first partial surface of the anode portion. The cathode portion is disposed next to the insulating portion, and the cathode portion covers a second partial surface of the anode portion. The colloid portion is disposed next to the insulating portion, and the colloid portion surrounds the cathode portion and covers a partial surface of the cathode portion.

Abstract: A compound semiconductor substrate 10 according to the present invention is comprised of a Group III nitride and has a surface layer 12 containing a chloride of not less than 200×1010 atoms/cm2 and not more than 12000×1010 atoms/cm2 in terms of Cl and an oxide of not less than 3.0 at % and not more than 15.0 at % in terms of O, at a surface. The inventors conducted elaborate research and newly discovered that when the surface layer 12 at the surface of the compound semiconductor substrate 10 contained the chloride of not less than 200×1010 atoms/cm2 and not more than 12000×1010 atoms/cm2 in terms of Cl and the oxide of not less than 3.0 at % and not more than 15.0 at % in terms of O, Si was reduced at an interface between the compound semiconductor substrate 10 and an epitaxial layer 14 formed thereon and, as a result, the electric resistance at the interface was reduced.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a solid electrolytic capacitor of an aspect includes the steps of preparing an anode element with a dielectric layer formed on a surface thereof, forming a solid electrolytic layer on the dielectric layer, forming a carbon layer on the solid electrolytic layer, bringing an aqueous polymer into contact with the carbon layer, and forming a silver paste layer on the aqueous polymer. A method of fabricating a solid electrolytic capacitor and a solid electrolytic capacitor that can be improved in characteristics can thus be obtained.

Abstract: An object is to provide a power storage device with improved cycle characteristics and a method of manufacturing the power storage device. Another object is to provide an application mode of the power storage device for which the above power storage device is used. In the method of manufacturing the power storage device, an active material layer is formed over a current collector, a solid electrolyte layer is formed over the active material layer after a natural oxide film over the active material layer is removed, and a liquid electrolyte is provided so as to be in contact with the solid electrolyte layer. Accordingly, decomposition and deterioration of the electrolyte solution which are caused by the contact between the active material layer and the electrolyte solution can be prevented, and cycle characteristics of the power storage device can be improved.

Abstract: A polymeric electrolyte comprising: a polymeric material and an electrolyte salt; or a polymeric material, a solvent and an electrolyte salt, wherein a copolymer composed of 50 to 99 mol % of an ethylenically unsaturated compound and 1 to 50 mol % of carbon monoxide comprises 66.7 to 100 wt % of the polymeric material.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor includes a solid electrolytic capacitor element having an anode element having a dielectric film formed on a surface thereof and a conductive polymer layer formed on the anode element, an ionic liquid composed of an anion component and a cation component is present in the conductive polymer layer, and the cation component contains a cation having two or more ether linkages.

Abstract: Polymeric ionic gels of ionic liquids having melting points below about 100° C. that are formed by the reaction of a heterocyclic amine with about 2.8 and about 3.2 moles of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride per mole of amine nitrogen. Electrochemical devices having non-aqueous electrolytes containing the ionic liquids and polymeric ionic gels are also disclosed.

Abstract: A compound semiconductor substrate 10 according to the present invention is comprised of a Group III nitride and has a surface layer 12 containing a chloride of not less than 200×1010 atoms/cm2 and not more than 12000×1010 atoms/cm2 in terms of Cl and an oxide of not less than 3.0 at % and not more than 15.0 at % in terms of O, at a surface. The inventors conducted elaborate research and newly discovered that when the surface layer 12 at the surface of the compound semiconductor substrate 10 contained the chloride of not less than 200×1010 atoms/cm2 and not more than 12000×1010 atoms/cm2 in terms of Cl and the oxide of not less than 3.0 at % and not more than 15.0 at % in terms of O, Si was reduced at an interface between the compound semiconductor substrate 10 and an epitaxial layer 14 formed thereon and, as a result, the electric resistance at the interface was reduced.

Abstract: A buried capacitor structure including a first conductive metal layer, a first dielectric film, a capacitor, a second dielectric film, and a second conductive metal layer, which are stacked in sequence, wherein the capacitor is buried between the first dielectric film and the second dielectric film, the first conductive metal layer is formed into a first circuit pattern, the second conductive metal layer is formed into a second circuit pattern. The capacitor is a planar comb-shaped capacitor with a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a capacitor paste filled between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein the positive electrode includes a positive electrode end and a plurality of positive comb branches, the negative electrode includes a negative electrode end and a plurality of negative comb branches, and the positive branches and the negative branches are parallel to and separated from each other.

Abstract: A solid electrolytic capacitor, fabrication method, and coupling agent utilized in the same. The capacitor includes a valve metal layer, an oxide dielectric layer on at least a part of the surface of the valve metal layer, a coupling layer having a molecular chain with a first end bonding to the oxide dielectric layer by covalent bonding and second end with a functional group of a monomer of a conducting polymer, and a conducting polymer layer bonding to the monomer by covalent bonding.

Abstract: A mixture solution for preparing conducting polymers. The conducting polymer is formed from a mixture of monomer and oxidant solution. The oxidant solution has a high concentration, and also includes a five or six-member ring compound with a functional group which acts as a retardant for the polymerization. Thus, the mixture of a monomer and oxidant solution exhibits excellent stability at room temperature. The conducting polymer accumulating in the space of the capacitor element can be more efficiently formed by using this high concentration oxidant solution. Therefore, the immersion and polymerization processes to form conducting polymer as the electrolyte of a solid electrolytic capacitor can be limited to only a few occurrences.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a niobium sintered body free of reduction in the CV value, a niobium powder for use in the manufacture of the niobium sintered body, and a capacitor using the niobium sintered body. A niobium powder of the present invention has niobium and tantalum, where the tantalum is present in an amount at most of about 700 ppm by mass. A sintered body and a capacitor each is manufactured using the niobium powder.

Abstract: A capacitor comprising an aluminum case; a capacitor stack mounted within the aluminum case, the capacitor stack comprising one or more anodes and one or more cathodes, one of the one or more anodes and one or more anodes attached to the aluminum case; wherein the case is adapted to be an active capacitor element. In one aspect, a capacitor includes a case having an etched inner surface, the inner surface including an etched upper inner surface and an etched lower inner surface. The capacitor further includes a capacitor stack disposed within the case, where the capacitor stack includes a plurality of cathode stacks and a plurality of anode stacks, and the cathode stacks are electrically coupled with the etched inner surface. The plurality of anode stacks include a first anode stack disposed adjacent to the upper inner surface.

Abstract: A gel electrolyte, which is obtained by gelling a polyether polymer having polyethylene oxide and/or polypropylene oxide structure in main chain, obtained from an oxirane compound and having a weight-average molecular weight of 50,000 to 1,000,000 and a crosslinking agent with a polymerization initiator and heat in the presence of an electrolyte salt compound and an aprotic organic solvent, is a high performance polymer gel electrolyte and can produce a battery, a capacitor and a photoelectric conversion element in good efficiency.

Abstract: Electronic devices prepared from nanoscale powders are described. Methods for utilizing nanoscale powders and related nanotechnology to prepare capacitors, inductors, resistors, thermistors, varistors, filters, arrays, interconnects, optical components, batteries, fuel cells, sensors and other products are discussed.

Abstract: The present invention is directed toward an enhanced very high volt electrolyte for use in electrolytic capacitors. In particular, by the inclusion of a polymer matrix of a hydrogel, preferably of the family of poly(hydroxy alkyl methacrylate) but also including polyvinylalcohol (PVA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), into a standard fill electrolyte, the breakdown voltage of the enhanced very high volt electrolyte of the present invention is raised to as much as 800 V. An electrolytic capacitor impregnated with the enhanced very high volt electrolyte of the present invention, is capable of operating at a voltage of 700 to 800 volts. The production of a very high volt capacitor capable of operating at a voltage of 700 to 800 volts allows a single high volt electrolytic capacitor to replace the conventional two capacitors-in-series arrangement of an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD).

Abstract: A supercapacitor comprising a poly(3,4-ethylendioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT) as electrode couples for the capacitor and a pair of gel electrolyte layers disposed between the electrodes. The gel electrolytes are separated by a battery paper and are selected from a group consisting of a lithium salt and an organic electrolyte.

Abstract: A polymer gel electrolyte composition is composed primarily of (A) a polymeric compound having an average degree of polymerization of at least 20 which contains polyvinyl alcohol units of the following general formula (1): 1

Abstract: The present invention relates to a solid electrolytic capacitor comprising an electrode produced by forming a solid electrolytic layer comprised by a polymer having at least one repeating unit selected from a thiophene-diyl skeleton, an isothianaphthene-diyl skeleton, a pyrrole-diyl skeleton, a furan-diyl skeleton and an iminophenylene skeleton and having a fibril structure on a dielectric film layer of a porous valve-acting metal and its production method, and to a highly electroconductive polymer obtained by chemical oxidative polymerization of a monomer and an oxidizing agent at an interface and its production method.

Abstract: A charge storage device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode being opposed to and spaced apart from the first electrode; a porous separator disposed between the electrodes; a sealed package for containing the electrodes, the separator and an electrolyte in which the electrodes are immersed; and a first terminal and a second terminal being electrically connected to the first electrode and the second electrode respectively and both extending from the package to allow external electrical connection to the respective electrodes, wherein the gravimetric FOM of the device is greater than about 2.1 Watts/gram.

Abstract: A solid electrolyte capacitor includes an anode made of a valve metal on whose surface a dielectric oxide film layer is formed, a solid electrolyte layer formed on the dielectric oxide film, a cathode layer formed on the solid electrolyte layer, a cathode contact terminal electrically connected to the cathode layer, and an anode contact terminal electrically connected to the anode layer. The cathode layer includes a carbon layer containing carbon particles, and a conductive paste layer containing conductive metal particles and having numerous pores, formed in that order from the solid electrolyte layer side. The solid electrolyte capacitor further includes a conductive polymer layer formed through the numerous pores of the conductive paste layer and connecting the carbon particles of the carbon layer and the conductive metal particles of the conductive paste layer.

Abstract: A method of making a flat capacitor includes forming at least one recess on an inside surface of a metal foil blank, leaving a surrounding peripheral flange. A coating performing as an electrode of the capacitor is applied to the inside surface of the metal foil blank and an ion-permeable separator is placed on that inside surface of the metal foil blank. A substantially planar anode with a protruding lead is placed in the recess with the lead extending through a hole of the metal foil blank. Thereafter, the metal foil blank is folded along a line intersecting the hole so that the anode is sandwiched between parts of the separator and the separator is in contact with the coating on the inside surface of the metal foil blank. In the folding process, parts of the peripheral flange of the metal foil blank are brought into contact with each other and these parts are sealed to each other to form a hermetically sealed metal foil case of the capacitor.

Abstract: An electric energy storage device includes a first electrode, a gel type ionic conducting polymer electrolyte separator formed on the first electrode, and a second electrode corresponding to the first electrode. The energy storage device has an increased unit storage capacitance and more minimized size by using the gel type ionic conducting polymer electrolyte separator. Also, the energy storage device produces a reduced resistance by the gel type ionic conducting polymer electrolyte separator, such that the high frequency response characteristic is improved, the available frequency region is enlarged and the allowable ripple current is increased.

Abstract: A pregel composition is added to an organic electrolyte solution of an electrolyte salt in a nonaqueous solvent for causing the solution to gel and form a polymer gel electrolyte. The pregel composition is dehydrated by azeotropic distillation and has a moisture content of not more than 1,000 ppm as determined by Karl Fischer titration. Polymer gel electrolytes prepared with such a pregel composition have a good electrochemical stability, and are thus highly suitable for use in secondary cells and electrical double-layer capacitors.

Abstract: The present invention is directed toward a very high volt capacitor for use in an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. In particular, by the inclusion of a polymer matrix of a hydrogel, preferably of the family of poly(hydroxyalkylmethacrylate)but also including polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyacrylnitrile (PAN), into a standard fill electrolyte, the breakdown voltage of the enhanced very high volt electrolyte of the present invention is raised to as much as 800 V. A very high volt electrolytic capacitor according to the present invention, impregnated with the enhanced very high volt electrolyte of the present invention, is able to support voltages of 700 to 800 volts, while maintaining the described desired properties, and is therefore superior to other known electrolytic capacitors for use in implantable cardioverter defibrillators.

Abstract: An electric energy storage device includes a first electrode, a gel type ionic conducting polymer electrolyte separator formed on the first electrode, and a second electrode corresponding to the first electrode. The energy storage device has an increased unit storage capacitance and more minimized size by using the gel type ionic conducting polymer electrolyte separator. Also, the energy storage device produces a reduced resistance by the gel type ionic conducting polymer electrolyte separator, such that the high frequency response characteristic is improved, the available frequency region is enlarged and the allowable ripple current is increased.

Abstract: An ion-conductive composition includes an electrolyte solution made of an ion-conductive salt and a solvent in which the ion-conductive salt is soluble, and a thermoplastic resin having a specific swelling ratio when immersed in the electrolyte solution. The invention is also directed at a gel electrolyte produced by shaping the thermoplastic resin, then immersing it in an electrolyte solution to effect swelling. High-performance non-aqueous electrolyte batteries and electrical double-layer capacitors can be built using a thermoplastic resin-containing electrode binder composition in which the resin bonds well with active materials or activated carbon and which has an excellent adhesion to current conductors.

Abstract: An electric double layer capacitor containing a polymer gel electrolyte layer provided between polarizable electrodes, wherein the polymer gel electrolyte layer contains a nonaqueous electrolytic solution, and a fibrous sheet material containing mainly a fiber or pulp material capable of forming a polymer gel with the nonaqueous electrolytic solution.

Abstract: Disclosed are a solid electrolytic capacitor comprising a valve-acting metal, an oxide dielectric layer formed on a surface of the valve-acting metal and a solid electrolyte layer provided on the dielectric film layer, in which the electrically conducting polymer composition layer contains as a dopant at least one anion selected from (1) an alkoxy-substituted naphthalene monosulfonate anion, (2) a heterocyclic sulfonate anion, and (3) an anion of an aliphatic polycyclic compound or a combination thereof with another anion having a dopant ability and a method for producing such a solid electrolytic capacitor. The solid electrolytic capacitor of the invention is excellent in voltage resistance, high frequency property, tan &dgr;, leakage current, heat resistance (reflow property), etc.

Abstract: Single element and/or multiple element valve-metal, solid-electrolyte, surface-mount capacitors are manufactured using one or more materials taken from the following three categories of materials: graphitic carbon, highly-conductive metal-powder-filled paint, and metallic terminals. The resulting capacitors have lower equivalent series resistance (ESR) at 100 kHz than do similar capacitors manufactured with conventional materials and with conventional techniques. Moreover, not only do these devices possess lower “as-manufactured” ESR, but also their ESR is substantially more stable (less increase in ESR) when these devices are exposed to IR reflow temperatures, high humidity, thermal shock, 1000 hours at 150° C., and 1000 hours at 175° C.

Abstract: A first mold die and a second mold die are moved together and are shaped to define a mold cavity therebetween. A capacitor pellet is positioned within the mold cavity and a plurality of projections extend inwardly to engage the capacitor pellet and hold it spaced away from the cavity side wall. The method comprises placing the pellet body within the cavity molding and retentively engaging the pellet body with a plurality of projections to provide a space between the pellet body and the cavity side wall. A molding material is used to fill the space to provide a coating on the pellet body.

Abstract: The present invention is directed toward an enhanced very high volt electrolyte for use in electrolytic capacitors. In particular, by the inclusion of a polymer matrix of a hydrogel, preferably of the family of poly(hydroxy alkyl methacrylate) but also including polyvinylalcohol (PVA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), into a standard fill electrolyte, the breakdown voltage of the enhanced very high volt electrolyte of the present invention is raised to as much as 800 V. An electrolytic capacitor impregnated with the enhanced very high volt electrolyte of the present invention, is capable of operating at a voltage of 700 to 800 volts. The production of a very high volt capacitor capable of operating at a voltage of 700 to 800 volts allows a single high volt electrolytic capacitor to replace the conventional two capacitors-in-series arrangement of an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD).

Abstract: A capacitor includes a cathode having a porous coating including an amorphous non-crystalline oxide of one of ruthenium, iridium, nickel, rhodium, rhenium, cobalt, tungsten, manganese, tantalum, molybdenum, lead, titanium, platinum, palladium, and osmium; an anode including a metal selected from the group consisting of tantalum, aluminum, niobium, zirconium, and titanium, provided the cathode and the anode metals are different, spaced from the porous coating; and an electrolyte in contact with the porous coating and the anode.

Abstract: A double-layer capacitor is composed of at least two individual double-layer capacitor cells connected in series, with bipolar electrodes and electrolyte layers being provided alternately. Each a bipolar electrode includes an electrically conducting carrier with an active layer applied on both sides, the active layer having a low resistance and large active surface. The carrier provides an electrically conducting barrier between the adjoining ion-conducting electrolyte layers, and the electrodes and electrolyte layers are permanently connected. An electrically conducting binder is integrated into the active layer, or a separate connecting layer is provided to promote adhesion between the active and electrolyte layers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to lignocellulosic-based carbon-containing double layer energy storage devices having improved electrical power densities. In particular, the invention provides a double layer energy storage cell comprising a pair of electrodes, at least one of which is a carbon paste electrode, a porous ionically conductive separator, and an ion insulating connector, the improvement wherein said carbon paste electrode includes an activated linocellulosic-based carbon having a pore volume of greater than about 0.45 cc/g, a median pore width of 2.0 to 50.0 nm, a specific surface area of greater than about 500 m.sup.2 /g, and a mesopore content, based on the total particle volume of the activated carbon, of greater than about 75%.

Abstract: The subject invention discloses a novel electrolyte for a solid battery system. Specifically, an electrolyte solvent of chlorinated diethyl carbonates demonstrate good electrochemical stability in conjunction with specific anode and cathode materials. When used with a propylene carbonate co-solvent, it reduces or eliminates the decomposition of propylene carbonate during the first cycle. It is appropriate with a variety of electrolyte salts, and especially with LiBF.sub.4. Chloro-substituted diethyl carbonates also show good high and low temperature performance in electrochemical cells.

Abstract: The present invention relates to lignocellulosic-based carbon-containing double layer energy storage devices having improved electrical energy densities. In particular, the invention provides a double layer energy storage cell comprising a pair of electrodes, at least one of which is a carbon paste electrode, a porous ionically conductive separator, and an ion insulating collector, the improvement wherein said carbon paste electrode includes an activated lignocellulosic-based carbon having a pore volume of greater than about 0.45 cc/g, a median pore width of less than 2.0 nm, a specific surface area of greater than about 500 m.sup.2 /g, and a micropore content, based on the total particle volume of the activated carbon, of greater than about 75%.

Abstract: Mesoporous desigels are fabricated as nitrides, carbides, borides, and silicides of metals, particularly transition metals, and most particularly early transition metals. The desigels are prepared by forming a gel of a metallic compound, and removing solvent from the gel. In some instances, the thus produced desigel may be further reacted to change its composition, while preserving its mesoporous structure. The materials are particularly suited as electrodes for capacitors, including ultracapacitors, and for batteries.