Abstract: A plant grow lighting system for stimulating plant growth. The plant grow lighting system includes a growth rack, at least one main plant-lighting lamp and at least one auxiliary plant-lighting lamp. Defining height direction of the growth rack as up-down direction, length direction as front-rear direction, and width direction as left-right direction, where the growth rack includes one or more rack layers; the main plant-lighting lamp is provided on the growth rack, the main plant-lighting lamp includes at least one first light-emitting module to emit light downwards; the auxiliary plant-lighting lamp is provided on the growth rack and includes two second light-emitting modules, the second light-emitting module can emit light in a horizontal direction, and the power of the auxiliary plant-lighting lamp is less than the power of the main plant-lighting lamp. The technical solution of the present disclosure makes it possible to provide uniform illumination conditions for plants.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein describe systems and methods associated with light mounting systems. Embodiments may include lighting shelves that are configured to be mounted to a fixed structure, such as to a wall or supports within a room via a cantilever design that is mounted to strut channels. The lighting shelves may be anchored at only a single end to the strut channels, and the lighting shelves may protrude away from the strut channels. The lighting shelves may have a sufficient width and length to cover an entire region of interest below the lighting shelves, which may enable to lighting shelves to uniformly distribute light to plants.

Abstract: A variety of illumination devices are disclosed that are configured to manipulate light provided by one or more light-emitting elements (LEEs). In general, embodiments of the illumination devices feature one or more optical couplers that redirect illumination from the LEEs to a reflector which then directs the light into a range of angles. In some embodiments, the illumination device includes a second reflector that reflects at least some of the light from the first reflector. In certain embodiments, the illumination device includes a light guide that guides light from the collector to the first reflector. The components of the illumination device can be configured to provide illumination devices that can provide a variety of intensity distributions. Such illumination devices can be configured to provide light for particular lighting applications, including office lighting, task lighting, cabinet lighting, garage lighting, wall wash, stack lighting, and downlighting.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein describe systems and methods associated with light mounting systems. Embodiments may include lighting shelves that are configured to be mounted to a fixed structure, such as to a wall or supports within a room via a cantilever design that is mounted to strut channels. The lighting shelves may be anchored at only a single end to the strut channels, and the lighting shelves may protrude away from the strut channels. The lighting shelves may have a sufficient width and length to cover an entire region of interest below the lighting shelves, which may enable to lighting shelves to uniformly distribute light to plants.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are various embodiments relate generally to computer vision, graphics, image scanning, and image processing as well as associated mechanical, electrical and electronic hardware, computer software and systems, and wired and wireless network communications to form at least three-dimensional models or images of objects and environments.

Abstract: The invention relates to an angle-adjustable lamp, comprising a lamp body, a threading cylinder located at an end of the lamp body and extending axially along the lamp body, and an angle adjusting mechanism, the angle adjusting mechanism comprises a mounting base rotatable mounted on the threading cylinder relative to the lamp body, an elastic piece which can rotate synchronously with the mounting base relative to the lamp body, and an outer end cover which is arranged on the threading cylinder and fixedly connected with the lamp body. Compared with the existing technology, the device provided in the present invention has the advantages of simple assembly structure, short time consumption and production cost-saving.

Abstract: A modular lighting system includes a set of interconnected reconfigurable illuminating modules and corresponding intermediate connectors. Each illuminating module includes a light source and at least one connecting area. Each connecting area includes an illuminating module coupling assembly having at least one ferromagnetic member and having electrically conductive members electrically coupled to the light source. Each intermediate connector has a plurality of intermediate connector coupling assemblies electrically coupled to one another. Each intermediate connector coupling assembly includes a ferromagnetic component that is configured to be magnetically coupled with the ferromagnetic member so that one intermediate connector coupling assembly is electrically coupled to one illuminating module coupling assembly, and the two coupling assemblies are held in electrical contact with one another by magnetic force.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein describe systems and methods associated with light mounting systems. Embodiments may include lighting shelves that are configured to be mounted to a fixed structure, such as to a wall or supports within a room via a cantilever design that is mounted to strut channels. The lighting shelves may be anchored at only a single end to the strut channels, and the lighting shelves may protrude away from the strut channels. The lighting shelves may have a sufficient width and length to cover an entire region of interest below the lighting shelves, which may enable to lighting shelves to uniformly distribute light to plants.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein describe systems and methods associated with light mounting systems. Embodiments may include lighting shelves that are configured to be mounted to a fixed structure, such as to a wall or supports within a room via a cantilever design that is mounted to unistrut. The lighting shelves may be anchored at only a single end to the unistrut, and the lighting shelves may protrude away from the unistrut. The lighting shelves may have a sufficient width and length to cover an entire region of interest below the lighting shelves, which may enable to lighting shelves to uniformly distribute light to plants.

Abstract: An optical module has light source mounting parts that include a reinforcement plate for a circuit board on which a light source is mounted, and is attached to a lateral surface of a housing. The optical module includes a protrusion and a thermally conductive member. The protrusion is formed on the outer circumference of the lateral surface of the housing. The thermally conductive member includes a first surface and a second surface. The first surface is thermally conductively connected to a surface of the reinforcement plate. The second surface is thermally conductively connected to the protrusion. The thermally conductive member has an inclined surface on the back side of the first surface. The inclined surface is formed along the first surface in such a manner that the thickness between the first surface and the inclined surface increases with a decrease in the distance to the second surface.

Abstract: The present patent application discloses an elongated warning lamp. The elongated warning lamp includes a body, two main light modules and a number of side lights modules; By the match of the upper position cavity and the upper position block and the match of the lower position cavity and the lower position block, in conjunction with the guide position of the guide block and the guide groove, the two main light modules can be quickly assembled into the two sides of the body.

Abstract: A lighting structure for mounting a strip of LED's comprising a base member (10) having a channel (15) formed therein for receiving the strip (54) of LED's, a first member (22) of an attachment system extending along a portion of the base member (10), and a cover (34) having a second portion (42, 46) of an attachment system, said second portion (42, 46) of said attachment system mating with the first portion (22) of the attachment system to retain the cover (34) and base member (10) together and at least partially overlapping the channel to permit retention of the strip of LED's therein.

Abstract: An LED lighting assembly is provided as a drop-in replacement for standard flourescent tubes. An LED lighting assembly and corresponding method for its assembly comprises a substrate having an LED array mounted thereon. The LED array can be mounted in traditional wirebonded or flip chip arrangements. The assembly further includes a heat sink layer, a light diffusion layer, a UV filter layer, and a structural frame for supporting the assembly. The structural frame can be adjusted to replace any length flourescent tube. A voltage controller is provided to filter out voltage spikes from a power source. A microcontroller is provided for receiving any control instructions.

Abstract: A lamp socket including socket contacts for electrically contacting lamp holder contacts, the lamp socket including a mounting dome that is insertable into a lamp holder and includes a support pin that is linked in a spring elastic manner so that the support pin mechanically anchors the lamp socket in the lamp holder, wherein the mounting dome includes support surfaces which form a movement path along which the support pin is moveable, wherein the movement path displaces the support pin from an idle position in a first direction through a displacement section while building up a spring load during a relative movement of the lamp socket and the lamp holder, wherein the movement path returns the support pin through a return section towards an idle position of the support pin partially reducing the spring load during a relative movement of the lamp socket and the lamp holder.

Abstract: A connecting device for light fixtures has a lens fixing plate, a light fixture assembly, a button, a first spring, a connecting rod and a buckle. The buckle is fixedly connected to the light fixture assembly. A mounting base is disposed on the lens fixing plate. One end of the connecting rod is located in an inner cavity of the mounting base and the other end thereof is extended out from the mounting base. The end of the connecting rod extending out from the mounting base is provided with a boss, and the connecting rod located in the inner cavity of the mounting base is sleeved with the first spring. The button is connected to the end of the connecting rod located in the inner cavity of the mounting base.

Abstract: An electronic censer includes a censer body, a driving device and an incense branch. The censer body defines a recess on a top end thereof. The driving device is received in the recess of the censer body. The incense branch is inserted in the censer body and extends from the recess to external environment of the censer body. The incense branch includes a frame and an LED light source located at an upper end of the frame. The LED light source is electrically connected with the driving device. The frame has a first portion and a second portion. The first portion of the frame is pivotally connected with the second portion of the frame, thereby making the second portion of the frame rotatable around the first portion of the frame.

Abstract: Disclosed is an LED lighting fixture that includes a linear lighting mounting member having a first longitudinal axis and a plurality of adjacent multicolor LEDs, such as RGB LEDs, operably connected to the linear mounting member along the first axis. Each multicolor LED has a first end portion, a first LED diode configured to emit light having a first color mounted on the first end portion, an opposing second end portion, and a second LED diode configured to emit light having a second color disposed at the second, the first LED diode spaced apart from the second LED diode along a second longitudinal axis, and the orientation of each multicolor LED rotated 180° in relation to the orientation of the adjacent multicolor LED.

Abstract: A luminaire comprises a light fixture that includes a housing. The housing includes a light emitting diode (LED) light source and a back wall that has a first surface shape. The luminaire further comprises a mounting system that includes a surface mounting bracket, or a tie rod that has a first end that includes a plurality of teeth. The mounting system also includes a mounting plate rotatably coupled to the surface mounting bracket or to the tie rod. The mounting plate is coupled to the back wall of the housing. The mounting plate has a second surface shape, where the first surface shape and the second surface shape are substantially the same.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a ceiling, in particular to a ceiling board with modularized composite LED lamps. The ceiling comprises a light bar (2), a ceiling board (1a, 1b). The ceiling is characterized in that a plurality of LED lamps are fixedly embedded in a light bar (2); the bar (2) is mounted on the side edges of two adjoining ceiling boards (1) fitted and held firmly by the standard ceiling grids.

Abstract: The invention provides an elongated lighting fixture with multiple light emitting diodes (LEDs) arrayed in two groups that are angled to each other. The fixture provides an extremely broad light emitting angle and includes an elongated housing having a pair of side walls. Each side wall has a support member extending upward at angle from the side wall, wherein the side walls terminate at a central wall. A generally transparent cover is connected to the housing and extends between opposed ends of the housing. A first group of LEDs and a second group of LEDs are mounted to the first support member and the second support member, respectively. PCB boards assemblies are affixed to respective support members beneath the group of LEDs by tension clips. When the PCBs are energized by a power source, current travels from the PCBs to each LED for illumination.

Abstract: An improvement in a recessed lighting strip that interlocks between insulated roof panels is presented herein. The recessed lighting strip uses mating interlocks to snap between the insulated panels, providing a method to place lights at each panel juncture across the width of the application, without violating the integrity of the panels themselves. The lighting strip is made from extruded plastic or aluminum that is essentially an open-topped rectangular box, shaped on the sides to interlock with foam insulated room panels that are typically 3?-6? thick and used in the construction of patio covers, patio enclosures, sunrooms and all other residential and commercial applications which use insulated roof panels.

Abstract: A lighting system includes a carrier unit, and a lamp holder including a holder plate for mounting of a light emitting unit, and a first positioning plate and a second positioning plate extending from the holder plate and spaced apart from each other. The holder plate is disposable at a first or second position when the first or second positioning plate is connected to the carrier unit. A light emitting characteristic of the light emitting unit when the holder plate is in the first position is different from a light emitting characteristic of the light emitting unit when the holder plate is in the second position.

Abstract: An extension for a heating element includes a bracket for a quartz lamp within a furnace of a blow molding machine. The extension includes a base that is coupled to the furnace where the extension directs the heating element toward an end of a preform. The extension may include a parabolic lens to provide controlled and directed heating of the end of the preform to optimize material distribution upon blow molding.

Abstract: A mounting bracket for a linear LED tube-type light to be installed principally inside of display cases, shelves and soffits. In one embodiment, a cylindrical bracket is mounted to each side of a display case and an LED tube light (a semi-cylinder with mounted LED circuit boards) is inserted into these brackets and secured with a set screw. This bracket/tube system allows for power harness wiring through either side of the case or through a down rod at various positions to the bracket. Additional embodiments allow for mounting said brackets to the underside of the case glass or side walls using adhesive. Further embodiments incorporate this same cylindrical bracket design to mount the LED light tube to the front edge of shelves or on to a flat pedestal for mounting to a variety of flat surfaces such as a wall or ledge. Additional related embodiments are described and shown herein.

Abstract: A merchandise dispenser is provided and has a product display tray with a bottom portion for supporting and guiding a rank of product items. The merchandise dispenser also has a spring assembly for advancing the product items forward on the bottom portion. The spring assembly includes a pre-stressed spiral tape having a top surface extending from a mounting end portion thereof and a plurality of light emitting diodes carried in spaced relation on a predetermined length of the top surface of the tape for upwardly illuminating product items when disposed in the product display tray.

Abstract: A light source replacement for a fluorescent troffer light fixture utilizing light emitting diode and lens combination with the existing diffuser to produce lower contrast and evenly distributed illumination.

Abstract: The invention provides an elongated lighting fixture with multiple light emitting diodes (LEDs) arrayed in two groups that are angled to each other. The fixture includes an elongated housing having a pair of side walls with at least one fin to dissipate heat. Each side wall has a support member extending upward at angle from the side wall. A generally transparent cover is connected to the housing and extends between opposed ends of the housing. A first group of LEDs and a second group of LEDs are mounted to the first support member and the second support member, respectively. First and second interconnection board assemblies are affixed to respective support members beneath the group of LEDs. When the first and second interconnection board assemblies are energized by an internal power source, current travels from each interconnection assembly through fasteners to each group of LEDs for illumination.

Abstract: The present invention provides a shell for a lighting device. The shell comprises a first lamp body, a second lamp body, a first connecting part, and a second connecting part. The ends of the second lamp body have a first end surface and a second end surface. The first connecting part lying along a first direction is set in the first end surface and threads through the first bottom surface. The second connecting part lying along a direction opposite to the first direction is set in the second end surface and threads through the second bottom surface. When the first lamp body is connected with the second lamp body, the two ends of the first lamp body are disposed extending over edges of the first end surface and the second end surface separately.

Abstract: A housing once included a high intensity discharge (HID) light source, lens, and fixture chamber between the housing and lens. The housing is retrofit to exclude a routinely functioning HID light source and exclude at least a portion of the HID lens. The housing is made to include at least a first support for at least one light emitting diode (LED) light source and an LED diode lighting fixture chamber. A second support is affixed at least to the first support and is positioned at least in part outside the LED fixture chamber. The LED light source is mounted to the second support outside the LED fixture chamber. At least one LED light source lens is mounted to provide a lens for the LED light source, also outside the LED lighting fixture chamber. The LED light source is thereby substantially free of exposure to the temperature effects.

Abstract: A solid state replacement light module for a high intensity discharge light fixture. The module is comprised of an elongated generally planar body having a first side including a plurality of light emitting diodes and a second side including a plurality of heat dissipating fins. The second side further includes an electronic module. The body also includes a hinge mechanism suitable for attachment to the light fixture.

Abstract: A retrofit kit for a gutted fluorescent light fixture includes a self contained source of visible radiant energy configured to replicate a light pattern generated by the gutted fluorescent light fixture but with improved luminance; where the self contained source of visible radiant energy is adapted to be coupled to a universal source of electrical energy and supported by the fluorescent light fixture without modification after the fluorescent light fixture has been gutted of its ballast, electrical sockets, fluorescent bulb and ballast cover.

Abstract: A straight tube luminaire, detachably attached between one pair of opposed rotary sockets, includes one pair of connection terminals electrically connected to each of the pair of rotary sockets within a predetermined rotational range of the rotary sockets, one pair of straight tube illumination sockets electrically connected to the connection terminals and electrically connected to electrodes provided at both ends of a rectilinear fluorescent lamp, and a reflective plate extended between the pair of straight tube illumination sockets and attached to the straight tube illumination sockets to reflect light of the fluorescent lamp. The reflective plate and the straight tube illumination sockets are rotated as one body together with the connection terminals by inserting the connection terminals into the rotary sockets and rotating the rotary sockets.

Abstract: An illumination apparatus includes an elongate chassis, a plurality of light emitting devices, a plurality of lenses, an elongate populated board, an elongate holding member, and a heat radiation member. The chassis includes a supporting portion supporting the opposite, longer-side ends of the populated board and a first engagement portion fitting and securing the holding member to the chassis. The holding member includes a plurality of second engagement portions fitting and securing each lens to the holding member and a resilient biasing portion resiliently biasing the longer-side ends of the populated board toward the supporting portion. The populated board is pinched and secured by the resilient biasing portion and the supporting portion and the heat radiation member is sandwiched and thus secured by the populated board and a bottom wall in contact with the populated board and the bottom wall.

Abstract: The present embodiments relate to a method and an apparatus to remove a fluorescent tube from a fixture and affix an adhesive side of a LED tape to a troffer of the fixture. The LED tape is electrically connected to the fixture.

Abstract: A retail display shelf system has a gondola. There are a pair of conductive standards which are cooperatively configured for supporting conductive shelf support brackets. A circuit board has an array of light emitting diodes. The circuit board has, at each end, a connector. Each connector is adapted to connect electrically to its respective shelf support bracket, so that current travels from a low voltage power supply through the somewhat vertical standards through the shelf support brackets, through the circuit board, to power each of the LEDs, to illuminate local parts of the retail display shelf system. Various display elements reflect or transmit the light.

Abstract: A track-mounted decorative lighting system comprises a track system, a light string, and a motorized lighting cartridge. The track system comprises a flexible track with an inverted “T”-shape profile mounted by a user in a desired configuration upon a structure. The motorized lighting cartridge comprises a gear-type drive system which deploys or retracts the light string through the track. A user may use a hand-held remote controller to activate the internal motor to drive the lights out into position along the track system upon the structure. The lighting system provides a means to add additional light strings and light cartridges to obtain a greater length of deployed lighting. The motor withdraws the deployed lights back into the cartridge for storage. The lighting system further provides a hook embodiment onto which a user may secure existing string-type lighting while still utilizing the deployment and retraction functions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an LED lighting module using AC power, where an AC-driven LED lighting is implemented by a simplified rectifier circuit and by adjusting the number of LED elements, without using a dedicated circuit configuration such as SMPS, and the LED modules are arranged in a way to enable a multiplicity of unit modules to be driven with a single power supply. The LED lighting module using AC power contains a power supply which receives AC power; unit modules, each having at least two LED sets connected together, each having one LED element or plural interconnected LED elements driven by an input power; and rectifier circuits, each being separately installed to which the power is input, for rectifying AC power which is input through the power supply when a multiplicity of unit modules form a loop.

Abstract: A lighting apparatus and method for making the same are presented. In some aspects the apparatus includes a plurality of LED light sources mounted to a metal circuit board in a housing of the apparatus. In other aspects a light-permissive potting compound is disposed in the space between the LEDs and circuit board and the housing of said apparatus so as to permit exit of light from said LEDs while providing mechanical protection for the circuit board and LEDs and removing heat generated from said LEDs.

Abstract: This utility model discloses a new type of LED light fixture, which includes an aluminium tube; an LED luminaire module, attached to said aluminium tube; a driving circuit module, electrically connected with said LED luminaire module; an electric joint, comprising two conductive leads and a ground lead, the two conductive leads are electrically connected with said driving circuit module and the ground lead is connected to said aluminium tube; power source, supplying electric energy to said electric joint. This fixture reduces metal materials and makes for longer life span, safer use and more convenient installation. The fixture can directly provide electricity to LED light and is very easy for installation.

Abstract: An LED lamp tube comprises a tube body, at least one circuit board inside the tube body, at lease one LED module on the circuit board, and electrical connectors at the ends of the tube, wherein the tube body is an integrally formed hollow tube, and has at least one group of supporting and positioning ribs on the inner wall thereof along the length direction; the circuit board is fixed by the supporting and positioning ribs; the LED lamp tube disclosed by the present invention has a firm assembly structure with less thermal deformation, and more particularly just like the conventional fluorescent tubes it has a wide light-emitting angle, thereby providing better illumination effects.

Abstract: A power-saving lighting apparatus including an upper housing, a bottom cover assembled with the upper housing, a lighting module and a positioning member is provided. The lighting module is disposed between the upper housing and the bottom cover, and the lighting module is mechanically supported by the bottom cover. The positioning member is disposed on the lighting module, wherein a relative position of the lighting module and the bottom cover is maintained by the positioning member.

Abstract: A lighting apparatus comprising: an elongated-shaped LED unit provided with a plurality of lighting units on one surface in the thickness direction thereof, each of said lighting units having a LED chip; a reflective plate held by a main body; a lighting device for lighting the LED unit; and a heat radiation block to which said LED unit being replaceably attached, configured to dissipate the heat generated in the LED unit, and arranged at the other surface side in the thickness direction of the LED unit. The reflective plate has an installation portion for installing the LED unit. The heat radiation block is held by the reflective plate. The LED unit has a flat portion at light extracting surface from the lighting unit. The flat portion has the same plane with a surrounding area of the installation portion in a reflective surface of the reflective plate.

Abstract: A clamp structure includes a first board portion, a second board portion connected to a lateral side of the first board portion in an elastically deformable manner, and a third board portion connected to the other lateral side of the first board portion opposite to the second board portion in an elastically deformable manner. The third board portion and the second board portion are disposed on the same side of the first board portion for clamping two surfaces of a base, and the first board portion contacts against a light bar for fixing the light bar on the other surface of the base.

Abstract: A system and apparatus for vertically aligning predominately elongated lighting fixtures, and for providing a secure attachment to the ground through a foundation.

Abstract: A light emitting diode (LED) interconnection system is provided. The system includes a cable having a driver end and a termination end. The cable has conductive pathways extending between the driver end and the termination end. The driver end is configured to engage a driver to carry an electrical current to the conductive pathways. The termination end is configured to terminate the conductive pathways. A connector is provided having a cable contact and a LED contact joined to the cable contact. The cable contact pierces the cable and engages the conductive pathways to electrically join the connector to the conductive pathways. A LED board is provided having a circuit board including circuit board contacts. A LED is positioned on the circuit board and electrically joined to the circuit board contacts. The LED contact of the connector engages the circuit board contacts to electrically join the connector to the LED.

Abstract: A method for bending a perimeter light and a perimeter light for illuminating curved surfaces. One embodiment of a bending method according to the present invention comprises heating a perimeter light to make it pliable. A radius tool is then provided having a curved surface with a shape and radius for the desired bend in the perimeter light. The heated perimeter light is mounted to the radius tool curved surface. The perimeter light is then cooled and removed from the radius tool. One embodiment of a bent elongated perimeter light according to the present invention comprises an array of light sources and an elongated tube bent to match a curve or shape. The array of light sources is disposed within the tube and the tube transmits and disperses the light from the array to give the appearance that said array of light sources is a continuous light source. The array of light sources is cuttable at intervals to shorten the array while allowing the remaining light sources in the array to emit light.

Abstract: Provided is a backlight assembly which can be assembled with increased efficiency and has improved reliability. The backlight assembly includes a fluorescent lamp which includes a fluorescent lamp tube and a pair of lamp leads formed at each end of the fluorescent lamp tube, end caps which surround each end of the fluorescent lamp tube and fix the lamp leads in place, and a power supply terminal units which supply power to the lamp leads, wherein an end cap exposes at least part of each of the lamp leads corresponding thereto.

Abstract: A modular lighting system features a universal mounting method for lighting elements, such as LED lights, as well as various electrical devices, and is configurable in multiple modes of operation. In one aspect, LED strips are inserted into slots in the lower surface of the rail member. Another aspect allows operation with tube lamps, such LED tube lamps. In still another mode of operation, discrete electrical or electromechanical components may be employed, powered by electrical power available in the rail. In yet another more, an up and down, bidirectional lighting system is provided.

Abstract: A lamp according to the present invention includes: a line portion which blocks a part of light proceeding from a light emitting unit in a direction perpendicular to a tube axis direction; and a raised portion which blocks the light proceeding from the light emitting unit in the direction perpendicular to the tube axis direction that is not blocked by the line portion. The raised portion has an end portion having a linear shape in the tube axis direction, the end portion being an end portion of a section of the raised portion that blocks light.

Abstract: Lighting retrofit systems and methods are disclosed that can be used with different light fixtures, but that are particularly adapted for use with retrofitting troffer-style fixtures with LED based light engines. The retrofit systems being assembled without disturbing the lighting or troffer pan or housing (“troffer pan”) for the lighting system being retrofitted. Some of these embodiments can comprise a mounting fixture or frame that can be mounted in an opening in a ceiling grid, and held in place between the grid and the troffer pan edge. The fixture or frame can comprise an opening for a light engine, with the engine being quickly and easily connected to electrical power in the troffer pan and then mountable within the frame opening. These embodiments can allow for the quick and easy construction of the retrofit system without the need for adhesives and fasteners such brackets and screws.