Abstract: A display module and a display apparatus including the same are provided. The display module includes a first substrate; a plurality of micro-pixel controllers provided on an upper surface of the first substrate and including a second substrate; a plurality of pixels including a plurality of inorganic light emitting diodes (LEDs) provided on an upper surface of the second substrate; and a driver integrated chip (IC) configured to transmit a driving signal to the plurality of micro-pixel controllers, wherein each pixel of the plurality of pixels includes at least two inorganic LEDs among the plurality of inorganic LEDs, and wherein each micro-pixel controller of the plurality of micro-pixel controllers is electrically connected to inorganic LEDs of at least two pixels.

Abstract: The disclosure provides an equipment security designation system and method that leverages human psychological affinity for color-coding to inform a user of the particular security designations, or range of designations that apply to each of the particular available network components from which the user must choose to process any given document or information the user may handle.

Abstract: A low-profile modular lighting device with flexible installation mounting options includes a lower housing, a circuit board supported by the lower housing and having electronic devices mounted thereto, and a plurality of upper housings each configured to releasably couple to the lower housing. The electronic devices of the circuit board extend within the space defined by an interior surface and upper edge of the lower housing and within the space defined by an interior surface and lower edge of each of the plurality of upper housings when coupled to the lower housing. Each of the plurality of upper housings provide a different mounting configuration for the modular lighting device. The modular lighting device may include one or more of a motion sensor, a light sensor, and a wireless transceiver for communication with a wireless lighting system.

Abstract: Disclosed embodiments provide a lighting device that is controllable both by a triac device as well as by wireless control. When intelligent lamps are installed in indoor applications, there can be technical problems of lamp mismatch due to a triac dimmer. Disclosed embodiments provide a compatibility device. In disclosed embodiments, when the triac dimmer is in high output, at or above a predetermined threshold, a wireless controller can control the brightness, color temperature and RGB (red-green-blue) output of coupled lamps. When the triac dimmer is below the predetermined threshold, the wireless controller is not controlling dimming, the triac dimmer can control the brightness and/or color temperature of coupled lamps (LED lights).

Abstract: A light device including a housing having at least one wall that defines an internal cavity. A heat sink is attached to the housing. The heat sink includes a body, a plurality of mat fins disposed about a periphery of a body, and a plurality of pin fins disposed in staggered rows on a central portion of a face of the body. The plurality of mat fins direct air in a predetermined direction to the central portion and the plurality of pin fins define a plurality of tortuous air paths along the central portion.

Abstract: A lighting fixture includes a first housing portion and a second housing portion. The first housing portion includes a base and a wall extending outwardly from substantially the perimeter of the base. A top portion of the wall includes one or more hinges extending outwardly therefrom. The second housing portion includes a front panel and a side panel extending outwardly from substantially the perimeter of the front panel. A top portion of the front panel includes at least one slot. The second housing is coupled to the first housing in an open position when the hinge is inserted into the slot and the front panel is disposed elevationally above the base. The second housing is coupled to the first housing in an operational position when the hinge is inserted into the slot and the front panel covers the base.

Abstract: A system for communication is provided, where the system comprises a context broker configured to gather context information for use in managing a plurality of radios, a Wi-Fi radio manager configured to manage the plurality of radio managers using the context information, and a plurality of radios, where each of the plurality of radio managers is configured to manage one of the plurality of radios for communication with another electronic device.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a leakage protection circuit, a method and a drive device. The leakage protection circuit is used for being electrically connected with the power supply line of a load, and may be configured to sample the power supply line at intervals, detect the voltage of the sampled electrical signals to determine whether the voltage of the AC input power is divided, and provide leakage protection based on the determined result. The present disclosure can prevent human from electric shock through sampling the electric signals from the power supply line at intervals and performing voltage detection and comparasion to determine whether the voltage of the accessed AC input power is divided, when the voltage of the accessed AC input power is determined to be divided, the power supply line will be controlled in non-conductive state.

Abstract: A lamp unit according to an embodiment is a lamp unit that irradiates with light from a light source, and includes: a circuit board on which the light source is mounted; a housing configured to have an internal space for accommodating the circuit board; a lens configured to be attached to the housing and emit the light from the light source to the outside of the housing, wherein the housing include an insertion hole for inserting the circuit board into the internal space from the outside of the housing to which the lens is attached.

Abstract: Systems and methods for a lighting device are described. The lighting device can comprise a plurality of headlamps, a rechargeable battery, and a controller. The controller can be configured to perform one or more diagnostic tests.

Abstract: A translucent cover (1012) defines a lamp chamber (1013) together with a housing (1011) while forming a portion of an outer face of a vehicle. A LiDAR sensor (1161) is disposed in the lamp chamber (1013) to detect external information of the vehicle. A half mirror (1162) is disposed in the lamp chamber (1013) so as to cover the LiDAR sensor (1161) from a side where the translucent cover (1162) is disposed. The translucent cover (1012) has a first transparency to visible light. The half mirror (1162) has a second transparency to the visible light that is lower than the first transparency.

Abstract: A lighting apparatus includes a first light source, a light housing with an opening for light from the first light source and configured to convert external power to a driving current for the first light source, an emergency light module configured to provide emergency light, and a function interface disposed on the housing for selectively activating the emergency module under an emergency condition.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a light source module and an illumination device which relate to the technical filed of illumination. The light source module includes a light source component and a connector piece. The connector piece is mechanically and electrically connected with the light source component, the connector piece has a mechanical connection portion and an electrical connection portion, the mechanical connection portion is mechanically connected with a base, and the electrical connection portion is electrically connected with a power supply source.

Abstract: An LLC resonance converter and a charging system having the same capable of resolving excessive current generation and output voltage divergence that occur at the time of initial startup, on the basis of the characteristic of the LLC resonance converter whose output is determined by LC resonance.

Abstract: A wall pack light fixture including a front cover having a front surface, a top wall, and two side walls, the top and side walls extending rearward from the front surface and defining a recess with an inner contact surface, a light element in the front cover, a rear enclosure having a forward-facing front edge, and a hinge having a first portion connected to the front cover and a second portion pivotably coupled to the first portion, the second portion connected to the rear enclosure, wherein the front cover is rotatable about the hinge between a closed configuration, in which the forward-facing front edge is within the recess and against the inner contact surface, and an open configuration, wherein the top wall of the front cover is a continuous surface which, in the closed configuration, extends over a top portion of the forward-facing front edge of the rear enclosure.

Abstract: A light fixture mounting assembly includes a surface mount, a lighting unit mount configured to engage the surface mount, and an arm connecting the surface mount to the lighting unit mount. The lighting unit mount is movable in use between a first configuration in which the lighting unit mount is disengaged from the surface mount and supported by the arm and a second configuration in which the lighting unit mount is engaged to the surface mount. Moving the lighting unit mount from the first configuration to the second configuration includes moving the lighting unit mount relative to the surface mount in a first direction to cause the surface mount and the lighting unit mount to draw closer together in a second direction that is nonparallel to the first direction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an ejectable headlight device for replacement of one or more lightbulbs from the front of a vehicle. The lightbulb of the present invention has at least one lightbulb pin, an ejector, a base that houses the ejector and has at least one guide for receiving the lightbulb pin. The device has a release arm that engages the lightbulb pin. The device further includes a pivot point and a pull attached to the release arm. When the release arm secures the lightbulb pin to the base, the device is in the locked position. When the pull engages the release arm to put the device in the unlocked position, it allows the release arm to pivot about the pivot point and disengage the lightbulb pin. The present invention further includes methods, kits and systems utilizing same.

Abstract: A light fixture mounting assembly includes a surface mount, a lighting unit mount configured to engage the surface mount, and an arm connecting the surface mount to the lighting unit mount. The lighting unit mount is movable in use between a first configuration in which the lighting unit mount is disengaged from the surface mount and supported by the arm and a second configuration in which the lighting unit mount is engaged to the surface mount. Moving the lighting unit mount from the first configuration to the second configuration includes moving the lighting unit mount relative to the surface mount in a first direction to cause the surface mount and the lighting unit mount to draw closer together in a second direction that is nonparallel to the first direction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an ejectable headlight device for replacement of a lightbulb assembly from the front of a vehicle. The lightbulb assembly of the present invention has at least one lightbulb pin, a lightbulb base, a replaceable electromagnetic radiation source, an electrical connector, and a replaceable lens. The ejectable headlight device includes an ejector, a base that houses the ejector and has at least one guide for receiving the lightbulb pin. The device has a release arm that engages the lightbulb pin. The device further includes a pivot point and a pull attached to the release arm. When the release arm secures the lightbulb pin to the base, the device is in the locked position. When the pull engages the release arm to put the device in the unlocked position, the release arm pivots about the pivot point and disengages the lightbulb pin.

Abstract: A method for applying at least one electronic component to a surface is described. The method includes placing a component stencil on a support. At least one electronic component is arranged in a corresponding opening of the component stencil with a top surface of the electronic component on the support. A contact material stencil is positioned on the component stencil such that at least one opening in the contact material stencil is over a corresponding contact region on the bottom surface of the at least one electronic component. A contact material is applied on the at least one contact region of the at least one electronic component within the corresponding opening of the contact material stencil. The contact material stencil is removed from the component stencil. The component stencil is removed from the support. The at least one electronic component is applied to the surface.

Abstract: A self-contained ocular surgery instrument, including a power module having a body presenting a mating coupler and including a compressed gas supply; a fluid reservoir; an aspiration pump; an aspirated material reservoir and a control panel. The mating coupler is structured to receive and couple to at least one module that facilitates performance of an eye surgery task. The compressed gas supply is coupled to the aspiration pump and the aspirated material reservoir is in fluid communication with the aspiration pump to receive aspirated material from the mating coupler. The fluid reservoir is in fluid communication with the mating coupler such that fluid is supplied under pressure to the mating coupler and thus to the at least one module that facilitates performance of an eye surgery task. The control panel is in controlling communication with the compressed gas supply, the aspiration pump and the aspirated material reservoir.

Abstract: A system, apparatus and method for light diffusion and testing fixtures. The system includes remote derangement controls to test the operation of a battery backup system associated with a fixture. The light fixture may incorporate light diffusion features including back mounted light sources, channeled corners in a translucent material and/or pitted surfaces of a translucent material. The system may further include remote monitoring elements and/or sensors to evaluate proper operation of the light diffusion characteristics of a fixture during operation of the battery backup system.

Abstract: A light source device includes a substrate, an upper electrode layer and a lower electrode layer both respectively disposed on two opposite surfaces of the substrate, a light emitting unit mounted on the upper electrode layer, a surrounding frame disposed on the substrate and surrounding the light emitting unit, a conductive unit disposed on the surrounding frame, a light permeable member disposed on the surrounding frame and covering the light emitting unit, and a detecting circuit formed on an outer surface of the light permeable member. The lower electrode layer includes two coplanar sub-layers. The light emitting unit is electrically coupled to one of the two sub-layers through the upper electrode layer. The detecting circuit includes two contacts connected to the conductive unit, and is electrically coupled to the second lower electrode sub-layer by the conductive unit electrically coupled to the other one of the two sub-layers.

Abstract: This lighting device (1) is provided with a first light source (L1) and a second light source (L2). The first light source (L1) emits a first light. The second light source (L2) emits a second light. The first light and the second light have substantially the same color temperature but different spectral characteristics. This lighting device (1) is configured such that the first light and the second light are alternately irradiated onto a road sign (2).

Abstract: The invention relates generally to the field of barrier control systems and in particular relates to barrier control systems, such as a garage door opener, with auxiliary power supply and auxiliary power supply for barrier control systems. A barrier control system, such as a garage door opener, with an auxiliary power supply and an auxiliary power supply for a barrier control system are described. The auxiliary power supply includes a backup battery and a light source that is operable on DC power. The auxiliary power supply includes a sensor to detect whether a DC motor of the barrier control system is powered by the backup battery, and switches on the light source upon detecting the DC motor being powered by the backup battery.

Abstract: Emergency light system housing, with two replaceable covers is invented to supplement the prior art, U.S. Pat. No. 6,741,324 B1. The disadvantage of prior art is that it does not permit the cover of emergency light system housing to be replaceable. However, the present invention resolved this disadvantage by the way that it, creatively positions three connecting members on the cover and positions three holes on the housing. Three connecting members on the emergency light cover come to be respectively combined into three holes on the emergency light system housing. The shape of emergency light cover could be various as far as three connecting members on the emergency light cover are Properly positioned as described in the claim so that they come to be respectively combined into three holes on the emergency light system housing.

Abstract: A control circuit of a lamp has a mode switch, an ambient brightness detector, a human-body movement detector, an illumination device, a wireless communication module, and a microcontroller. The mode switch provides a mode code. The ambient brightness detector outputs an enable signal when brightness of ambient environment is darker than a threshold. The human-body movement detector outputs a trigger signal when detecting a movement event within a detecting area. When the microcontroller receives the enable signal and the trigger signal, the microcontroller activates the illumination device and outputs a wireless control signal having the mode code via the wireless communication module. When the microcontroller receives another wireless control signal via the wireless communication module and determinates that a control code of said another wireless control signal is consistent with the mode code, the microcontroller activates the illumination device.

Abstract: An emergency lighting assembly is provided having a housing with one or more adjustable lamp assemblies for aiming the light at selected areas. The lamp assembly is mounted in the housing by a ball and socket arrangement. The lamp assembly has a substantially spherical shape with a front section made of a heat conducting material and a rear section made of a plastic material. The front section has an opening on a front side having a lens and a base spaced from the front side supporting the light source. The light source in one embodiment is an LED which is coupled to the front section to conduct heat from the LED away from the LED and the housing. The rear section has an opening in the rear side that receives a fixed stop member to limit pivoting movement of the lamp assembly with respect to the housing. The rear section also includes a projection oriented to contact the stop member to limit rotation of the lamp assembly with respect to the housing.

Abstract: An emergency sign with orientable light assemblies is an apparatus that displays a message or instructions and alerts nearby individuals of an emergency or event. The apparatus includes a sign, a first orientable light assembly, and a second orientable light assembly. The first orientable light assembly and the second orientable light assembly each include a brace, a post, a sleeve, a carriage, a track, and a light fixture. The first orientable light assembly and the second orientable light are mounted onto the sign and are opposite each other about the sign. The brace positions the light fixture about the sign. The sleeve integrated into the brace and the post is rotatably connected within the sleeve so that the light fixture may spin. The carriage is terminally mounted to the post and the track is integrated into the light fixture so that the light fixture may laterally slide.

Abstract: The invention relates to an explosion-proof luminaire (1) comprising a luminaire housing (2), at least one light source (3) arranged in the luminaire housing (2), a reflective device (4) assigned to the light source (3) for deflecting light emitted by the light source (3) in the direction of a light exit opening (5) in the luminaire housing (2) and a cooling device (6) assigned to the light source (3) and/or the luminaire housing (2). In particular, an inner side (7) of the luminaire housing (2) is formed, at least pointwise, as a reflective device (4) and/or the cooling device (6) is formed in one piece with the luminaire housing (2).

Abstract: An LED luminaire with an integrated battery backup is divided into a hidden infrastructure portion and a decorative body portion. The luminaire body has a main lighting deck with two separate LED arrays mounted thereon and a decorative skirt extending from the main lighting deck. A first LED array is operative on regular and emergency power, and a second LED array is operative on battery power. A diffuser panel is received over the main lighting deck. The hidden infrastructure portion includes a light fixture housing configured and arranged to be mounted within a building infrastructure, an emergency battery backup assembly received within the light fixture housing wall, and a housing fixture bracket secured within the light fixture housing to support the emergency backup assembly in the upper portion of the light fixture housing.

Abstract: A power source includes a housing formed of a front face and a plurality of side walls extending from the front face; the front face and the plurality of side walls define a compartment. A first ballast is secured to a first side wall of the plurality of side walls, and a second ballast is secured to a second side wall of the plurality of side walls that is disposed opposite the first side wall. A first set of passive cooling fins extends from the first side wall, and a second set of passive cooling fins extends from the second side wall.

Abstract: Techniques are presented herein to operate a light fixture as in an emergency mode in order to verify that the light emitted by the light fixture when operated in the emergency mode complies with emergency operating policies, as well as to detect failures. The light emitted by the light fixture in emergency mode may be measured and adjusted to optimize the runtime of the light fixture in the emergency mode. The light fixture is connected to a lighting control system via a control network which supplies electrical power to charge an onboard battery of a light fixture and to operate the light fixture. The light fixture may be caused to operate in the emergency lighting mode when a main electrical power supply is interrupted or when performances of the light fixture and of the onboard battery are tested.

Abstract: A networked light for illumination and intercom for communications in a single housing, with voice command and control, hands-free. The system in a housing configured to conventional looking lamp, bulb, fixture, lighting devices, suitable for a direct replacement of conventional illuminating devices typical found in homes or buildings. A network of such voice command and control systems may be further monitored and controlled from a base station that facilitates programming, communications, and higher functionality therebetween. The system provides speech recognition for powering on and off, dimming, brightening, and adjusting the lighting to preset, night and emergency settings.

Abstract: A portable computer may include battery indicator light structures. Battery status information in the portable computer may be presented to a user using an array of light-emitting diodes or other light emitters. Light-emitting diodes may be mounted on a printed circuit board. A stiffener may provide the printed circuit board with rigidity. The printed circuit board may include a connector that allows the board to be connected to a main logic board. A switch on the printed circuit board may be actuated by a power button on the portable computer. An opaque member with an array of holes may be used to reduce light bleed between adjacent light-emitting diodes. Diffusing plastic may be mounted within the array of holes. Bumps in the diffusing plastic may mate with corresponding holes on a portable computer housing.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention relate to fixtures, systems and methods for providing vegetation grow light fixtures with auxiliary power and/or data communication ports or hubs allowing for expansion of their functionality, modularity and adaptability. The addition of power or communication ports integrated with a grow light fixture enables other components to be connected directly to and powered by the grow light fixture. Such components may include but are not limited to supplemental lighting, sensors and actuators.

Abstract: Provided is a backup power system for providing power to a load when a primary lighting system is disabled. The backup power system includes an energy source configured to supply an amount of power to the backup power system, and a charger connectable to the energy source and a power source of the primary lighting system. The backup power system additionally includes a controller configured to measure a current value of the primary lighting system and determine a backup current value corresponding to an amount of backup current that is a fractional amount of the determined current value. The backup power system include a current source configured to provide the determined backup current.

Abstract: A lighting apparatus includes a power housing that is defined by a front face, a back face and a plurality of sidewalls. A plurality of cooling fins extends from the power housing, and a plurality of drivers is housed by the power housing and is operable to power a plurality of LEDs. An LED housing is rotatably coupled to and thermally separated from the power housing, and the LED housing supports the plurality of LEDs.

Abstract: A system allows a light fixture to have a wider range of color temperatures (CCT) while limiting the warmest temperature reached at full intensity. The CCT of the light output may be controlled independently of intensity across a certain range of CCT and dependent on intensity across another range. In an implementation, both intensity and CCT may be adjusted from a single handle, where the interface positions may be divided into multiple zones. In another implementation, intensity may be adjusted from a first handle, while CCT may be adjusted from a second handle. The CCT of the light output may be limited to cooler levels when the intensity is higher, and/or the intensity of the light may be limited to lower levels when the CCT is warmer.

Abstract: An emergency lighting module for providing emergency power to a solid state luminaire. The emergency lighting module includes a first input configured to receive a DC input voltage from the solid state luminaire, a second input configured to receive a status signal indicative of the status of an AC line voltage, and a first output configured to supply a DC output voltage to the solid state luminaire. The emergency lighting module is configured to supply the DC output voltage to the solid state luminaire in response to a reduction of the AC line voltage.

Abstract: Emergency light devices, systems and methods that provide instant light in a power outage or other situations. One or more sensors monitor the flow of electricity, and when the flow of electricity is stopped or no longer present, an emergency light device power monitoring device instantly communicates via wireless communication technology to emergency light device(s) to instantly turn on the emergency light device(s). The emergency light device(s) can be a portable and/or permanent unit of varying shapes and sizes, and can be attached to any object, or may stand alone, with some or all of its parts being replaceable, interchangeable, or upgradeable.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an automatic lamp replacement device and ultraviolet curing equipment, wherein the automatic lamp replacement device comprises: an acquisition unit used for acquiring the luminous intensity information of ultraviolet lamps; a processing unit used for determining that the ultraviolet lamps need to be replaced and generating a control signal when points with values which are less than a set value exist in the luminous intensity information received from the acquisition unit; a control unit used for controlling a carrying device to work according to the control signal received from the processing unit; and the carrying device used for removing the ultraviolet lamps determined to be the ones needing to be replaced and installing new ultraviolet lamps under the control of the control unit. The automatic lamp replacement device provided by the present invention can improve the automatic control accuracy of the ultraviolet curing equipment.

Abstract: An LED ceiling lamp includes a base, a lampshade, an LED component, and a power supply assembly. The base includes a main body and a receiving box having an opening, the main body defines a through hole, an opening end of the receiving box disposes on an edge of the through hole on the main body. The lampshade is shielded on the base, the receiving box is received in a cavity enclosed by the lampshade and the base. The LED component is disposed on the base and received in the cavity. The power supply assembly is received in the receiving box and located outside the cavity, the receiving box defines a wire hole, the power supply assembly has a wire, the wire extends through the wire hole, the power supply assembly is electrically connected to the LED component through the wire.

Abstract: An emergency lighting assembly is provided having a housing with one or more adjustable lamp assemblies for aiming the light at selected areas. The lamp assembly is mounted in the housing by a ball and socket arrangement. The lamp assembly has a substantially spherical shape with a front section made of a heat conducting material and a rear section made of a plastic material. The front section has an opening on a front side having a lens and a base spaced from the front side supporting the light source. The light source in one embodiment is an LED which is coupled to the front section to conduct heat from the LED away from the LED and the housing. The rear section has an opening in the rear side that receives a fixed stop member to limit pivoting movement of the lamp assembly with respect to the housing. The rear section also includes a projection oriented to contact the stop member to limit rotation of the lamp assembly with respect to the housing.

Abstract: A power source housing for use with a high mast lighting apparatus, the housing having a front face and an opposing, back face. The front face closest to a back face of a light emitting diode (LED) housing. The housing further includes at least two opposing side faces extending from the front face to the back face and power housing cooling fins extending outward from the at least two opposing side faces.

Abstract: Systems and methods for a multichannel power supply are disclosed. The multichannel power supply includes a front end circuit configured to receive an input voltage and to provide a regulated front end direct current (DC) voltage. A multichannel source circuit is coupled to the front-end circuit. The multichannel source circuit includes a controller, a reference voltage circuit, and a plurality of source circuits. Each source circuit in the plurality of source circuits represents a distinct output channel of the multichannel power supply. The multichannel source circuit is configured to generate a constant current output for each source circuit in the plurality of source circuits. Each load in a plurality of loads is connected to a corresponding source circuit in the plurality of source circuits and is configured to receive the corresponding constant current output via the corresponding source circuit.

Abstract: Mechanisms for light management include a light emitting diode (LED) light bulb. The LED light bulb includes multiple light emitting diodes (LEDs) configured for illumination in the LED light bulb and includes a battery. A base is configured to fit a standard socket designed for an incandescent light bulb, and the base is configured to operatively connect to an electrical power source. A module is operative to detect a residual voltage of the power source when a control for powering the LED light bulb is powered off. The module is configured to determine that a power outage occurred and operative to switch to battery power from the battery in response to not detecting the residual voltage of the power source.

Abstract: A mobile dock trailer includes a dock enclosure having first and second opposing side walls and first and second opposing end walls. A first loading door is positioned in the first side wall, a second loading door is positioned in the second side wall, and a third loading door is positioned in the second end wall. First and second wheels are attached to an underside of the dock enclosure. A stationary support is attached to the underside of the dock enclosure at a location distal to the first and second wheels.

Abstract: A hybrid power architecture for lighting system that physically separates the conversion of AC-DC constant voltage power from the conversion of DC-DC constant current needed to drive the LEDs. The hybrid power architecture comprises a power converter to generate DC volt power, a battery backup unit for providing backup in the event of power failure and control architecture for controlling the intensity of the lighting system.

Abstract: Disclosed is a constant current drive for an LED light source, including a main power supply loop and at least one backup power supply loop. The main power supply loop at least includes a power conversion circuit. The power conversion circuit outputs a constant current to an LED light source. The backup power supply loop at least includes a power conversion backup circuit. The power conversion backup circuit outputs a constant current to the LED light source. When the power conversion circuit and the power conversion backup circuit operate normally, any one thereof operates in a nominal state or a derating state, and the output ends thereof are connected in parallel and then supply power to the LED light source simultaneously. When any one of the power conversion circuit and the power conversion backup circuit is invalid, the invalid circuit will not affect the normal operation of the remaining circuit.