Abstract: A controller for a power converter to convert electrical power at an input voltage into electrical power at an output voltage and a method of operating such controller is presented. The controller for controlling a power converter has an input port to receive a voltage representative of the input voltage; an input voltage measuring unit to sample a measuring voltage and to determine a measurement value that is representative of the input voltage; a switch; and a diode connectable with a storage unit to provide a supply voltage for the controller during operation of the controller. The switch controls the charging of the storage unit from the voltage at the input port.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and method are provided for wireless coded communication (WCC) devices, which are configured for wireless communication with other devices, e.g., over a network. A WCC device is a type of internet of things (JOT) device that can sense data, process data, send data, respond to data requests and exchange data with other WCC device, a network device, a user device, and/or systems over the internet. In some configurations, a WCC device may include a power source that enables usage of low power, e.g., to send data that is sensed, request data and/or communicate data wirelessly. WCC devices maybe function as standalone devices or may be integrated into other devices. In some configurations, a WCC device may include power harvesting circuitry, including power harvesting user controls. A WCC device may be pre-configured or coded to report occurrence of an event, log an event, log state, cause an action, send a message or request data from one or more end nodes.

Abstract: A power converter circuit includes a transformer. The transformer includes a primary winding and a secondary winding. The power converter circuit uses energy conveyed from the primary winding of the transformer through the secondary winding of the transformer to produce an output voltage to power a load. Control circuitry of the power converter circuit initiates conveying a portion of the received energy through the secondary winding back through the primary winding to control a magnitude of the output voltage. For example, if the magnitude of the output voltage is above a desired setpoint value, such as due to a transient load condition or change in the setpoint of the output voltage, the control circuitry reduces the magnitude of the output voltage by conveying excess energy from an output capacitor (that stores the output voltage) through the secondary winding to the primary winding.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for use in electrical conversion are described. The apparatus includes a bridge rectifier having an input side and an output side, and a switched capacitor line connected across the output side of the rectifier, wherein the switched capacitor line includes a capacitor, a charging leg and a switched discharge leg, and wherein the charging leg incorporates a transistor controlled so as to maintain a substantially constant charging current when the transistor is conductive.

Abstract: A power converter includes a controller. The controller is configured to charge a capacitor of the controller based on a peak voltage applied to a primary-side winding of a transformer of the power converter. The controller is also configured to apply a discharge current defined by a first amount of current to the capacitor, and responsive to discharging the capacitor to a reference voltage level, determine, based on a feedback voltage generated by a primary-side auxiliary winding of the transformer, whether a discharge time of the capacitor is equal to a discharge time of the secondary-side winding. The controller is further configured to responsive to determining that the discharge time of the capacitor is not equal to the discharge time of the secondary-side winding, adjust the discharge current from the first amount of current to a second amount of current. The second amount of current is indicative of a predicted discharge time of a secondary-side winding of the transformer.

Abstract: A control IC includes a VS voltage detection circuit that indirectly detects input voltage, by utilizing a fact that a voltage of a VS terminal of a reference potential of a high side drive circuit changes to a voltage equivalent to the input voltage when a high side drive signal is output from a control circuit to cause the high side drive circuit to turn on a high side switching element. The VS voltage detection circuit determines the level of the input voltage by sampling the VS terminal voltage at a time point that is delayed by a predetermined time from a rising edge of the high side drive signal, and supplies the determined level to the control circuit.

Abstract: A light-emitting element driving device includes a reset signal generation unit that generates a reset signal in accordance with current flowing in a light-emitting element, a set signal generation unit that generates a set signal in accordance with the anode voltage of the light-emitting element, and an output voltage supply unit that generates an output voltage from an input voltage in accordance with the reset signal and the set signal, so as to supply the output voltage to the light-emitting element. The set signal generation unit includes a current generation unit that generates current according to the anode voltage of the light-emitting element, a charging unit that charges the current generated by the current generation unit, and a comparator that generates the set signal in accordance with a comparison result between a charging voltage of the charging unit and a reference voltage.

Abstract: An insulation type step-down converter includes first, second, third, and fourth secondary-side coils, and first, second, third, and fourth rectifier elements. The first, second, third, and fourth rectifier elements is capable of performing rectification such that electric currents flow alternately only in one of the first and second secondary-side coils and one of the third and fourth secondary-side coils, and electric currents flowing simultaneously in one of the first and second secondary-side coils and one of the third and fourth secondary-side coils are opposite in direction to each other so as to cancel out a magnetic flux passing through the middle leg each time when electric current flowing in the primary-side coil is changed in direction. Provided is an insulation type step-down converter which can minimize an increase in heat generated by the primary-side coil even at a large step-down ratio of a step-down transformer without raising manufacturing costs.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a switching mode converter. A secondary-side power switch is connected in series in a second output circuit, and an output voltage of a second secondary-side winding is fed back to a first secondary-side winding with a value less than an output voltage of the first secondary-side winding. Thus, a freewheeling current flows completely through the secondary-side winding of the second output circuit when the secondary-side power switch is turned on, and flows through secondary-side windings of other output circuits when the secondary-side power switch is turned off. The freewheeling current flows in a time division manner in each switching cycle for the constant current output circuit and for the constant voltage output circuit. Only one stage of power conversion is needed for multiple constant current/voltage outputs. The switching mode converter increases conversion efficiency, and reduces size because only one group of magnetic components is used.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to circuits, apparatuses and methods for generating communication signals resistant to early-detect-late-commit attacks. An example embodiment, a plurality of data symbols is generated that includes first and second data symbols. A communication signal is generated that is decodable according to a mapping of the first and second data symbols to respective first and second waveforms. The first waveform has a leading edge that is indicative of the first waveform, and second waveform has a second leading edge that is indicative of the second waveform. In generating the communication signal, a first portion of the communication signal is modulated according to the first waveform for the first data symbol. A second portion of the communication signal is modulated, for the second data symbol, according to a modified second waveform having a leading edge that is indicative of the first waveform.

Abstract: A remote control circuit includes a rectifying filter circuit coupled to an alternating current (AC) power source, a power supply module connected to the rectifying filter circuit; a leakage energy collecting circuit connected to the rectifying filter circuit; a remote control signal receiving circuit connected to the leakage energy collecting circuit; and a switch circuit connected to the remote control signal receiving circuit and the power supply module. When the remote control signal receiving circuit receives a remote power on signal, the remote control signal receiving circuit outputs a first signal to the switch circuit, and the switch circuit switches on the power supply module. When the remote control signal receiving circuit receives a remote power off signal, the remote control signal receiving circuit outputs a second signal to the switch circuit, the switch circuit switches off the power supply module.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for generating an electromagnetic (EM) field from a sub-sea source is disclosed. In one embodiment, a sub-sea source includes a step-down transformer coupled to receive a sinusoidal source wave via a tow cable, and is further coupled to output a sinusoidal wave to a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) circuit. A control circuit coupled to the SCR circuit is configured to selectively activate various ones of the SCRs therein in order to control a portion of the sinusoidal wave that is rectified. The output current provided by the SCR is determined by the portion of the sinusoidal wave that is rectified thereby. The output current is provided to electrodes coupled to the sub-sea source, and the output current is passed therebetween. The strength of the EM field is based on the output current.

Abstract: The present application discloses a power converter and a controlling method thereof. The power converter at least comprises an inductor, a parasitic capacitor, an energy storage switch and a free-wheeling switch, and the controlling method is used for enabling the energy storage switch to maintain zero-voltage turn-on during the normal operation of the power converter. The controlling method comprising: within a switching period, the free-wheeling switch is turned on again for a preset time after the free-wheeling switch is turned on and turned off for the first time and after the inductor and the parasitic capacitor resonate, so that a voltage between two terminals of the energy storage switch can decline to zero, and when the voltage between two terminals of the energy storage switch declines to zero, the energy storage switch is turned on, thereby entering the next switching period of the power converter.

Abstract: A converter may include a transformer; a first circuit arrangement coupled to a first transformer side; a second circuit arrangement coupled to a second transformer side, wherein the second circuit arrangement is configured to provide an output voltage; a first coupler configured to provide information about the output voltage to the first circuit arrangement; wherein the first circuit arrangement is configured to determine a state of the secondary side based on the received information about the output voltage, and to generate a switch control signal dependent on the determined state; a switch circuit arranged on the second side; and a second coupler configured to provide a switch control signal from the first circuit arrangement to the switch circuit; wherein the switch circuit is coupled to the first circuit arrangement to provide a first circuit arrangement control signal to the first circuit arrangement depending on the switch control signal.

Abstract: A power source capable of supplying power to operate electronics of a system is disclosed. In one example, the power source takes advantage of an electrical potential difference between primary and secondary grounds. The power source can reduce system cost and power consumption.

Abstract: A DC/DC flyback converter that exhibits reduced switch and transformer voltage stresses in comparison to known flyback converters. The flyback converter also employs soft switching. Embodiments of such flyback converters may be used, without limitation, in electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. A front-stage of the flyback converter comprises a DC/AC step-down circuit that may be separately used for various purposes.

Abstract: An LED driver circuit includes circuitry for indirect sensing of an isolated output current. A rectifier circuit produces DC power to a power factor correction circuit including a switch and a primary transformer winding. An LED array is coupled to a secondary winding of the transformer. An auxiliary transformer winding is coupled to a feedback circuit which generates a feedback signal that is representative of the output current without receiving any direct feedback from the secondary side of the transformer. A capacitor may be coupled across the auxiliary winding, which charges and discharges energy as the switch is driven on and off. A controller further drives the switch based on comparison of an average voltage across the capacitor with respect to a reference value corresponding to desired output current through the load. The reference value may be provided to the controller from an external dimming control circuit.

Abstract: A converter for transferring energy from a voltage supply to an output includes transformer T1, coupled inductor L1, switch S1, energy recovery capacitor C, and energy recovery winding T1b. Secondary winding T1c transfers energy from the supply to the output when primary winding T1a is connected to the voltage supply. Secondary winding L1b stores energy from the supply when primary winding L1a is connected to the supply, and transfers energy to the output when the primary winding is disconnected from the supply. Switch S1 switches between an on-state with windings T1a, L1a connected to the supply, and an off-state with windings T1a, L1a disconnected from the supply. Capacitor Cs provides a current path between the supply and windings T1a, L1a such that, in the off-state, energy associated with demagnetization and leakage inductance of transformer T1 is transferred to and stored in capacitor Cs.

Abstract: A capacitor is charged synchronously with the beginning of an ON portion of a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal to generate a voltage across the capacitor using charging current sourced from an inductor on a primary side of a transformer. The voltage is supplied as a supply voltage to control circuitry in an integrated circuit used to generate the pulse width modulated signal. The charging is stopped when either the charging current goes above a predetermined charging current level or when the capacitor voltage goes above a predetermined capacitor voltage.

Abstract: A SEPIC driver circuit with low input current ripple is disclosed. Embodiments of the present invention provide a driver circuit that accommodates universal input, has a wide output voltage range and good efficiency. An LED lighting system using such as circuit is also disclosed. In at least some embodiments, the circuit is configured as a single-ended primary inductor converter circuit using a magnetic element, and a floating capacitor is connected between the input winding and the output winding of the magnetic element. In some embodiments, an inductor is also included at the DC input to the circuit. An output rectifier such as a diode can also be connected to the output winding of the magnetic element, and an output capacitor can be connected across the output of the circuit. An FET, a bipolar transistor, or a plurality of FETs can be used as the switching device.

Abstract: A power supply circuit with high power efficiency is provided. Alternatively, a power supply circuit with high power efficiency that is suitable for driving a light-emitting device is provided. The power supply circuit can switch current control in which driving is controlled based on information on current flowing through a load and voltage control in which driving is controlled based on information on voltage applied to a load. In a period during which voltage control is performed, a current detector for detecting current flowing through the load is deactivated so that current does not flow through the current detector.

Abstract: A circuit is provided, including a battery, an omnipolar switch, a switching element, a DC-intermediate circuit and a current supplying circuit. The omnipolar switch may be coupled to the battery and may be configured to electrically disconnect the battery. The DC-intermediate circuit may be coupled to the omnipolar switch via the switching element, and the current supplying device may be coupled to the DC-intermediate circuit.

Abstract: A power conversion apparatus includes a primary side circuit, a secondary side circuit that is connected to the primary side circuit through a reactor and magnetically coupled thereto through a transformer, and a control unit that adjusts power transmitted between the primary side circuit and the secondary side circuit by changing a phase difference between switching of the primary side circuit and switching of the secondary side circuit. The control unit adjusts the frequency of switching of the primary side circuit and the secondary side circuit according to the value of an equivalent inductance of the reactor and the transformer.

Abstract: In some aspects of the invention, a load state detecting circuit is configured so that a threshold voltage for determining the size of a load of a DC-DC converter is set in the load state detecting circuit based on a maximum value of an output voltage of a power factor correction converter in an operation-stopped state of the power factor correction converter, so that the load state detecting circuit outputs an operation-enable signal when a feedback voltage indicating the size of the load of the DC-DC converter exceeds the threshold voltage. Thus, by way of some aspects of the invention, it is possible to provide a switching power supply device which can control enabling and stopping operation of a power factor correction converter reliably in accordance with a load state of a DC-DC converter obtaining a predetermined DC output voltage by switching an output voltage of the correction converter.

Abstract: There is provided a power supply apparatus including an interleaved active clamp forward converter unit including a first active clamp forward converter and a second active clamp forward converter, and an output unit magnetically coupled to the forward converter unit and having an output path according to a duty ratio of the forward converter unit, wherein the output unit includes a third powering leg electrified when the first active clamp forward converter and the second active clamp forward converter are powered, and an output leg supplying power to a load.

Abstract: An example method includes controlling a duty ratio of a switch to regulate an output of a forward power converter and storing a first voltage. The first voltage is equal to an input voltage of the forward power converter when the input voltage is at a steady-state value. The method also includes resetting a transformer of the forward power converter when the switch is in an OFF state by setting a voltage across a primary winding of the transformer to the stored first voltage in response to a drop in the input voltage to below the steady-state value. Further included in the method is increasing the duty cycle of the switch to greater than fifty (50) percent in response to the drop in the input voltage to maintain regulation at the output of the forward power converter.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus for charging a high voltage battery of an electric vehicle by performing a control operation when the apparatus operates abnormally, the control operation discontinuing operations of a rectifier, a boost PFC (Power Factor Control) circuit and a DC-DC converter and receiving a power source from an auxiliary power supply unit, the power source charged by discharging a DC-link capacitor.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement is described comprising a first battery; a second battery; an electrical machine connected between the first battery and the second battery wherein the electrical machine is connected to the first battery via a first switching arrangement and the electrical machine is connected to the second battery via a second switching arrangement and a controller configured to control the first switching arrangement and the second switching arrangement such that a current that has a DC component flows through the electrical machine.

Abstract: An active clamp circuit includes a clamp capacitance and a clamp switch coupled in a circuit path, and a diode coupled across the clamp switch.

Abstract: Embodiments include circuits and methods to determine peak current for current regulation. A control signal circuit monitors a current on the primary side of a transformer based a turn on time of a switch coupled to the primary side. The control signal circuit determines whether the monitored current exceeds an over-current protection threshold, and determines a duration that the monitored current exceeds the over-current protection threshold. The control signal circuit determines a peak primary current in the primary side based on the over-current protection threshold, the duration that the monitored current exceeds the over-current protection threshold, and the turn on time of the switch. The control signal circuit controls the turn on time for the switch based on the determined peak primary current.

Abstract: A converter may include a transformer; a first circuit arrangement coupled to a first transformer side; a second circuit arrangement coupled to a second transformer side, wherein the second circuit arrangement is configured to provide an output voltage; a first coupler configured to provide information about the output voltage to the first circuit arrangement; wherein the first circuit arrangement is configured to determine a state of the secondary side based on the received information about the output voltage, and to generate a switch control signal dependent on the determined state; a switch circuit arranged on the second side; and a second coupler configured to provide a switch control signal from the first circuit arrangement to the switch circuit; wherein the switch circuit is coupled to the first circuit arrangement to provide a first circuit arrangement control signal to the first circuit arrangement depending on the switch control signal.

Abstract: A constant current control circuit includes a sample and hold unit coupled to a current sensing resistor of a power converter, for storing a current sensing voltage of the current sensing resistor; a first capacitor for storing a comparison voltage; a discharge unit coupled between the sample and hold unit and the first capacitor, for controlling a discharge current of the first capacitor according to a reference voltage and the current sensing voltage stored in the sample and hold unit; a charge unit coupled to the first capacitor, for controlling a charging current of the first capacitor according to the reference voltage and a ground voltage; and a comparator for comparing the comparison voltage with the reference voltage to generate a comparison result, and outputting a control signal according to the comparison result, in order to control a duty cycle of the power converter.

Abstract: An isolated power conversion apparatus has an isolation transformer, a series circuit including a load and an inductor connected in series with each other, the series circuit being disposed on a secondary side of the isolation transformer, and one or a plurality of switching means disposed between the series circuit and the secondary side of the isolation transformer, the switching means being bidirectional. This apparatus sends out power from a DC power supply of a primary side of the isolation transformer toward the load as DC power or AC power of an arbitrary polarity, or regenerates and supplies the DC power or AC power from the load to the DC power supply.

Abstract: An isolated power conversion apparatus has an isolation transformer, a series circuit including a load and an inductor connected in series with each other, the series circuit being disposed on a secondary side of the isolation transformer, and one or a plurality of switching means disposed between the series circuit and the secondary side of the isolation transformer, the switching means being bidirectional. This apparatus sends out power from a DC power supply of a primary side of the isolation transformer toward the load as DC power or AC power of an arbitrary polarity, or regenerates and supplies the DC power or AC power from the load to the DC power supply.

Abstract: An inverter and driving method of the inverter are disclosed. The inverter includes an active clamp forward (ACF) converter and a flyback converter. One of a forwarding operation of delivering current from a primary side to a secondary side by using the ACF converter and a backwarding operation of delivering current from the secondary side to the primary side by using the flyback converter is selected to generate a rectified AC.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a power conversion system includes a controller to provide power control to a converter, and a distortion mitigation circuit. In another embodiment, a system includes a converter to transfer power between a power source and a load having fluctuating power demand, and a controller to provide power control, where the controller may selectively disable the power control. In another embodiment, a power conversion system includes a controller to generate a drive signal to provide power control to a power path in response to a sense signal from the power path, where the sense signal is taken from other than the input of the power path, or the drive signal is applied to the power path at other than a first power stage.

Abstract: An arrangement for improved operability of a high temperature fuel cell device at higher fuel cell voltage values than nominal voltage values, each fuel cell in the fuel cell device including an anode side, a cathode side, and an electrolyte between the anode side and the cathode side, and the arrangement includes means for determining temperature information of the fuel cells and main power converter for loading fuels cells at least up to their rated power level.

Abstract: The present application discloses a LED driver including: a first and a second auxiliary windings connected in series with each other; a first rectifying device coupled with a terminal of the first auxiliary winding while the other terminal is coupled with the second auxiliary winding; a second rectifying device coupled with a terminal of the second auxiliary winding; a first voltage regulator coupled with the first rectifying device; an unidirectional conducting device having a positive and a negative terminals; and a DC output terminal coupled with the negative terminal of the unidirectional conducting device and configured to provide required DC electricity to a control circuit in the LED driver. The LED driver can guarantee that Vcc voltages provided under a heavy or light load state can always meet the DC power supplying requirements of respective control devices in the driver and meanwhile losses can be reduced.

Abstract: An integrated circuit (IC) for controlling the discharge of a capacitor coupled across first and second input terminals of a power converter circuit, wherein the first and second terminals for receiving an ac line voltage. The IC includes a switching element coupled across the first and second input terminals and a detector circuit. The detector circuit including first and second comparators that produce first and second output signals responsive to a zero-crossing event of the ac line voltage. The first and second output signals being used to generate a reset signal coupled to a timer circuit responsive to the zero-crossing event. When the reset signal is not received within a delay time period, the timer circuit outputs a discharge signal that turns the switching element on, thereby discharging the capacitor.

Abstract: A high-efficiency high step-up ratio direct current converter with an interleaved soft-switching mechanism is provided. The direct current converter includes a voltage-multiplier circuit and an active clamping circuit. The voltage-multiplier circuit includes two isolating transformers, two main switches disposed on a primary side of the two isolating transformers, four diodes disposed on a secondary side of the two isolating transformers and four capacitors disposed on the secondary side of two isolating transformers, configured to boost a voltage of a direct-current power to a desired voltage value. The active clamping circuit, electrically connected to the voltage-multiplier circuit, includes two active clamp switches and a clamp capacitor to lower a voltage surge of the two main switches so that the two main switches and the two active clamp switches can be soft switched on.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for filtering the transients of an input signal of an integrated circuit while maintaining a constant voltage at an input terminal of the integrated circuit are disclosed. In one example, the integrated circuit can be a controller of a switched-mode power supply. The controller can include a line sensing circuit coupled to receive an input signal representative of the line voltage and operable produce an output signal that can be used by other circuits within the controller. The input signal may include a current through a sense resistor coupled between the input of the power supply and the line sensing circuit. The output signal may include a scaled and filtered version of this current. The line sensing circuit can be coupled to the input terminal of the controller to receive the input signal or can directly receive the input signal.

Abstract: A power supplying device is electrically connected to an alternating current (AC) power supplier and an electronic system. The power supplying device includes a rectifier, a power converter, a controller, a power manager, and a switch component. The power converter is electrically connected to the rectifier and includes a first electric power outputting terminal and a standby electric power outputting terminal. The standby electric power outputting terminal is electrically connected to the electronic system. The controller is electrically connected to the power converter. The power manager is electrically connected to the controller and the electronic system. The switch component is electrically connected to the first electric power outputting terminal, the power manager, and the electronic system. The switch component conducts or cuts-off an electric power outputted form the first electric power outputting terminal and transmitting to the electronic system according to controls of the power manager.

Abstract: An active clamp circuit includes a clamp capacitance and a clamp switch coupled in a circuit path, and a diode coupled across the clamp switch.

Abstract: Disclosed is a power saving current measuring apparatus which includes a sensing resistor; a switch that is connected to the sensing resistor in parallel; a controller that controls on and off operations of the switch; and a current measuring unit that measures current flowing in the sensing resistor, wherein when the switch is turned on, the controller controls the current to bypasses the sensing resistor to flow to the switch, and when the switch is turned off, the controller controls the current to flow in the sensing resistor.

Abstract: A method of controlling a switching converter and a related controller suitable for the switching converter allow to implement a burst-mode functioning without generating acoustic noise and with a relevantly reduced ripple of the regulated DC voltage or current provided in output to a supplied load. The method includes sensing the difference between the error signal and the burst-stop threshold at the beginning of a burst period. If the error signal has surpassed (either upwards or downwards) the burst-stop threshold, the method sets the switching stage in a high impedance state at a new active edge of a clock signal, keeps the switching stage in the high impedance state for an integer number of cycles of the clock signal, and re-enables the switching stage to switch the energy tank circuit up to the end of the burst period.

Abstract: An example post regulator controller for use in a power converter having a regulated output and an additional output is disclosed. The post regulator controller includes an inductor to be coupled between the regulated output of the power converter and a post regulator switch of the power converter. The inductor is to be coupled to drive the post regulator switch with an induced voltage across the inductor to redirect energy from the regulated output to the additional output of the power converter.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are provided for use with power supplies. A controller regulates power supply output by way of feedback signaling. Current pulses generated by an electrical load are detected in the feedback signaling and are processed to derive a sequence of digital bits. The digital bits are subjected to validity testing and decoded as digital data. Operations of the power supply are adjusted and requests for information are answered in accordance with the digital data.

Abstract: A switch-mode converter including an inductive transformer having a secondary winding associated with at least one first switch, including, in parallel with the first switch, at least one first diode in series with a capacitive element; and in parallel with the capacitive element, an active circuit for limiting the voltage thereacross.

Abstract: This instant disclosure provides a control method for interleaved multiphase Boost PFC converter. The interleaved multiphase Boost PFC converter has a master phase and a plurality of slave phases, the master phase operates in the critical conduction mode, the master of each slave phase has an inductor and a power switch. The control method comprises, configuring the phase difference between each slave phase and the master phase; setting up each slave phase to operate in the critical conduction mode; monitoring the operating mode of each slave phase is in the continuous conducting mode, the discontinuous conducting mode, or the critical conduction mode when the system is disturbed; and adjusting the power switch on time of the slave phase according to the operating mode of the slave phase so as to make the slave phase return to operate in critical conduction mode.

Abstract: An apparatus includes: a power supply circuit including at least a first stage having a push-pull circuit topology, the first stage including at least one transformer that isolates a primary side of the first stage from a secondary side of the first stage; a clamp circuit coupled to a center tap of the transformer, the clamp circuit including a first element that stores energy, and a second element that controls a flow of current between the center tap of the transformer and the first element; and a control module receiving power from the clamp circuit. The control module is configured to provide control signals to one or more elements of the power supply circuit.