Abstract: A photobioreactor system and a process for its use is illustrated, whereby water and nutrients from multiple sources are balanced (mixed using aeration) to the specific requirements of the particular photosynthetic organism strain used, sterilized, further mixed to balance the system and seeded with the photosynthetic microorganism, e.g. microalgae (dilution of a concentrated stock or added to an existing algal biomass). In accordance with such an embodiment, the algal biomass is then grown for a most efficient number of hours in a totally controlled environment where temperature (using aeration, an internal coil cooling system, or a combination thereof), pH (via CO2 delivery) and light delivery (using internal lighting directly inside the algal biomass) are optimized to the algal strain grown.

Abstract: A mold frame of a liquid crystal display module can include a body for coupling a liquid crystal display panel and a back light unit including a light emitting device (LED) array having a plurality of LED packages thereon; an extension unit extended from an upper surface of the body to cover a light source of the back light unit; and an inclined surface disposed at the extension unit for reflecting light from the light source to control an amount of the light supplied to the liquid crystal display panel.

Abstract: A quantum rod sheet includes: a first support layer including a plurality of grooves which extends substantially in a predetermined direction; a plurality of quantum rods arranged substantially in the predetermined direction along the grooves of the first support layer; and a second support layer which covers the first support layer and the quantum rods.

Abstract: A luminous keyboard includes plural keys and a backlight module under the plural keys. The backlight module includes a light-shading plate, a light guide plate and a reflecting plate, which are sequentially stacked on each other from top to bottom. The light-shading plate includes a first cutting hole and a first cutting hole periphery around the first cutting hole. The light guide plate includes a perforation. The reflecting plate includes a second cutting hole and a second cutting hole periphery around the second cutting hole. A top surface of the second cutting hole periphery is attached on a bottom surface of the first cutting hole periphery through the perforation. While an object is penetrated through the first cutting hole and the second cutting hole, the object is closely covered by the first cutting hole periphery and the second cutting hole periphery in response to an elastic restoring force.

Abstract: An illuminating apparatus includes a support member comprising a light source support member having four corner areas; and a light emitter that is disposed on a surface of the light source support member, the light emitter including one or more light emitting modules, wherein each of the light emitting module comprises a strip-shaped printed circuit board (PCB) mounted on the light source support member and a plurality of light source packages that is mounted on the strip-shaped PCB and generates light; and four corner side extending portions that configure a portion of any one of one or more the light emitting modules and are extended toward the four corner areas of the light source support member.

Abstract: A semiconductor device package and a lighting device including a semiconductor device package are provided. The semiconductor device package may include a substrate, a first electrode module provided on the substrate, a light emitting device provided in a first region of the first electrode module, a second electrode module electrically disconnected from the first electrode module and provided on the substrate, and an insulating reflection layer provided on a circumference of the light emitting device between the first electrode module and the second electrode module and having a polygonal shape.

Abstract: A display device includes a display panel, a light guide plate, a light source unit, a wavelength conversion sheet which is disposed between the display panel and the light guide plate, and a bottom chassis where the wavelength conversion sheet includes a first portion which covers an upper surface of the light guide plate, the first portion including a first edge extending in a first direction and a second edge facing the first edge, a second portion which extends from the first edge toward the bottom chassis, is coupled to the bottom chassis and covers a first side surface of the light guide plate, and a third portion which extends from the second edge toward the bottom chassis, is coupled to the bottom chassis and covers a second side surface of the light guide plate.

Abstract: This invention reduces or prevents a phenomenon where a screen close to a light source becomes yellowed. A liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal display panel and a backlight. The backlight includes a light guide plate 10 and white LEDs 21 arrayed in a first direction on a plane of incidence 11 of the light guide plate 10. The white LEDs 21 each includes, in the first direction on a light-emitting surface, a central area occupied by a blue spectrum more densely than at adjacent sides of the central area. Incident plane protrusions 111, each extending in a thickness direction of the light guide plate 10, are formed on a section corresponding to the area having the dense blue spectrum of each LED 21, at the plane of incidence 11 of the light guide plate 10.

Abstract: A backlight unit includes first light guide plates (LGPs) provided in a line shape, and second LGPs provided in a line shape and disposed between the first LGPs. The backlight unit may include a controller configured to control a plurality of light sources to provide a light to the first LGPs when a three-dimensional (3D) image is displayed on a display panel that receives the light from at least one of the first LGPs and the second LGPs, and to provide the light to the first LGPs and the second LGPs when a two-dimensional (2D) image is displayed on the display panel.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a frame, a panel module and an adjusting pad. The frame has a supporting surface, and the panel module includes a substrate and a plurality of chips. The substrate is disposed on the supporting surface and has a bonding region at a side of the substrate. The chips are disposed on the bonding region, wherein the chips and the supporting surface are located at two opposite surfaces of the substrate. The adjusting pad is disposed between the supporting surface and the bonding region, and the thickness of the adjusting pad is gradually reduced from a center portion of the adjusting pad toward two sides of the adjusting pad. Another display apparatus, in which a frame and an adjusting pad are integrated into one piece, is provided.

Abstract: A light diffusion sheet capable of inhibiting emission of blue light, and a backlight unit for a liquid crystal display device. The light diffusion sheet includes: a transparent substrate layer; and a light diffusion layer overlaid on the front face side of the substrate layer. The light diffusion layer is a light diffusion sheet for a backlight unit of a liquid crystal display device containing a light-diffusing agent and a binder covering the light-diffusing agent, and includes a component that attenuates blue light. The blue light attenuation component is preferably a yellow fluorescent material that generates yellow light through excitation by blue light, or a light absorbing agent that absorbs blue light. The light diffusion layer preferably includes the blue light attenuation component. Preferably, the light-diffusing agent is resin beads, and the blue light attenuation component is included in the resin beads.

Abstract: An illuminating apparatus includes a support member comprising a light source support member having four corner areas; and a light emitter that is disposed on a surface of the light source support member, the light emitter including one or more light emitting modules, wherein each of the light emitting module comprises a strip-shaped printed circuit board (PCB) mounted on the light source support member and a plurality of light source packages that is mounted on the strip-shaped PCB and generates light; and four corner side extending portions that configure a portion of any one of one or more the light emitting modules and are extended toward the four corner areas of the light source support member.

Abstract: A display includes a reflective spatial light modulator having a reflective surface, a lightguide comprising a core layer, a first cladding layer, and a light emitting region comprising a plurality of light extraction features arranged in a pattern that varies spatially in the light emitting region to frustrate totally internally reflected light propagating within the core layer such that light exits the core layer in the light emitting region into the first cladding layer. A light redirecting optical element is optically coupled to the second side of the first cladding layer, and includes a plurality of light redirecting features directing frustrated totally internally reflected light from the plurality of light extraction features toward the reflective spatial light modulator.

Abstract: A partially transmissive reflective film is provided on a second transparent substrate, and a reflector is provided on a first transparent substrate. The partially transmissive reflective film and the reflector are held parallel to each other with a predetermined spacing therebetween. Thereby, light is incident from a protrusion portion on which the reflector of the first transparent substrate is formed, the light is reflected by the partially transmissive reflective film and the reflector, and the incident light is guided by an air layer between the partially transmissive reflective film and the reflector. A refractive index of the air layer is lower than that of the second transparent substrate. A part of the guided light is extracted from the partially transmissive reflective film, and is emitted from the second transparent substrate on a side opposite to a surface on which the partially transmissive reflective film is provided.

Abstract: An exemplary lead frame includes a substrate and a bonding electrode, a first connecting electrode, and a second connecting electrode embedded in the substrate. A top surface of the bonding electrode includes a first bonding surface and a second bonding surface spaced from the first bonding surface. A top surface of the first connecting electrode includes a first connecting surface and a second connecting surface spaced from the first connecting surface. Top surfaces of the bonding electrode, the first connecting electrode and the second connecting electrode are exposed out of the substrate to support and electrically connect with light emitting chips. Light emitting chips can be mounted on the lead frame and electrically connect with each other in parallel or in series; thus, the light emitting chips can be connected with each in a versatile way.

Abstract: Extended area lighting devices, which are useful e.g. as luminaires, include a light guide and diffractive surface features on a major surface of the light guide. The diffractive surface features are tailored to extract guided-mode light from the light guide. The light guides can be combined with other components and features such as light source(s) to inject guided-mode light into the light guide, light source(s) to project light through the light guide as non-guided-mode light, a framework of interconnected support members (attached to multiple such light guides), and/or a patterned low index subsurface layer that selectively blocks some guided mode light from reaching the diffractive surface features, to provide unique and useful lighting devices. Related optical devices, and optical films having diffractive features that can be used to construct such devices and light guides, are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a polarizing filter and a display device. The polarizing filter comprises a polarization layer and a conductive layer provided on one side of the polarization layer. In the present invention, the conductive layer is provided on the polarization layer, thus, when the electrostatic charge are present on the color film substrate having the polarizing filter, the electrostatic charge may be shielded by the conductive layer, and will not adversely affect the liquid crystal molecule between the color film substrate and a array substrate celled to the color film substrate even if the charge are present on a surface of the color film substrate, such that the display quality of the display panel having the color film substrate and the array substrate is improved.

Abstract: This application describes a back-lit transmissive display including a transmissive display (620) and a variable index light extraction layer (640) optically coupled to a lightguide (630). The variable index light extraction layer has first regions (140) of nanovoided polymeric material and second regions (130) of the nanovoided polymeric material and an additional material. The first and second regions are disposed such that for light being transported at a supercritical angle in the lightguide, the variable index light extraction layer selectively extracts the light in a predetermined way based on the geometric arrangement of the first and second regions. The transmissive display may be a transmissive display panel or a polymeric film such as a graphic.

Abstract: A backlight that includes a front reflector (120) and a back reflector (130) that form a hollow light recycling cavity including an output surface (104) is disclosed. At least a portion of the back reflector is non-parallel to the front reflector. The backlight also includes at least one semi-specular element disposed within the hollow light recycling cavity, and one or more light sources (140) disposed to emit light into the hollow light recycling cavity, where the one or more light sources are configured to emit light into the hollow light recycling cavity over a limited angular range.

Abstract: An organic light emitting display device includes a substrate, a display unit on the substrate, a sealing substrate on the display unit, a sealing member around the display unit and bonding the substrate and the sealing substrate, and a filler inside the sealing member and filling a gap between the substrate and the sealing substrate, wherein the filler is a non-hardening type, and a molecular weight of the filler is from about 100 kg/mol to about 5,000 kg/mol.

Abstract: A backlight component includes a back plate, a fastening module, a light source and a light-guiding plate. The fastening module includes a first plate, a second plate and a third plate. The first plate, the second plate and the third plate define a receiving space. The light source is securely assembled at one side of the second plate and facing toward the receiving space. The light-guiding plate is slidably assembled in the receiving space of the fastening module, and sandwiched between the first plate and the third plate. Accordingly, when the thickness of the light-guiding plate is changed, only the second plate of the fastening module need be changed; additionally, the length of the fastening module can be normalized to apply for display devices with different sizes. Consequently, the manufacturing cost of display devices can be reduced, and the fastening module is applicable to different kinds of display devices.

Abstract: A light output device (100) comprising: a light generating unit comprising at least one solid state light source (102); at least two sealed transparent tubes (108) each enclosing wavelength converting material (110), arranged adjacent to each other, in such a way that an elongated cavity is formed between the transparent tubes, wherein the light generating unit is arranged to emit light into the elongated cavity.

Abstract: An illumination device comprises a housing (5) with a plurality of compartments (3), each compartment comprising a respective light emission window (15), a light source (11), and a stack of crossed prismatic sheets (10). Light issued by the light source during operation is made to propagate through the prismatic sheets and subsequently through the light emission window. The orientation of the stack of sheets is different for each compartment, thus causing each compartment to issue a different beam of light. The light source of each compartment is separately switchable, thus enabling easy setting of the type of beam issued form the illumination device. Optionally a diffuser (17, 23) is provided at one side or at both sides of the stack of prismatic sheets to enhance the homogeneity of the issued light.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a display module which is able to prevent light-leakage and to protect a display provided therein against an external shock, and a mobile terminal including the same.

Abstract: An exemplary lead frame includes a substrate and a bonding electrode, a first connecting electrode, and a second connecting electrode embedded in the substrate. A top surface of the bonding electrode includes a first bonding surface and a second bonding surface spaced from the first bonding surface. A top surface of the first connecting electrode includes a first connecting surface and a second connecting surface spaced from the first connecting surface. Top surfaces of the bonding electrode, the first connecting electrode and the second connecting electrode are exposed out of the substrate to support and electrically connect with light emitting chips. Light emitting chips can be mounted on the lead frame and electrically connect with each other in parallel or in series; thus, the light emitting chips can be connected with each in a versatile way.

Abstract: A display device includes a display panel, a light guide plate which is disposed under the display panel and includes a first side surface, a second side surface connected to one end of the first side surface, and a third side surface connected to the other end of the first side surface, a first light source disposed to face the first side surface and including a plurality of light emitting devices including a first light emitting device to emit a first color light and a second light emitting device to emit a second color light, and a first reflecting member disposed on the second side surface and having a complementary color to a color of the light emitted from a light emitting device, which is disposed closest to the one end of the first side surface, among the plurality of light emitting devices.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices are disclosed for light-emitting diode and laser diode packaging designs. In one aspect, an LED lighting device includes a substrate capable of dissipating heat, the substrate formed of a metal or ceramic material, an array of LED dies located on the substrate, electrically conductive lines on the substrate and electrically connected to the LED dies for electrically driving the LED dies to emit light, a grid structure over the substrate forming an array of cavities to surround the LED dies in respective cavities, an optically reflective coating at least partially covering one or more of exposed regions of the substrate, the electrically conductive lines, or surfaces of the grid structure, and optically transparent plates placed over at least some of the cavities of the grid structure allowing transmission of light produced by a respective LED die inside a respective cavity.

Abstract: Provided is a backlight device having: a light source element having LEDs and a lens expanding light from the LEDs; a housing containing the light source element; a diffuser plate covering an opening portion of the housing; and a reflection sheet reflecting light emitted from the light source element, toward the diffuser plate. The LEDs are arranged in one or more rows, at a central zone. The lens has an incident surface receiving light from the LEDs, and an exit surface from which the light goes out, being expanded. The reflection sheet is configured such that the angle between the optical axis of the lens of the light source element, and a line connecting a light emitting surface of each LED of the light source element and an end portion of the backlight device on the long side thereof is within a range of 60°??m?80°.

Abstract: A light adjusting sheet includes a base and a first light adjusting structure layer. The base includes a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface. The first light adjusting structure layer is disposed on the first surface of the base, and the first light adjusting structure layer includes a plurality of light adjusting structures. Each light adjusting structure includes a major axis, a minor axis and a thickness, wherein the major axis of the light adjusting structure is in parallel with an extending direction. A ratio of a length of the minor axis to a length of the major axis is between 0.093 and 0.6, and the thickness is between 2 mm to 6 mm. A backlight module using the light adjusting sheet can achieve high brightness and large viewing angle.

Abstract: A side-light type backlight module includes an optical film, a front frame, a reflective plate, a back cover, and a light source panel. The front frame includes a step-shaped receiving portion configured to receive the optical film. The light source panel is positioned at one side of the back cover. The reflective plate and the front frame are received in the back cover. A plurality of through holes is defined in the reflective plate. The reflective plate and the back cover cooperatively define a chamber.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention disclose a light-condensing sheet, a backlight and a liquid crystal display. The light-condensing sheet comprises a supporter and a plurality of flat light-condensing films provided on the supporter, and refractive indexes of the plurality of light-condensing films gradually increase from bottom to top.

Abstract: A display module includes a display panel including a display area and a non-display area, an upper prism layer including a plurality of parallel upper prisms at a lower surface thereof, wherein the plurality of the upper prisms are parallel to one another, a lower prism layer including a plurality of lower prisms at a lower surface thereof, wherein the plurality of the lower prisms are parallel to one another and extend in a substantially perpendicular direction to the upper prisms, and an adhesive part which is at a side of the upper prism layer and is adhered to the lower prism layer and the non-display area of the display panel, wherein the adhesive part fixes the upper prism layer and the lower prism layer to each other.

Abstract: A polarization illumination system 1000a according to the first invention of the present patent application includes an illumination means having light source means 8, polarizing means 10 for receiving and polarizing light emitted from the light source means, a birefringence medium 20 for receiving and double refracting the light emitted from the light source means and transmitted through the polarizing means. Illumination space S to which the light of the illumination means is illuminated has a polarized reflection object 60 that reflects an incident light in a way that the reflected light partly or fully polarized.

Abstract: Disclosed is a lighting device which comprises: an optical member comprising a protruding optical pattern forming a gap with an adjacent layer; at least one light emitting unit inserted into the optical member; and a resin layer formed on the optical member and the at least one light emitting unit, whereby it is possible to obtain an effect that the shapes of light change depending on the viewing angle when viewing the light source by producing various protruding optical patterns, an effect that the whole thickness can be reduced, and an effect that the degree of design freedom can be enhanced when designing products thanks to an enhanced flexibility.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a composite optical film including a brightness enhancement film, a high refractive-index layer, and an intermediate layer. The brightness enhancement film has a plurality of brightness enhancement structures parallel to each other, and a top surface and a bottom surface opposite to each other. The brightness structures are disposed on the top surface. The high refractive-index layer is disposed on the bottom surface, and includes a film and a plurality of inorganic nano-particles disposed within the film. The intermediate layer is disposed between the brightness enhancement film and the high refractive-index layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a backlight module, which includes a backplane, a backlight source arranged inside the backplane, a reflector plate arranged inside the backplane, a light guide plate arranged on the reflector plate, and a mold frame mounted to the backplane. The mold frame forms a projection. The backplane forms a retention slot corresponding to the projection. The projection and the retention slot mate each other through interference fitting, whereby with the interference fitting between the projection and the retention slot, the mold frame is fixedly connected to the backplane. The backlight module uses a projection formed on the mold frame and a retention section formed in the backplane to mate the projection through interference fitting pawl section so as to fixedly mount the mold frame to the backplane through interference-fitting connection thereby showing a simple structure, being easy to assemble, effectively saving time, and thus controlling the cost.

Abstract: A light source apparatus includes a light guide plate, a number of optical fibers, at least two first light emitting diodes, and at least two second LEDs. Each fiber has a light exiting surface facing the light guide and at least two light entrances at both ends of the fiber. The second LEDs are located on both sides of the light guide plate. Light generated by the first LEDs has a wavelength longer than that generated by the second LEDs. The light generated from the first LEDs enters the light guide plate after travelling through the optical fiber to mix with the light generated from the second LEDs to provide a good color rendering property of the light generated by the light source.

Abstract: A lighting assembly includes a light guide having opposed major surfaces between which light propagates by total internal reflection, a light input edge, and two light output regions of different optical characteristics and at least one of which is associated with a corresponding one of the major surfaces. The lighting assembly also includes a light source located adjacent the light input edge. The light source and the light guide variably positionable relative to one another to vary a location on the light input edge at which the light is input to the light guide such that the light is emitted from the light guide selectively apportioned between the light output regions so that a characteristic of the light output from the lighting assembly is modified based on the optical characteristics associated with the light output regions and the relative positioning of the light source and the light guide.

Abstract: A lighting device includes an LED, a light guiding member, and a mask member. The light guiding member has a cut to provide a directivity to light emitted from the LED. The cut is provided at a position corresponding to the LED on an emission surface side of the light guiding member. The mask member is disposed on an emission surface side of the cut to block the light emitted from the LED.

Abstract: A backlight assembly includes a first light source part including a plurality of first light sources configured to generate light having a first color and a plurality of second light sources configured to generate light having a second color different from the first color, and a light guiding plate including a first incident surface and an exiting surface adjacent to the first incident surface. The exiting surface is configured to allow the light to pass therethrough. The exiting surface includes a first peripheral portion configured to absorb the light having the second color and a central portion adjacent to the first peripheral portion and configured to allow the light to pass therethrough. The first and second light sources are alternately located.

Abstract: The invention relates to a lighting unit (1) for a headlight, in particular a motor vehicle headlight, comprising a plurality of light sources (2), a light guide unit (3) having a plurality of light guides (30) and a downstream projection lens (4), wherein each light guide (30) has a light decoupling face (30a), and wherein each light source (2) couples light precisely into a light guide (30) associated therewith, and wherein adjacent light guides (30) are separated from one another by partition walls (31, 32).

Abstract: A light emitting device includes a support having an interstice and at least one LED located in the interstice and at least one of a waveguide or an optical launch having a transparent material encapsulating the at least one LED located in the interstice.

Abstract: A light source unit, comprising: a light guide plate; a light source facing to a peripheral surface of the light guide plate; and a reflection part reflecting light emitted from one surface of the light guide plate, wherein the reflection part comprises: an elongated portion, which is positioned at an outside of an edge of the light guide plate, being elongated in a direction crossing the one surface; and a protrusion portion, which is located at a position of the elongated portion that is away from the one surface, protruding from the position to the one surface, wherein the one surface side of the light source is covered with the protrusion portion.

Abstract: A backlight module and a liquid crystal display are described. The backlight module includes a light guide plate, a light source and a prism sheet. The light guide plate includes a light-emitting surface, a light-incident surface and an axis. The light-incident surface is connected to the light-emitting surface. The axis is normal to the light-incident surface. The light source emits light towards the light-incident surface. The prism sheet is disposed on the light guide plate and includes a first optical surface and a plurality of prism structures which are disposed on the first optical surface. Each of the prism structures has a first surface and a second surface. The first surface and the second surface are connected to form a ridge. The ridge is vertical to the light-incident surface, or an angle included between the ridge and the axis is smaller than or equal to 20 degrees.

Abstract: A system for providing backlight illumination is disclosed. The system comprises a plurality of light-emitting sheets arranged in a partially-overlapping configuration, and a light-conversion layer spaced from the sheets and having therein light-conversion structures for spectrally converting light emitted from the sheets.

Abstract: This edge light-type backlight device comprises a light guide plate, a light source disposed at one end part of the light guide plate, a light diffusion sheet and a prism sheet on a light emission face of the light guide plate. The refractive index of the prism sheet exceeds 1.60, a peak of emitted light distribution of a light emission face of the light diffusion sheet in a plane orthogonal to a direction along the one end part of the light guide plate is within an angle range of 48°-58° with respect to a normal direction of the light emission face, and the emitted light of the light emission face of the light diffusion sheet diminishes toward ?90° or 90° with respect to the normal line from the angle range of the peak of the emitted light distribution. High frontal brightness and diffusion are realized.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to a profiled light guide plate, a backlight module and a liquid crystal display device. In the profiled light guided plate according to the embodiments of the present invention, because the reflectivity of the profiled assembly is less than that of the light entry assembly, the emergent angle of the light beam entering into the profiled assembly from the light entry assembly is larger than the incident angle thereof, which causes the light beam entering from the light entry assembly into the profiled assembly to converge towards the central part of the profiled assembly, away from the ramp of the profiled assembly, thereby decreasing the amount of light leakage from the ramp.

Abstract: A light guide plate with triangular micro prisms comprises a smooth surface and a prism surface. A plurality of micro prism bodies is arranged on the prism surface. The cross section of each prism body is a triangle. A light source is provided on the outside of the micro prism having the longest distance from the triangle vertex to the smooth surface. The side of the triangle which is far from the light source and receives the light from the light source is called the acceptance side. The angle between the acceptance side and the normal line of the smooth surface is 40 degree to 90 degree. The angles from the micro prism body having the shortest distance between the vertex of triangle and the smooth surface to the micro prism body having the longest distance between the vertex of triangle and the smooth surface are gradually increased. The light guide plate may be symmetrical or asymmetrical, and it may be a rectangular plate or a circular plate.

Abstract: A light guide panel is disclosed. The panel comprises a plate for dispersing light and at least one light-emitting diode (LED) coupled to the plate for providing the dispersed light. When the panel is coupled to a keyboard, the at least one LED is under a portion of the keyboard such that when the at least one LED is illuminated, the light from the LED does not distract a user. Accordingly, by strategically placing LEDs within the panel and providing the LEDs under appropriate portions of the keyboard, the device utilizing the keyboard can be smaller than when a conventional light guide panel is utilized. In addition, a further improvement in illumination is provided when a mechanism is provided which reflects light escaping from the edges of the panel back into the panel.

Abstract: A light guide (201) including a transparent element is presented. The transparent element includes a first end (203) including a place for a light source, a second end (204) opposite the first end, an outer surface (205) between the first and second ends, and an interior channel (206) extending from the first end to the second end. The interior channel includes a first portion (207) beginning from the first end and a second portion (208) extending to the second end. The first portion is shaped to guide at least part of light falling to its wall into the transparent material and the outer surface provides total reflection for reflecting the light towards the second end. The second portion is shaped so that light passed through the first portion without falling to a wall of the first portion reaches the second end without falling to a wall of the second portion.