Abstract: An electronic device that includes a light-emitting board and a light characteristics enhancing member. The light-emitting board includes a driving substrate, a semiconductor device disposed on a first surface of the driving substrate, and a signal-receiving member receiving an external wireless control signal to control the semiconductor device. The light characteristics enhancing member includes a base film disposed over the light-emitting board, and a light characteristics enhancing layer formed on a lower surface of the base film, the lower surface facing the light-emitting board. A second refractive index of the light characteristics enhancing layer is greater than a first refractive index of the base film. Therefore, the receive sensitivity of the external wireless control signal is improved.

Abstract: A pair of band-shaped window portions (9) having no fluorescent film is formed in the inner circumference of a fluorescent lamp (1). The fluorescent lamp (1) is oriented such that a straight line intersecting the center of the fluorescent lamp (1) and the midpoint between the pair of window portions on the circumference intersects the midpoint between a pair of reflective members (10) on a reflective plate (3), and is arranged such that light emitted from the pair of window portions (9) is reflected off the pair of reflective members (10) and is shone on a diffusion plate (4).

Abstract: A beam collection combining LED illumination light source includes a substrate. One or more LED chips (30) are provided on the substrate. Upon each LED chip, a corresponding reflective cup (40) is provided. Each LED chip is located at the bottom of the reflective cup. The reflective cup is a revolving body. The inner wall of the reflective cup is a curved surface bended inwards. The curved surface is a primary optical curved surface.

Abstract: An optical structure placeable between a backlight array of point light sources and a planar display. The structure distributes light emitted by the point light sources to uniformly illuminate the plane of the display, without introducing significant viewing parallax. The emitted light is partially collimated within a preferred angular viewing range, maximizing the display's luminance when viewed from the normal direction. The structure is highly reflective, such that a substantial portion of any non-emitted light rays are internally reflected by the structure, increasing the likelihood that those rays will be subsequently emitted by the structure.

Abstract: A lighting system (10, 50, 70, 90) is provided comprising at least one light source (21, 91) and at least a first optical element (22, 92). The light source (21, 91) generates a light beam (12) and the first optical element (22, 92) refracts the light beam (12). The light source (21, 91) and the first optical element (22, 92) are arranged such that the light source (21, 91) and/or the first optical element (22, 92) are movable under the influence of a gravitational field in such a way that a distance between the light source (21, 91) and the first optical element (22, 92) is dependent on an orientation of the lighting system (10, 50, 70, 90) with respect to the gravitational field.

Abstract: A light assembly is disclosed which can include an LED array and a reflector. The LED array can include a plurality of LEDs which are disposed such that each LED is substantially aligned to define a focal axis. Each LED can emit light substantially along an optical output axis, with each optical output axis being perpendicular to the focal axis. The optical output axis of the LED array can be disposed in intersecting relationship with the reflector surface. The reflector can be defined by a curve section defined with respect to a principal axis. The principal axis and the output axis of the LED array can be in non-parallel relationship with each other. The optical output axis of the LED array can be substantially perpendicular to the principal axis of the curve section of the reflector.

Abstract: A light emitting assembly includes an extruded heat sink (20) divided into a pair of elongated sections (64) with a plurality of light emitting diodes (88) disposed thereon. The elongated sections (64) present identical cross sections and are disposed in spaced and parallel relationship to mirror one another and define a fin space (68) therebetween. A plurality of fins (70) including bends (72) stamped therein are spring compressed between the elongated sections (64). The fins (70) include shoes (76) at fin ends to space the fins (70) from one another in the fin space (68). The fins (70) are retained in a fin channel (38) between a pair of ridges (28). A plurality of straps (82) extend across the fin space (68) to clamp the fins (70) between the elongated (64).

Abstract: An LED-lamp (lighting bar) comprises a plurality of solid state light emitters (LEDs) configured as an elongate (linear) array and a generally concave cylindrical light reflective surface disposed along the length of the array of LEDs. The concave light reflective surface is configured to direct light over an illumination plane located to a side of the lamp. The LEDs can be configured such that their emission axes are oriented to the illumination plane at an angle of between 0° and 90. The lamp can further comprise a second generally concave cylindrical light reflective surface in which the concave light reflective surfaces are configured to direct light over illumination planes located on respective sides of the lamp. There is also disclosed a panel lamp and sign incorporating the lamp(s) of the invention.

Abstract: A light assembly is disclosed which can include one or more light emitting diodes and a reflector. The reflector includes a reflective surface and is positioned to reflect at least a portion of the light emitted by the light emitting diode. The reflector further includes a pair of flanking planar reflective surfaces. The flanking planar reflective surfaces can be positioned at a distance one half the predetermined distance between two light emitting diodes, and can simulate an extended length of the reflector.

Abstract: LEDs are mounted onto a flat, thermally conductive, substrate, which is folded to form a light recycling cavity. A planar substrate is first coated with a metal layer, which is patterned to electrically connect the LEDs and to form bonding pads for wirebonds to connect the LEDs to external circuitry. The LEDs are mounted on the substrate. The substrate is then scribed on the backside to form the folds. The LED dies are then attached onto the metal islands (pads) defined on the substrate and wirebonds are used to connect the top side of the LED to adjacent patterned metal islands (pads) on the substrate. The substrate is then folded into a light recycling cavity where the LEDs are facing the inside of the cavity.

Abstract: Disclosed is a light emitting device module, which includes a circuit board having at least two cavities, a reflective layer formed on a surface of each cavity, and a light emitting device package disposed in each cavity. The light emitting device package includes a package body and a light emitting device disposed on the package body, the light emitting device being electrically connected to a first lead frame and a second lead frame.

Abstract: An illumination device for visual inspection includes: a transmissive reflector plate that is formed of a light transmitting material, has an opening in a center, assumes a dome shape, a radius of which is gradually expanded downward with a center axis of the opening set as a center, and has a lower surface formed of a reflecting surface on which fine unevenness for diffusing and reflecting light from below is formed and an upper surface located on an opposite side of the lower surface; first, second, and third light source units that irradiate light on an inspection object, the first, second, and third light source units being provided on the upper surface of the transmissive reflector plate and arranged in a place below the opening and passing the center axis; and a fourth light source unit that irradiates light on the inspection object and being provided below the transmissive reflector plate.

Abstract: An aircraft navigation light comprises a base and circuit board in thermal contact with the base. White and colored LEDs mount on the circuit board. A reflector-shade placed adjacent the LEDs reflects light from the LEDs in desired directions and shades other directions from view of selected LEDs. A light transmissive cover sealed to the base, encloses the circuit board, LEDs and reflector-shade. Temperature responsive circuitry on the circuit board regulates the current through the LEDs and reduces the LED current under high temperature conditions.

Abstract: A radiance source includes a housing having an interior wall, wherein at least a spherical portion of the interior wall of the housing is spherical, an interior volume, and an exit port. A light source is disposed within the interior volume of the housing. A calibration structure blocks and reflects a light ray that would otherwise travel directly from the light source to the exit port without reflecting from the interior wall. The calibration structure has a calibration body having a curved back surface facing the light source and a curved front surface facing the exit port. There is an optically diffuse, lambertian reflecting surface on at least the spherical portion of the interior wall of the housing, the back surface of the calibration body, and the front surface of the calibration body.

Abstract: The invention relates to a lighting system for illuminating algae in an aqueous liquid. The lighting system includes a light source comprising a plurality of LEDs, a mounting structure for supporting the LEDs and a housing for accommodating the light source and the mounting structure. At least a portion of the housing is transparent for light emitted by the light source. The housing is at least partly filled with a cooling liquid, such that, in use, heat from the LEDs is transferred by the cooling liquid from the LEDs by means of convection. The invention further relates to a reactor comprising such lighting system.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a front light unit including a transparent insulating substrate; a transparent anode electrode disposed on the insulating substrate; a plurality of organic light-emitting elements disposed on the anode electrode; a transparent cathode electrode disposed on the organic light-emitting elements; and a plurality of reflective plates disposed opposite the organic light-emitting elements in an emission direction of the organic light-emitting elements, and disposed between the insulating substrate and the cathode electrode.

Abstract: A rotatable light source device includes an upper cover, a circuit board, plural light-emitting elements and a base. The circuit board is disposed under the upper cover, and connected with the upper cover. The light-emitting elements are mounted on the circuit board. One of the light-emitting elements is electrically connected to a power source to illuminate. The base includes a receptacle for accommodating the upper cover and the circuit board. By rotating the upper cover and the circuit board with respect to the base, another of the light-emitting elements is electrically connected to the power source to illuminate.

Abstract: Disclosed are a backlight unit and a liquid crystal display device having the same. A supporting section is formed with a reflector, which is used for a direct type backlight unit, to support optical sheets and guide light, so that the assembling process is simplified and the manufacturing cost is reduced.

Abstract: An illuminating device includes a plurality of light-emitting diodes, a plurality of first light-reflecting parts, and a plurality of second light-reflecting parts. Each of the plurality of first light-reflecting parts has a first light reflecting surface surrounding one of the light-emitting diodes. Each of the plurality of second light-reflecting parts has a second light reflecting surface surrounding one of the light-emitting diodes. The shape of the first light reflecting surface is different from that of the second light reflecting surface.

Abstract: An LED optical assembly is provided having a support surface having a plurality of light emitting diodes, a plurality of reflectors, and a plurality of optical lenses. Each reflector is positioned over a corresponding light emitting diode and at least one optical lens is placed over a corresponding reflector.

Abstract: A metallic reflector device having one or an array of individual reflector elements for positioning over a corresponding one or array of light sources, preferably comprising one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs). The metallic reflector device includes a planar base and a plurality of the reflector elements. The planar base has one or a plurality of apertures, each aperture having an edge that defines a proximal rim of the reflector element. Each reflector element includes an annular sidewall having an inner surface that extends from the proximal annular rim to a distal annular rim. The proximal annular rim defines a first opening through which direct and reflected light from a light source is emitted. The distal annular rim defines a second opening through which the light source is disposed. The inner surface of the annular sidewall is formed from the material of the planar sheet by mechanically deforming the planar sheet, such as by stamping or drawing.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a light source unit enabling cost reduction. A light source unit of the present invention includes a plurality of LEDs 16, and an elongated LED board 17 having a plurality of arranging portions 18 on which each LED 16 is arranged, and a plurality of connecting portions 19 connecting the adjacent arranging portions 18. Each connecting portion 19 has a width smaller than a width of each arranging portion 18 in a short direction of the LED board 17.

Abstract: A light emitting apparatus includes a lamp base, a light-transmissive bulb envelope, a light source for emitting light, and a heat sink coupled to the light source. A solid state LED light bulb may further include a down conversion material. The down conversion material is disposed within the bulb envelope, remote from the light source and between the light source and the lamp base. The heat sink may include at least one metal fin and, additionally or alternatively, include a mesh disposed over at least an outer portion of the bulb envelope. A solid state light bulb may include a light guide for directing the light emitted by the light source. The solid state light bulb configurations place the light source and heat sink at the apex of the light bulb envelope, distant from the lamp base, in order to dissipate heat produced by the light source into the environment. In addition, at least part of the heat sink is outside the light bulb envelope to maximize the heat dissipation.

Abstract: Provided is an optical unit that includes: light source (1a); light source (1b) located to face light source (1a); color wheel (2) located between light sources (1a and 1b); prism unit (3a) that totally reflects light emitted from light source (1a) and that is transmitted through color wheel (2), and transmits light emitted from light source (1b) to enter color wheel (2); and prism unit (3b) that totally reflects the light emitted from light source (1b) and that is transmitted through color wheel (2), and transmits the light emitted from light source (1a) to enter color wheel (2).

Abstract: The present embodiments provide channel letter lighting devices and/or systems. A lighting unit, comprising: a housing; a printed circuit board (PCB) mounted within the housing and having a plurality light emitting elements on the PCB which emit light when an electrical signal is applied to the light emitters; and a plurality of reflectors, each of which comprised of an at least one partial parabola which reflects light substantially away from the housing, the plurality of reflectors over the PCB and the light emitters such that each of the light emitters is surrounded by at least one of the plurality of reflectors.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for high intensity lighting includes, in one aspect, a reflector frame having a main portion generally following a surface of revolution of the type that produces a converging beam and a second portion following a surface of revolution of the type that produces a different shape beam. Placement of the second portion in the reflector frame allows shifting of parts of the light beam in desired directions.

Abstract: A reflector component is provided for a light emitting diode (LED) lamp that includes a plurality of spaced-apart LED light sources. The reflector component includes a bottom wall having two side edges extending along a longitudinal direction. The bottom wall is formed with a plurality of spaced-apart through holes, each of which permits a respective one of the LED light sources to extend therethrough. The reflector component further includes two side walls extending respectively and upwardly from and along the two side edges of the bottom wall. Each of the side walls has a reflecting surface that faces toward the other of the side walls and that extends upwardly and inclinedly relative to the bottom wall such that a distance between the reflecting surfaces increases in a direction away from the bottom wall.

Abstract: An illumination device includes a housing having a light-emitting surface through which illumination light is irradiated and a plurality of LED units fixed to the housing in specified positions to emit the illumination light. The illumination device further includes a plurality of reflectors each having a reflection surface for reflecting the illumination light emitted from each of the LED units in a specified direction and a reflector attachment plate removably fixed to the housing. Each of the reflectors is adjustably attached to the reflector attachment plate in a specified orientation.

Abstract: The invention relates to an outdoor lighting unit for lighting streets, pavements, industrial grounds, and the like, comprising one LED light source which includes several light emitting diodes in a two-dimensional array, and a housing. The housing has a single-piece solid housing element, which has at least one planar assembly section on an underside, on which a backside of the LED light source is arranged in heat-conducting connection in a planar manner. The housing element further has on said underside a circumferential wall section, which projects downwardly from the plane of the assembly section. Further, the housing element comprises an exposed cooling section on an upper side, which is convexly curved and has several cooling channels, which extend along the convex curvature. The housing element also comprises a holding portion, by means of which the lighting unit can be secured to a holding device in a self-supporting manner.

Abstract: A submersible high illumination light source assembly is disclosed, comprising at least one module. A module comprises a heat sink having a front surface and a rear surface. A printed circuit board comprising one or more electrical connections sized and shaped to couple with a plurality of high-illumination light emitting diode (LED) lamps is in thermal communication with the front surface of the heat sink. The plurality of high-illumination LED lamps are coupled in electronic communication with the printed circuit board via the one or more electrical connections. At least one reflector is sized and shaped to accept the insertion of one or more of the plurality of high-illumination LED lamps. A window is in watertight communication with the reflector plate. The submersible high illumination light source assembly operates both when submerged underwater and exposed to air.

Abstract: A high intensity LED based lighting array for use in an obstruction light with efficient uniform light output is disclosed. The high intensity LED based lighting array has a first concentric ring having a plurality of reflectors and light emitting diodes. The concentric ring has a planar surface mounting each of the plurality of reflectors in perpendicular relation to a respective one of the plurality of light emitting diodes. At least some of the first plurality of reflectors are adjustable relative to the position of the respective light emitting diode to produce a precise beam pattern from the light emitting diode.

Abstract: An LED lamp includes a lamp frame, a reflector received in the lamp frame, a plurality of LED modules received in the lamp frame and an envelope covering an opening of the lamp frame. The lamp frame is made of a material with a good heat conductivity and thermally connects the LED modules. The reflector includes a plurality of interconnecting reflecting cells, each reflecting cell separating a corresponding LED module from others. Each LED module faces to a corresponding reflecting cell and light emitted therefrom is reflected by the reflecting cell to radiate out of the envelope.

Abstract: An LED light-emitting unit comprises an LED element having an optical axis and a reflector covering the LED element. The reflector comprises a light-reflecting unit recessed downwardly from a top surface of a top wall of the reflector and located corresponding to the LED element. The light-reflecting unit has a reflecting face comprising two curved faces intersecting with each other at two lines. The curved faces have axes intersecting with each other. A distance between two intersecting points of the two lines with a cross section of the reflector which is parallel to the top surface of the top wall of the reflector is larger than that between any other two intersecting points of the reflecting face intersecting with the cross section of the reflector.

Abstract: A motor-driven, displaceable-head floodlight unit according to one or more embodiments is described. The floodlight unit is arranged to generate a plurality of light and projection effects used in stagecraft and performances, at least several LED sources being configured as the source of light in the floodlight unit. The light emission from several LED sources is collected by at least one first mirror and deflected to a second mirror. The second mirror is arranged to collimate the light from the first mirror incident thereon and transmit the light.

Abstract: A reflector emitter includes a combination reflector having at least one elliptical concave mirror shaped as an ellipsoid of revolution section having first and second focal points disposed outside and inside of the ellipsoid of revolution section, respectively. The reflector emitter includes at least one light source at the second focal point. The ellipsoid of revolution section is formed as an ellipsoid of revolution that is cut between its center and the first focal point in a longitudinal section plane and in a cross-sectional plane. An aperture is provided above an other concave mirror having at least one focal point that coincides with the first focal point of the ellipsoid of revolution section. The other concave mirror is formed as a hollow body cut in a sectional plane through its focal point. This sectional plane and the longitudinal section plane of the ellipsoid of revolution section share a common plane of reference and the concave mirrors have opposing faces.

Abstract: An illumination device includes a plurality of housings installed on a lamp holder, and each housing being arranged at the bottom of the lamp holder and tilted in a specific direction towards an exit aperture and having a light emitting diode device installed on each housing and opposite to two sidewalls on both sides of the inclined direction, and a reflection cover installed between adjacent housings, and each reflection cover having a plurality of first reflection surfaces and second reflection surfaces extended into each housing and towards the exterior of the housing. With the effect of the first and second reflection surfaces, the light source can be projected towards the exterior of the lamp holder effectively to increases the overall light projection range of the illumination device.

Abstract: An array of light-emitting diodes in LED chips, which can be turned on and off individually or in groups by means of a circuit, is provided with a device for homogenizing a light beam emitted by the turned-on LED chips. This device can be a conversion plate, a potting compound comprising a converter material or scattering particles, or a device for beam shaping comprising a plurality of micro-optics. The light source is particularly suited for headlights, for example in AFS applications.

Abstract: An LED street light includes a central housing portion having two spaced-apart sidewalls, and two lateral housing portions disposed respectively on two opposite longitudinal sides of the central housing portion. Each lateral housing portion includes a first plate fixed to a respective sidewall and having a first plate opening, a second plate connected to the first plate, a curved plate connected to the second plate, and a reflection layer disposed on the curved plate and facing one of the sidewalls. The first plate and the curved plate of each lateral housing portion have bottom ends defining a bottom opening. A plurality of light-emitting modules are disposed on each sidewall. Each light-emitting module includes at least one LED element, and extends into one of the lateral housing portions through the first plate opening. The reflection layer reflects the light emitted by the LED element toward the bottom opening.

Abstract: An LED downlight fixture comprises an array of LEDs in thermal connectivity with a heatsink, the array of LEDs positioned adjacent a first aperture of a multi-piece reflector assembly, the multi-piece reflector assembly including a first reflector having the first aperture disposed in an upper portion of the first reflector and an opposed larger second aperture in a lower portion of the first reflector, a second reflector having a first aperture positioned adjacent the second aperture of the first reflector and a second aperture opposite the first aperture of the second reflector and defining a light exit passageway, a diffuser positioned proximal to and extending across the second aperture of the first reflector and the first aperture of the second reflector.

Abstract: A display device comprising: a display panel including a display region; a plurality of light source lamps arranged to emit light toward the display region, each of the plurality of the light source lamps including a folded portion or a curved portion located at least partially outside of the display region and arranged along to an edge of the display panel; and a reflective surface underlying the light source lamps, the reflective surface including a first region with a first reflectance located in an area extending along said edge of the display panel and outside of the display region, and a second region with a second reflectance higher than the first reflectance.

Abstract: A light source device includes a first light source, a second light source, a reflective assembly, and a condensing lens defining an optical axis. The first light source includes a first lamp and a first reflector reflecting light beams generated by the first lamp as first parallel light beams. The second light source includes a second lamp and a second reflector reflecting light beams generated by the second lamp. The first light source, the reflective assembly and the condensing lens are arranged in order along the optical axis. The second light source corresponds to the reflective assembly deviated from the optical axis. The reflective assembly reflects light beams reflected by the first reflector back to the first reflector, and reflects light beams from the second reflector to the condensing lens. The condensing lens condenses the first parallel light beams and the light beams reflected by the reflective assembly.

Abstract: A luminaire using LEDs emits illumination light with improved uniformity and allows selection of color temperature and a region from which light is emitted. The illumination light from the LED travels in a light guide plate and is reflected off the inner surface to output to the outside through a diffuser plate. A plurality of LEDs differing in hue is provided. An LED driver unit controls a color temperature of light to be emitted, and generates, for example, illumination light of moderate color such as an orange color. The LED driver unit switches between regions from which light is emitted, thus offering unique illumination effects and using the luminaire as an all-night lamp. The light guide plate is secured to the side opposite to the reflector sheet in order to prevent the fixing member from impairing the light uniformity.

Abstract: An object is to provide a showcase capable of improving the appearance of an illumination apparatus itself and improving the illumination effect produced by the illumination apparatus. In the showcase in which the inside of a display chamber disposed in a main body is illuminated by an illumination apparatus, the illumination apparatus includes an LED illumination member having an LED element, and a holding member attached to the main body to hold the LED illumination member, and the holding member includes a lead wire receiving portion for receiving a lead wire of the LED illumination member.

Abstract: A backlight assembly includes a receiving container, a light-generating unit and a reflective sheet. The receiving container includes a bottom plate and a sidewall. The sidewall extends upwardly from an edge portion of the bottom plate to form a receiving space. The light-generating unit includes a light-emitting substrate disposed in the receiving space, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and a driving circuit. The light-emitting substrate includes a light-emitting region and a peripheral region. The LEDs are disposed in the light-emitting region. The driving circuit disposed in the peripheral region controls the LEDs. The reflective sheet includes a center portion and a cover portion. The center portion is disposed on the light-emitting region. The cover portion is disposed on the peripheral region to cover the driving circuit.

Abstract: A light emitting diode illuminator includes a reflecting shell (120), a light emitting diode light source (140) and a transparent cover (160). The reflecting shell includes a plurality of sequentially connected hollow tapered bodies (122, 124) having different taper angles. The tapered bodies cooperatively form a receiving space (123). The light source is installed at an end of the receiving space. The transparent cover is disposed at an opposite end of the reflecting shell away from to the light source and configured for directing light emitted from the light source out from the light emitting diode illuminator.

Abstract: A light emitting diode (LED) optical system. Implementations disclosed in this document may include two or more LEDs coupled with a circuit board and two or more optics. The two or more optics may each include a first end and a second end where the second end opposes the first end and a first optical stage including the first end. A second optical stage may be included that includes the second end. The first optical stage may include a total internal reflector and the second optical stage may include an upper reflector portion located at the second end. The two or more optics may be coupled over the two or more LEDs at their first ends and the two or more optics may be coupled to each other along a portion of their first optical stages and at their second optical stages.

Abstract: A lighting device and a method of assembling the same are disclosed herein. The lighting device may include a lens assembly having a plurality of condensing lenses, a reflector having a plurality of openings, and a light emitting module having a plurality of LEDs. The condensing lenses, the plurality of openings, and the LEDs may be positioned to correspond to each other. The reflector may reflect light emitted from the light emitting elements to maximize light distribution efficiency of the lighting device.

Abstract: A tube elementary LED includes an elementary glass tube through which light can be transmitted and includes two sealed ends respectively provided with a power plug and a power socket and a LED light emitting base plate disposed in the tube that is powered by the power plug and the power socket. A plurality of LED chips for emitting light are mounted on one surface of the LED light emitting base plate and supports fix the LED light emitting base plates in the chamber of the elementary glass tube. The tube elementary LED may include a reflector attached on an internal surface or an external surface of the elementary glass tube to reflect the light emitted from the LED light emitting base plate to outside of the elementary glass tube.

Abstract: A vehicular headlamp unit using a light-emitting element as a light source includes a projection lens on an optical axis that extends in a vehicle longitudinal direction, and first and second light source units arranged rearward of the projection lens. The first light source unit includes a first light-emitting clement, a first reflector arranged to cover the first light-emitting clement from above and structured to reflect light from the first light-emitting element forward toward the optical axis, and a first mirror component having an upward-facing reflective surface.

Abstract: LEDs are mounted onto a flat, thermally conductive, substrate, which is folded to form a light recycling cavity. A planar substrate is first coated with a metal layer, which is patterned to electrically connect the LEDs and to form bonding pads for wirebonds to connect the LEDs to external circuitry. The LEDs are mounted on the substrate. The substrate is then scribed on the backside to form the folds. The LED dies are then attached onto the metal islands (pads) defined on the substrate and wirebonds are used to connect the top side of the LED to adjacent patterned metal islands (pads) on the substrate. The substrate is then folded into a light recycling cavity where the LEDs are facing the inside of the cavity.