Abstract: A gate driving unit includes a first input node control circuit and a charge pump circuit; the first input node control circuit controls to connect or disconnect the input terminal and the first input node under the control of a clock signal provided by the clock signal terminal; the charge pump circuit controls to convert a voltage signal of the first input node into a voltage signal of the first node under the control of an input clock signal provided by the input clock signal terminal when the voltage signal of the first input node is a first voltage signal.

Abstract: A pulsed power system and a pulsed power sputtering system are disclosed. The pulsed power system includes a first power source that is configured to apply a first voltage at a first power lead that alternates between positive and negative relative to a second power lead during each of multiple cycles. A second power source is coupled to a third power lead and the second power lead, and the second power source is configured to apply a second voltage to the third power lead that alternates between positive and negative relative to the second power lead during each of the multiple cycles. A controller is configured to control the first power source and the second power source to phase-synchronize the first voltage with the second voltage, so both, the first voltage and the second voltage, are simultaneously negative during a portion of each cycle and simultaneously positive relative to the second power lead during another portion of each cycle.

Abstract: An electrical assembly may include an electrical component, a first switch, and/or a second switch. The electrical component may include a closed state and an open state. The first switch may be connected in series with the second switch. The first switch and the second switch may be connected in parallel with the electrical component. The first switch and the second switch may be configured to provide a second electrical connection when the electrical component is in the open state. A method of operating an electrical assembly may include providing power from a power source to the electrical component, opening the electrical component, the first switch, and/or the second switch via a controller, closing a second electrical component via the controller, and/or providing a diagnostic current from the power source to a diagnostic load to determine a status of the power source.

Abstract: A power converter with a voltage-modulating circuit, a controller, and a sensing circuit. The controller controls switches of a voltage-modulating circuit to provide a level of an output voltage (VOUT) based on an operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit and a voltage measurement provided by the sensing circuit. The operational mode of the voltage-modulating circuit can be pass-through mode or voltage-modulating. The sensing circuit includes one or more externally programmable connectors configured to determine one or more boundaries of an output voltage window. In the pass-through mode, a level of VOUT will be provided without switching any of the switches when a level of an input voltage (VIN) falls within the output voltage window. In the voltage-modulating mode, a level of VOUT will be provided by switching one or more of the switches when the level of VIN falls outside of the output voltage window having only one boundary.

Abstract: This disclosure describes a hybrid circuit breaker for an industrial automation system. The hybrid circuit breaker may include a mechanical switch and solid-state switches. The hybrid circuit breaker may receive control signals to open and close a current path based on moving a spanner of the mechanical switch. In some cases, moving the spanner of the mechanical switch may generate electrical arcs when the hybrid circuit breaker is conducting electrical current. In such cases, the hybrid circuit breaker may remove the electrical arcs by drawing the electrical arcs to a conductive bar and away from the spanner. Moreover, the hybrid circuit breaker may dissipate the electrical arcs on the conductive bar by opening one or multiple solid-state switches disposed on the conductive bar. In some cases, one or multiple voltage suppressors may receive (e.g., suppress or ground) an electrical power of the electrical arcs when the solid-state switches are opened.

Abstract: This disclosure describes a non-dissipative snubber circuit configured to boost a voltage applied to a load after the load's impedance rises rapidly. The voltage boost can thereby cause more rapid current ramping after a decrease in power delivery to the load which results from the load impedance rise. In particular, the snubber can comprise a combination of a capacitive element, two inductive elements, and three switches, where a duty cycle of two of the three switches controls the voltage boost. The snubber can be arranged between a DC power supply and a switching circuit configured to generate a pulsed waveform for provision to the load.

Abstract: An integrated circuit on a chip may include a plurality of capacitors that are connected in series and generate an AC noise signal. A selected bandwidth of the AC noise signal transmits through the series of capacitors as a first AC power signal. Respective rectifiers are positioned for receiving a positive cycle of the first AC power signal and a negative cycle of the first AC power signal. Output terminals are connected to the respective rectifiers and configured for connection to an off chip circuit. The capacitors may be fixed or variable gap capacitors.

Abstract: Embodiments of this disclosure describe a feedback loop that can be used to maintain a nearly constant sheath voltage and thus creating a mono-energetic IEDF at the surface of the substrate. The system described herein consequently enables a precise control over the shape of IEDF and the profile of the features formed in the surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A bridge circuit with series-connected switches and associated control method. The bridge circuit has a first bridge arm and a second bridge arm coupled to a common node, the first bridge arm has a plurality of series-connected first main switches, each first main switch is coupled in parallel with an auxiliary module, each first auxiliary module has a clamping capacitor and an auxiliary switch, the first bridge arm receives a first main switch signal to control the plurality of series-connected first main switches, the second bridge arm receives a second main switch signal, the control method is sensing voltages of the clamping capacitors in the first bridge arm, correspondingly generating voltage sensing signals, and turning on at least one auxiliary switch for a predetermined time during a dead time according to a sorting result of the voltage sensing signals.

Abstract: A method to determine a relative delay between a current-overshoot signal and a write data signal for a hard disk drive preamplifier, the method including using a memory element to strobe a test current-overshoot signal with a test data signal; counting a number of strobed transitions of the test current-overshoot signal; adjusting the delay based on the number of strobed transitions; setting a phase difference between the current-overshoot signal and the write data signal according to the delay; and using the memory element to strobe the current-overshoot signal with the write data signal.

Abstract: A DC-DC converter includes a first switching network that receives an input DC voltage and outputs a first AC voltage, a transformer, and a secondary side conversion circuit. The first switching network receives an input DC voltage. The transformer includes a middle-point primary tap such that when the input DC voltage is in a low voltage range, the middle-point tap of the transformer primary is connected to the input DC voltage causing current to flow through the first plurality of primary windings in parallel to current flowing through the second plurality of primary windings and when the input DC voltage is in a high voltage range, the middle-point tap is disconnected from the input DC voltage causing current to flow through the first plurality of primary windings in series with current flowing through the second plurality of primary windings.

Abstract: A power converter includes an input circuit, an output circuit and a controller. The output circuit may comprise a plurality of output terminals configured to be connected to a plurality of loads. The input circuit may comprise a plurality of input terminals configured to be connected to one or more power sources. An inductive element may be coupled between the input circuit and the output circuit. The output circuit may feature one or more voltage compensation circuits connected between two output terminals, the voltage compensation circuits activated to compensate an output voltage at one of the two output terminals.

Abstract: A power converter is capable to convert an electrical input power into a bipolar output power and to deliver the bipolar output power to at least two independent plasma processing chambers. The power converter includes: a power input port for connection to an electrical power delivering grid, at least two power output ports each for connection to one of the plasma processing chambers, and a controller configured to control delivering the bipolar output power to the power output ports, using at least one control parameter. The controller is configured to obtain a full set of desired values for the control parameter for the power output ports, calculate whether the power converter is capable of delivering every desired value to every output port, and if so, calculate a sequence of pulses of power delivery to the output ports to supply the power to plasma processes in the plasma processing chambers.

Abstract: A multi-phase network power supply with compensation for harmonic oscillations relates to electrical engineering and is intended for supplying various electrical devices connected to a multi-phase alternating-current electrical network. The technical result of the claimed solution consists in lessening harmonic components, reducing pulsations in the voltage and current output by the power supply, and significantly reducing the required power.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling a power converter that includes an inductance and a switched-capacitor network that cooperate to transform a first voltage into a second voltage features a controller, a switched-capacitor terminal for connection to the switched-capacitor network, and switches. at least one of which connects to the switched-capacitor terminal.

Abstract: Provided is a control method for controlling a SIBO buck-boost converter including a first switch coupled between an input and a first node, a second switch coupled between the first node and GROUND, a third switch coupled between a second node and GROUND, a fourth switch coupled between the second node and a first output node for outputting the positive output, a fifth switch coupled between the first node and a second output node for outputting the negative output, and an inductor coupled between the first node and the second node. The first and the third switches are turned on to energize the inductor. The first and the fourth switches are turned on to generate a positive output. The third and the fifth switches are turned on to generate a negative output.

Abstract: In general, techniques are disclosed for efficiently transferring power from a portable power bank to an electronic device. More particularly, a disclosed power bank incorporates a switching mechanism capable of routing battery voltage (novel) or a stepped-up voltage (e.g., from a boost regulator) directly to a common portion of an output connector. In addition, electronic devices as described herein also incorporate a switching mechanism to allow them to accept direct battery output (novel) or a stepped-up voltage at a common portion of the device's connector (e.g., a USB connector). When used in combination, the disclosed portable power bank can transfer power to the electronic device with no more than half the loss attributable to voltage conversion operations of the prior art.

Abstract: A voltage converter provides a positive voltage and a negative voltage with a single inductor. The voltage converter has a first switch, a second switch, a third switch and a fourth switch switched periodically, wherein each switching period comprise a first time period, a second time period and a third time period, and wherein: during the first time period, the first switch and the fourth switch are turned on, whereas the second switch and the third switch are turned off; during the second time period, the first switch and the third switch are turned on, whereas the second switch and the fourth switch are turned off; and during the third time period, the second switch and the fourth switch are turned on, whereas the first switch and the third switch are turned off.

Abstract: A converter outputs reactive power and has three phase branches connected to a phase of an alternating voltage source. Each of the phase branches has a phase module with a series circuit containing two-pole sub modules. A voltage which is dropped across each phase module corresponds to the sum of the voltages which are dropped across the sub modules. The first and the third phase branch are electrically connected to one another by a magnetically coupled throttle pair. A control device controls phase module currents. The control device contains current controllers which are associated with the phase modules, a decoupling unit for decoupling control differences by a computational during control of the phase module currents, a coupling unit for correcting the decoupled computational actuating variables in accordance with the magnetic coupling of the first throttle pair to obtain corrected actuating voltages, and a control unit for driving the sub modules.

Abstract: A motor driving apparatus is disclosed, which stops driving a motor in a normal operation state and a start state. The motor driving apparatus adjusts a corresponding switch according to a pulse width modulation (PWM) table, to gradually increase a duty cycle of turning-on the corresponding switch. The PWM table indicates a relationship between a parameter and the duty cycle. The duty cycle increases with the monotone variation of the parameter. Accordingly, the motor driving apparatus can rapidly stop the operation of the motor, to avoid that the motor driving apparatus breaking down or the motor generating noise.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method for switching an electrical load having at least one capacitive component and one inductive component in a bridge branch of a bridge circuit comprises a charging of the bridge branch to a first voltage (V1) in a forward switching phase (F), a discharging of the capacitive component of the electrical load in a first open switching phase (O1), a charging of the bridge branch to a second voltage (V2) in a reverse switching phase (R), with the second voltage (V2) being polarized inversely from the first voltage (V1), and a negative charging of the capacitive component of the electrical load in a second open switching phase (O2). A bridge circuit is also provided.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus relating to improving dynamic response of hybrid power boost technology are described. In one embodiment, two or more levels of charger over-current are used for AC adapters/chargers during transition from charging (e.g., one or more battery packs) to boosting platform performance (e.g., by increasing the operating frequency of one or more processor cores of a processor). In another embodiment, an adapter's voltage level is used as a trigger for fast transition from charging to boosting. Other embodiments are also disclosed and claimed.

Abstract: Each switching element of a charge pump circuit of a voltage regulator comprises a relatively small-sized MOS transistor associated with a relatively large-sized MOS transistor connected in parallel. Only the small transistors are switched in a first mode of operation, while the large transistors are switched in a second mode of operation. In this manner the switching losses in the first mode of operation can be decreased.

Abstract: An AC-DC step-up converter circuit architecture for generating multiple output voltages, both positive and negative, in an implantable biomedical device is disclosed. Switches and active rectifiers are used inside the converter for charging capacitors from the AC source and delivering currents to the loads. Regulated output voltages with high power efficiency are obtained by controlling the on/off times of the switches using feedback loops that include integrator circuits configured to provide control parameters related to the various output voltages and their associated predetermined reference voltages.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a power converter and method for controlling same, comprising a plurality of switch elements, an inductive reactor, and at least two ports for the movement of electrical energy. Any energy-moving port may be made unipolar, bidirectional, bipolar, or bidirectionally bipolar. Ports may be equipped with sensing circuitry to allow the converter output to be controlled responsively to an input signal. The disclosure may be configured to be used in many ways, for example, as a power-supply, as an amplifier, or as a frequency converter. The disclosure may comprise energy predictive calculating means to obtain excellent transient response to line and load variations. The disclosure may also include a switch to create a low impedance path around the inductor to allow current to recirculate through the inductor when it is not needed at any of the ports.

Abstract: The present invention provides a DC to AC converter including a device enabling separation of electric current into a positive portion of the circuit and a negative portion of the circuit, each portion of the circuit including an electronic switch, wherein one portion of the circuit is adapted to produce a wave form in a positive half cycle, the second portion of the circuit is adapted to produce a wave form in a negative half cycle, the voltage of the output current is fed to a polarity switch as feedback to change the polarity, and wherein the carrier duty cycle is adapted to change from 0 to 100 percent in each polarity.

Abstract: The invention provides a power converter and method for controlling same, comprising a plurality of switch elements, an inductive reactor, and at least two ports for the movement of electrical energy. Any energy-moving port may be made unipolar, bidirectional, bipolar, or bidirectionally bipolar. Ports may be equipped with sensing circuitry to allow the converter output to be controlled responsively to an input signal. The invention may be configured to be used in many ways, for example, as a power-supply, as an amplifier, or as a frequency converter. The invention may comprise energy predictive calculating means to obtain excellent transient response to line and load variations. The invention may also include a switch to create a low impedance path around the inductor to allow current to recirculate through the inductor when it is not needed at any of the ports.

Abstract: A power conversion apparatus includes: a line breaker that is connected in series to a direct-current power supply; a first capacitor that is connected in parallel to the direct-current power supply through the line breaker; a discharge circuit that includes a resistor and a first switching circuit connected in series and is connected in parallel to the first capacitor; a power converter for driving a synchronous machine; a second capacitor that is connected in parallel to a direct-current side of the power converter; a second switching circuit that is connected in series between the first capacitor and the second capacitor; and a control circuit for controlling the discharge circuit. The control circuit controls the discharge circuit on the basis of the voltage of the first capacitor and the voltage of the second capacitor.

Abstract: An input power circuit for a battery-powered device, such as a toy or consumer electronic device, includes a polarity correction circuit portion. The device includes a first input terminal and a second input terminal, a first output terminal and a second output terminal, and a diode with a forward voltage drop of about 0.5 volts or less. In embodiments, the polarity correction circuit portion is configured to provide a positive voltage polarity at the first output terminal and a negative voltage polarity at the second output terminal for any polarity of power at the first input terminal and the second input terminal. The polarity correction circuit portion can include a diode bridge, and the diode may include a Schottky diode or a germanium diode.

Abstract: A power supply includes a transformer, a switching unit configured to drive the transformer at a primary side of the transformer, a voltage adjustment unit configured to adjust voltage of a capacitive element at a secondary side of the transformer, at the primary side thereof, and a plurality of constant voltage members connected across the terminals of the capacitive element at the secondary side of the transformer, wherein the power supply generates voltage having a predetermined polarity during the period before the voltage of the capacitive element at the secondary side of the transformer becomes a predetermined voltage by the voltage adjustment unit, and generates voltage having a polarity opposite to the predetermined polarity after the voltage of the capacitive element at the secondary side becomes the predetermined voltage.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing and operating a semiconductor device is disclosed. The semiconductor device includes a first capacitor node, a second capacitor node, a first capacitor electrode, a second capacitor electrode, a first switch and a second switch. The first switch is coupled between the first capacitor electrode and the first and second capacitor nodes such that the first switch has a first position that couples the first capacitor electrode to the first capacitor node and a second position that couples the first capacitor electrode to the second capacitor node. The second switch is coupled between the second capacitor electrode and the first and second capacitor nodes such that the second switch has a first position that couples the second capacitor electrode to the first capacitor node and a second position that couples the second capacitor electrode to the second capacitor node.

Abstract: A charge pump circuit, and associated method and apparatuses, for providing a split-rail voltage supply, the circuit having a network of switches that is operable in a number of different states and a controller for operating the switches in a sequence of said states so as to generate positive and negative output voltages together spanning a voltage approximately equal to the input voltage and centered on the voltage at the common terminal.

Abstract: This document discusses, among other things, a device for providing a DC output voltage, including a first output voltage and a second output voltage, from an input voltage. The device can include a first voltage regulator configured to provide the first output voltage when the input voltage is below a threshold voltage, and a charge pump configured to provide the second output voltage from the first output voltage in a two-state mode when the input voltage is below the threshold voltage, and to provide the first output voltage and the second output voltage in a three-state mode when the input voltage is above the threshold voltage.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure may provide a charge redistribution DAC with an on-chip reservoir capacitor to provide charges to the DAC in lieu of traditional external reference voltages. The DAC may include the on-chip reservoir capacitor having a first plate and a second plate, an array of DAC capacitors to generate a DAC output, and an array of switches controlled by a DAC input word to couple the DAC capacitors to the reservoir capacitor. The charge redistribution DAC may further comprise a first switch connecting the first plate to an external terminal for a first external reference voltage, and a second switch connecting the second plate to an external terminal for a second external reference voltage. One embodiment may provide an ADC that includes the charge redistribution DAC.

Abstract: A linear modulation voltage transformer circuitry includes a power stage unit, a voltage division unit, a linear modulation unit, an error amplifier, and a recursive controller. The power stage unit adapts an input voltage and outputs a first voltage to the voltage division unit, which outputs a divided voltage. The linear modulation unit receives the divided voltage, compares it with a control voltage, and outputs an error voltage signal to the error amplifier, which amplifies the error voltage signal as an error gain control signal. The recursive controller receives and modulates the error gain control signal and outputs the modulation error gain control signal to the power stage unit as a reference signal so as for the power stage unit to modulate the first voltage. Thus, the first voltage can be varied in real time via the linear modulation unit to meet load demands.

Abstract: A power supply control device controls a power supply connected to a motor and includes: an AC/DC converter that makes a first DC power supply; a DC/DC converter that makes a second DC power supply out of the first DC power supply; a first rectifying element that allows current to flow from the first DC power supply toward the motor; a second rectifying element that allows current to flow from the first DC power supply toward the DC/DC converter; and a third rectifying element that allows current to flow from the motor toward the DC/DC converter. In this way, a power supply connected to a motor can be suitably controlled.

Abstract: A transformer accepts an AC voltage from an AC power source, transforms the AC voltage, and supplies the transformed AC voltage to first rectifying circuits. Similarly, another transformer accepts an AC voltage from an AC power source, transforms the AC voltage, and supplies the transformed AC voltage to second rectifying circuits. The first rectifying circuits convert the accepted AC voltage into a positive DC voltage, and the second rectifying circuits convert the accepted AC voltage to a negative DC voltage. The positive DC voltage and the negative DC voltage then are superimposed and outputted to a secondary side of a transformer in the AC circuits. The AC voltage outputted from the transformers in the AC circuits and the DC voltage formed by superimposing the positive and negative DC voltages outputted from the first and second rectifying circuits are further superimposed, and supplied to each developing section.

Abstract: A power supply system for providing power to a powered device over a communication link includes a power supply device capable of supporting an AC disconnect-detect function. The power supply device has a controller, an output port coupled to the communication link, and a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) controlled by the controller to provide power to the output port. The BJT may be turned off to present a high impedance required to support the AC disconnect-detection function.

Abstract: A charge pump circuit, and associated method and apparatuses, for providing a split-rail voltage supply, the circuit having a network of switches that is operable in a number of different states and a controller for operating the switches in a sequence of said states so as to generate positive and negative output voltages together spanning a voltage approximately equal to the input voltage and centered on the voltage at the common terminal.

Abstract: A power supply includes a transformer, a switching unit configured to drive the transformer at a primary side of the transformer, a voltage adjustment unit configured to adjust voltage of a capacitive element at a secondary side of the transformer, at the primary side thereof, and a plurality of constant voltage members connected across the terminals of the capacitive element at the secondary side of the transformer, wherein the power supply generates voltage having a predetermined polarity during the period before the voltage of the capacitive element at the secondary side of the transformer becomes a predetermined voltage by the voltage adjustment unit, and generates voltage having a polarity opposite to the predetermined polarity after the voltage of the capacitive element at the secondary side becomes the predetermined voltage.

Abstract: A high intensity discharge (HID) lamp is operable as a stroboscopic light source by reducing power and maintaining constant polarity at the lamp for a period of dimmed operation and exciting the lamp with aperiodic polarity reversals for a run up period before returning the lamp to steady state operation.

Abstract: A bipolar pulsed power supply is provided in which, while effectively restricting the rise in current at the time of arcing which directly leads to the generation of splashes and particles, the occurrence of overvoltage at the time of polarity reversal is prevented. The power supply has a bridge circuit constituted by switching elements SW1 through SW4 connected to positive and negative DC outputs from a DC power supply source. The operation of the switching elements is controlled to output in a bipolar pulsed mode at a predetermined frequency to a pair of electrodes which come into contact with a plasma. There is provided an output-characteristics-switching circuit which switches the output such that, when outputting to the electrodes, the output to the electrodes has initially constant-voltage characteristics and subsequent output to the electrodes has constant-current characteristics.

Abstract: A miniaturized system on a chip that incorporates a positive high voltage charge pump and a negative high voltage charge pump into one pump circuit and shares components. A voltage control apparatus in a semiconductor device may include at least one of the following: First and second input/output units capable of inputting or outputting voltage. A voltage booster that receives and boosts a voltage from one of the first and second input/output unit and outputs the boosted voltage from the other input/output unit. An output selector that receives the boosted voltage from the voltage booster and selects one of the positive or the negative voltage to output. An output controller that receives the boosted voltage from the voltage booster and controls and/or regulates the output voltage. An output unit that outputs the generated output voltage.

Abstract: The invention provides a power converter and method for controlling same, comprising a plurality of switch elements, an inductive reactor, and at least two ports for the movement of electrical energy. Any energy-moving port may be made unipolar, bidirectional, bipolar, or bidirectionally bipolar. Ports may be equipped with sensing circuitry to allow the converter output to be controlled responsively to an input signal. The invention may be configured to be used in many ways, for example, as a power-supply, as an amplifier, or as a frequency converter. The invention may comprise energy predictive calculating means to obtain excellent transient response to line and load variations. The invention may also include a switch to create a low impedance path around the inductor to allow current to recirculate through the inductor when it is not needed at any of the ports.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a remotely controlled power supply system that can change output polarity at a high slew rate without using switching devices. The system comprises a control circuit and two individual high voltage DC-DC converter power supply sections, one positive and one negative, connected in series. By nature of the control circuitry, either a positive or negative controllable current is produced depending upon a programmed voltage input. The two individual power supply sections are each self-oscillating single transistor circuits. The self-oscillating circuits contain an RC network tuned to provide attenuation at the second harmonic of the natural oscillating frequency of the circuit. This reduces and/or eliminates the tendency of this circuit to begin oscillation at the wrong harmonic of the natural frequency. A power-on delay circuit is used to suppress the outputs of the two power supply sections no matter the command of the input control programming signal.

Abstract: A converter has at least one phase module, an AC voltage terminal and a DC voltage terminal. A phase module branch is formed between each DC voltage terminal and each AC voltage terminal. Each phase module branch has a series circuit containing submodules which each have a capacitor, a power semiconductor, and submodule sensors for detecting energy stored in the capacitor and with a regulation device for regulating the apparatus in dependence on energy values and predetermined desired values. Therefore unbalanced loading of the energy storage units is avoided. The regulation device has a summation unit for summing the energy values while obtaining branch energy actual values and a device for calculating circuit current desired values in dependence on the branch energy actual values. The regulation device compensates for imbalances in the branch energy actual values in dependence on the circuit current desired values.

Abstract: A control circuit for a switching power supply reacts to an over current condition in the switching power supply to bring its operating point to a safe condition. The control circuit senses both the direction and the magnitude of the load current in the switching power supply, and then uses this sensed information to control the active power switches in the switching power supply. In an over current condition, the switches are controlled to actively drive the load current toward zero, even if the sensed information is delayed or heavily filtered, or the switch signals from the control circuit are delayed in reaching the switches. The resulting operation of the switching power supply is more resistant to abnormal load conditions and is maintained in the presence of transient short circuits or arcs. The switching power supply hardware is also better protected.

Abstract: A transformer accepts an AC voltage from an AC power source, transforms the AC voltage, and supplies the transformed AC voltage to first rectifying circuits. Similarly, another transformer accepts an AC voltage from an AC power source, transforms the AC voltage, and supplies the transformed AC voltage to second rectifying circuits. The first rectifying circuits convert the accepted AC voltage into a positive DC voltage, and the second rectifying circuits convert the accepted AC voltage to a negative DC voltage. The positive DC voltage and the negative DC voltage then are superimposed and outputted to a secondary side of a transformer in the AC circuits. The AC voltage outputted from the transformers in the AC circuits and the DC voltage formed by superimposing the positive and negative DC voltages outputted from the first and second rectifying circuits are further superimposed, and supplied to each developing section.

Abstract: An adapter for a handpiece system , especially for use in conjunction with medical and dental light emitting apparatus for the transmission of light to cure photo-polymerisable materials. A device, preferably in the form of an adapter, enables the user to correctly match the polarity of the contacts in the supply hose or conduit with those of the light emitting apparatus.

Abstract: A half-wave rectifier including an input port for receiving an incoming AC signal, an output port for outputting a half-wave rectified signal, an operational amplifier including inverting and non-inverting input terminals and an output terminal, the inverting input terminal connected to a ground reference and a non-inverting input terminal coupled to a negative feedback loop and a first resistor. The negative feedback loop including a second resistor coupled between a first node and a second node, the first node coupling the output terminal and the output port and the second node coupling the non-inverting input terminal and the second resistor. A capacitor is coupled to the input port and in series with the first resistor.