Abstract: A method of initializing an LED driver to power an LED light engine comprising one or more LEDs is disclosed, the method comprising: connecting a control terminal of the LED driver to a control terminal of the LED light engine; determining whether the control terminal of the LED light engine is a communication terminal by outputting a communication signal from the control terminal of the LED driver to the control terminal of the LED light engine; establishing that the control terminal of the LED light engine is a communication terminal if a reply communication signal to the communication signal is received within a predetermined period; if the control terminal of the LED light engine is a communication terminal, perform an initialisation of the LED driver by exchanging configuration data between the LED driver and the LED light engine; if the control terminal of the LED light engine is not a communication terminal, determining an impedance value observed at the control terminal of the LED light engine and

Abstract: A secure control system includes a network of multiplexers that control end/field devices of an infrastructure system, such as an electric power grid. The multiplexers have a default secure lockdown state that prevents remote access to data on the multiplexers and prevents modification of software or firmware of the multiplexer. One or more of the multiplexers include a physical authentication device that confirms the physical proximity of a trusted individual when remote access is requested. A user accesses the network and one of the multiplexers remotely by way of login credentials. The trusted individual confirms the identity of the remote user and operates the physical authentication device connected with and in proximity to that multiplexer, thereby confirming that the remote user can be trusted to access data and reconfigure the multiplexers.

Abstract: Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, a broadcast services platform includes a memory that stores operational instructions. A processor executes the operational instructions to: receive user data, the user data including a list of users and performance metric data corresponding to individual ones of the users; sort the list of the users in order of the performance metric data to generate a sorted list of the users; partition the sorted list of the users to generate a plurality of user groups; and generate network resource allocation data that allocates network resources to provide broadcast services to the users. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: Methods, systems and apparatus for a user equipment to implement a dynamic discard timer. The user equipment may generate a packet for transmission and store the packet in a buffer of the user equipment. The user equipment may then generate a timeout value for a discard timer for the buffer, where the discard timer discards the packet from the buffer when the timeout value is reached. After a predetermined amount of time, the user equipment may determine whether the packet has been discarded from the buffer and, when it is determined that the packet has not been discarded from the buffer, update the timeout value.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for updating post-processing states applied to a decoded audio signal. The method is such that, for a current decoded signal frame, sampled at a different sampling frequency from the preceding frame, it includes the following acts: obtaining a past decoded signal, stored for the preceding frame; re-sampling by interpolation of the past decoded signal obtained; using the re-sampled past decoded signal as a memory for post-processing the current frame. A decoding method is also provided, which includes updating post-processing states.

Abstract: A secure control system includes a network of multiplexers that control end/field devices of an infrastructure system, such as an electric power grid. The multiplexers have a default secure lockdown state that prevents remote access to data on the multiplexers and prevents modification of software or firmware of the multiplexer. One or more of the multiplexers include a physical authentication device that confirms the physical proximity of a trusted individual when remote access is requested. A user accesses the network and one of the multiplexers remotely by way of login credentials. The trusted individual confirms the identity of the remote user and operates the physical authentication device connected with and in proximity to that multiplexer, thereby confirming that the remote user can be trusted to access data and reconfigure the multiplexers.

Abstract: A single pin is used to control an operating mode of an integrated circuit and to supply serial data to a host controller. The internal operating mode can be changed by changing a static level on an input/output terminal and maintaining that static level longer than a first time threshold. A read transaction from the integrated circuit can be performed in response to a predetermined sequence on the input/output terminal that includes a pulse that lasts a first predetermined time, the first predetermined time being less than the first time threshold.

Abstract: A communication system has a host communication circuit and a client communication circuit, which are connected to each other by means of a single signal wire. The host communication circuit generates a voltage modulated signal on the signal wire based on a reference clock signal, which in each clock cycle has a first period with a significant voltage change based on a clock edge of the reference clock signal, and a second period with a basically constant voltage variation. The host communication circuit (HCC) further can demodulate a current modulated signal received via the signal wire from the client communication circuit. The client communication circuit is configured to detect the significant voltage change in order to generate respective sync pulses in a sync signal, which is used to generate a client clock signal.

Abstract: A method and system for detecting congestion in a network of nodes, abating the network congestion, and identifying the cause of the network congestion is provided. A congestion detection system may comprise a detection system, an abatement system, and a causation system. The detection system monitors the performance of network components such as the network interface controllers and tiles of routers to determine whether the network is congested such that a delay in delivering packets becomes unacceptable. Upon detecting that the network is congested, an abatement system abates the congestion by limiting the rate at which packets are injected into the network from the nodes. Upon detecting that the network is congested, a causation system may identify the job that is executing on a node that is the cause of the network congestion.

Abstract: A multidimensional symbol encoder is coupled to a transmitter. Multidimensional symbols are encoded by concatenating two or more partial symbols, wherein individual intervals of up and down sections of the two or more partial symbols are independently controlled as to duration. A multidimensional symbol decoder is coupled to a receiver. Multidimensional symbols are decoded by measuring duration of individual intervals i) that are independently controlled as to duration and ii) that are up and down sections of two or more concatenated partial symbols.

Abstract: A Power Management Integrated Circuit (PMIC) includes a pulse width modulator and driver circuit (PWMDC), a processor, and high-side and low-side driver circuitry. The PWMDC, along with components external to the PMIC, forms a switching power supply. A small linear regulator powers the PWMDC from power received via a terminal. The power supply supplies power to other on-chip circuitry, including the driver circuitry and processor. The PWMDC starts an on pulse (of a power supply switching cycle) in response to a clock signal. In a first mode, the PWMDC stops the on pulse based on a signal received from a terminal via an analog feedback signal path. In a second mode, the PWMDC stops the on pulse based on a signal received via a digital feedback signal path. In one example, the digital feedback signal path extends from a terminal, through an ADC, processor, and DAC, to an error node.

Abstract: A communication device is provided for transmitting information incorporated into at least one message packet. The device includes components for encoding the message packet as a signal, which is afterwards transmitted and analyzed. The encoder assigns the message packet to correspond to a specific pulse width. The transmitter sends the signal across a channel. The processor parses the signal as corresponding to the specific pulse width subsequently decoded to obtain the message packet.

Abstract: A Multi-Tile Power Management Integrated Circuit (MTPMIC) includes tiles including an MCU/ADC tile and a power manager tile. The power manager tile includes a set of Configurable Switching Power Supply Pulse Width Modulator (CSPSPWM) components. These components, in combination with other circuitry external to the integrated circuit, are configurable to form a selected one of a number of different switching power supply circuits. Upon power up, an internal regulator supplies power to the CSPSPWM. The CSPSPWM then controls the power supply to begin switching in a low frequency start-up mode. The CSPSPWM determines during start-up the current sensing method based on circuitry external to the integrated circuit. A supply voltage generated is then supplied via a conductor of a standardized bus to a processor in the MCU/ADC tile. The processor begins executing instructions, and as a result writes across the standardized bus to configure the various tiles of the MTPMIC.

Abstract: A pulse width modulator has a first clock source providing a clock signal to a set input of an output controller configured to set a pulse width output signal and having a reset input to reset the pulse width output signal. A duty cycle control unit is coupled with the reset input of the output controller, wherein the duty cycle control unit has a numerical controlled oscillator (NCO) being coupled with a register and configured to provide for a direct digital synthesis to produce a specified frequency according to a value set in the register. Furthermore, logic is provided for receiving a signal from a second clock source and the pulse width output signal to trigger the numerical controlled oscillator.

Abstract: A Multi-Tile Power Management Integrated Circuit (MTPMIC) includes tiles including an MCU/ADC tile and a power manager tile. The power manager tile includes a set of Configurable Switching Power Supply Pulse Width Modulator (CSPSPWM) components. These components, in combination with other circuitry external to the integrated circuit, are configurable to form a selected one of a number of different switching power supply circuits. Upon power up, an internal regulator supplies power to the CSPSPWM. The CSPSPWM then controls the power supply to begin switching in a low frequency start-up mode. The CSPSPWM determines during start-up the current sensing method based on circuitry external to the integrated circuit. A supply voltage generated is then supplied via a conductor of a standardized bus to a processor in the MCU/ADC tile. The processor begins executing instructions, and as a result writes across the standardized bus to configure the various tiles of the MTPMIC.

Abstract: A PV system may be used in case of emergencies. Each individual photovoltaic module receives a signal to determine if it is allowed to be operational or must shut down. Modules by default are shut off and safe to handle, absent the signal and in the presence of light.

Abstract: A two-way communication device has a master transmitter (SysM1, TRM1, SysM2, TRM2) connected to at least one slave transmitter (SysS1, TRS1, SysS2, TRS2) by an active connection wire. The master transmitter and the slave transmitter have a common reference (GND). The master transmitter can transmit a master signal (S1) to the slave transmitter and the slave transmitter can transmit a slave signal (S2) to the master transmitter. The master signal (S1) is a digital modulation in voltage. The slave signal (S2) is a digital modulation in current.

Abstract: A system and method for a radio controlled clock receiver adapted to extract timing and time information from a phase modulated signal. The official time signal is broadcast from a central location using a modified modulation scheme, which adds phase modulation over the legacy amplitude modulation, such as the legacy WWVB pulse width modulated (PWM)/amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation, thereby allowing for improved performance. The information modulated onto the phase contains a known synchronization sequence having good autocorrelation properties, error-correcting coding for the time information and notifications of daylight-saving-time (DST) transitions that are provided months in advance. The modulation scheme is based on a form of phase modulation, such as binary-phase-shift-keying (BPSK) or phase reversal keying (PRK).

Abstract: A beat frequency cancellation circuit, for an amplifier, includes a coupling device connected between two signal processing paths of the amplifier for compensating for beat frequency effects of output signals between the signal processing paths.

Abstract: A method for detecting coherent interference includes the steps of: (a) receiving a signal at a first frequency, (b) forming a set of cross-correlation results by at least cross-correlating the signal with a first known code for a plurality of code offsets, (c) determining a statistical signature of the cross-correlation results, and (d) deciding, based on the statistical signature, whether non-negligible coherent interference is present within a search bin defined by the combination of the first frequency and the first known code.

Abstract: A transmission device includes a pulse modulated signal generator that generates a pulse-modulated signal by changing the width of a pulse or the density of a pulse according to the magnitude of the amplitude component of an input signal while discretely changing the pulse height according to the magnitude of the amplitude, a modulated-signal generator that generates a modulated signal by integrating the pulse-modulated signal and the phase component of the input signal, a power amplifier that includes at least as many amplifiers as the number of the discrete amplitude levels of the modulated signal, changes the number of amplifies that amplify the modulated signal on the basis of the value of the amplitude level of the modulated signal, combines outputs of the amplifiers, and outputs a combined output, and an output filter that eliminates a square-wave component from the output of the power amplifier.

Abstract: A pilot signal is transmitted with a predetermined frequency band and a data signal is transmitted with a partial band of the frequency band, and the pilot signal and the data signal to be transmitted with at least the partial band, are controlled its waveform to have the same waveforms in a frequency domain. Thus, in the case of controlling waveforms of the pilot signal and the data signal which have different occupied bands, it is possible to, in a portion of the occupied band for the data signal, avoid the mapping of a low-quality pilot signal or the like, enhance the data signal demodulation capability and improve the data signal reception characteristic while suppressing PAPR.

Abstract: First information is received at a first pulse width modulation (PWM) module responsive to a chip select signal being asserted at a chip select input of a communication bus of the first PWM module during a first time. The first information is latched at a control register of the first PWM module in response to a first logic transition of the chip select signal. A first PWM signal is provided at a first output of the first PWM module beginning a predetermined amount of time after the first logic transition of the chip select signal, the first PWM signal generated by the first PWM module based upon the first information.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus, including computer program products, for media delivery in data forwarding storage network. A method includes, in a network of interconnected computer system nodes, directing unique data items to a computer memory, and continuously forwarding each of the unique data items, independent of each other, from one computer memory to another computer memory in the network of interconnected computer system nodes without storing on any physical storage device in the network.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a pulse width modulation driving IC. The pulse width modulation driving IC includes a first pin, for receiving a first signal, a second pin, for receiving a second signal, a comparing unit, for comparing the first signal with a reference voltage, to generate a comparison result indicating a operating mode of the pulse width modulation driving IC, and an output unit, for outputting a pulse width modulation output signal according to the first signal, the second signal and the comparison result.

Abstract: A pulse width modulation (PWM) fan controller includes a sensor, a generator, a selector, and a multiplexer. The sensor is configured for sensing a current temperature of an electronic device. The generator is configured for generating different PWM signals, each of which is suitable for regulating the rotational speed of a fan for dissipating heat for the electronic device of a corresponding temperature. The selector is configured for generating a selection control signal based upon the current temperature of the electronic device. The selection control signal is used for selecting a PWM signal corresponding to the current temperature of the electronic device from the PWM signals from the generator. The multiplexer is configured for performing the selection of the PWM signal.

Abstract: Low power wireless communication techniques may be employed in devices that communicate via a wireless body area network, a wireless personal area network, or some other type of wireless communication link. In some implementations the devices may communicate via one or more impulse-based ultra-wideband channels. Inter-pulse duty cycling may be employed to reduce the power consumption of a device. Power may be provided for the transmissions and receptions of pulses by charging and discharging a capacitive element according to the inter-pulse duty cycling. Sub-packet data may be transmitted and received via a common frequency band. A cell phone may multicast to two or more peripherals via wireless communication links.

Abstract: A novel receiver structure is proposed for detecting a time-hopping ultra-wide bandwidth signal in the presence of multiple access interference. The proposed structure achieves better bit error rate performance than the conventional matched receiver when operating in multiple access interference. When operating in a multiple access interference-plus-Gaussian-noise environment, the receiver structure outperforms the conventional matched filter receiver for moderate to large values of signal-to-noise ratio. A receiver structure with adaptive limiting threshold is further proposed to ensure the performance of the soft-limiting receiver always meets or surpasses the performance of the conventional UWB receiver for all values of signal-to-noise ratio.

Abstract: A transmission device including a pulse generating section configured to generate a plurality of pulses using a signal of data and a signal obtained by delaying the signal of data, and to adjust the pulse width such that each of the plurality of pulses has a pulse width conforming to a sequence of the data; a band-pass filter filtering the plurality of pulses; and a transmission amplifier amplifying the filtered plurality of pulses and outputting the filtered plurality of pulses as a transmission signal.

Abstract: An asynchronous pulse processing (APP) apparatus, APP system and a method of signal reverberation employ asynchronous pulse processing to provide signal reverberation. The APP apparatus includes a gain block configured to scale an input signal by a first scale value and a summation block configured to produce a composite signal. The composite signal represents the scaled input signal minus an input summation signal multiplied by a reverberation signal, minus the reverberation signal scaled by a second scale value, and plus a function-modified feedback signal. The APP apparatus further includes an integrator and a time encoder configured to produce the reverberation signal from the composite signal. The APP system includes a plurality of APP apparatuses as APP channels. The method of signal reverberation includes generating a composite signal from a scaled input signal, and integrating and time encoding the composite signal to produce a reverberation signal.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a receiver and a method for retrieving data from Ultra wideband radio transmission signals received by a receiver and transmitted in packets containing at least a preamble known to the receiver and a payload containing data unknown to the receiver. The payload data is formed of at least one burst containing at least one pulse. The method comprises the steps of receiving a signal corresponding to the preamble of a packet by a receiver; determining the energy of the received signal; determining weighting coefficients from the energy of the received signal; receiving a signal corresponding to the payload of a packet by a receiver; determining the energy of the received signal; calculating a threshold depending on the weighting coefficients; and applying a decision rule based on the sampled energy, weighted by said weighting coefficients and depending on said calculated threshold.

Abstract: Provided are transmitter topology, receiver topology and methods for generating and transmitting a radio signal at a transmitter and detecting and processing a radio signal at a receiver. The radio signals are transmitted across a wireless interface using Ultra Wideband (UWB) pulses. A transmitted reference approach is utilized. The radio signal include pairs of UWB pulses with each pair of pulses separated by a fixed time delay. The two pulses are then combined to provide for improved noise immunity.

Abstract: A modulator using a polynomial interpolator is described herein. In a simple circuit implementation of the modulator, coefficients of a representative polynomial are generated with interpolation filters in the polynomial interpolator. Crossing points may be identified for each sampling period by incorporating a virtual carrier waveform with the representative polynomial to generate a switching output control. Among other applications, the described modulator may be used in a Class-D amplifier. The described implementations may further confer benefits such as micro-power low voltage operation, low sampling rate, and low harmonic distortion.

Abstract: Whitespace devices can use unused television frequencies for transmission and reception of WiFi OFDM signals. Three contiguous bands, such as former channels 2, 3, and 4, may be bonded together to define a whitespace band. In order to fit a WiFi OFDM signal into this whitespace band, a whitespace device compresses the bandwidth of each WiFi OFDM signal using a specific spectrum mask. Very low transmission power is needed for the modified WiFi OFDM signals, eliminating the need for high power amplifiers and most of the WiFi OFDM designs such as PHY and MAC can be reused with minor modifications.

Abstract: A method and system for detecting congestion in a network of nodes, abating the network congestion, and identifying the cause of the network congestion is provided. A congestion detection system may comprise a detection system, an abatement system, and a causation system. The detection system monitors the performance of network components such as the network interface controllers and tiles of routers to determine whether the network is congested such that a delay in delivering packets becomes unacceptable. Upon detecting that the network is congested, an abatement system abates the congestion by limiting the rate at which packets are injected into the network from the nodes. Upon detecting that the network is congested, a causation system may identify the job that is executing on a node that is the cause of the network congestion.

Abstract: Object To reduce deterioration of transmission quality under circumstances where the moving speed is high. Overcoming Means An adaptive modulation control apparatus for adaptively selecting a modulation parameter from among a plurality of modulation parameters determined based on a plurality of modulation schemes, coding rates of error correction or a combination thereof corresponding to a propagation path state is provided with a reception state measuring section (2) that measures a reception state of a signal received from a communicating apparatus, a correcting section (3) that makes a correction to change propagation path information indicative of a measurement result of the propagation path state based on the measured reception state, and a modulation parameter selecting section (4) that selects a modulation parameter corresponding to the corrected propagation path information.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a switch controlling apparatus. The switch controlling apparatus controls a main switch by using a first signal that corresponds to a current flowing to the main switch. The switch controlling apparatus includes a PWM controller for generating a control signal to control turning on/off of the main switch by using the first signal and a clock signal, and a TSD unit for changing the control signal corresponding to heat generated from the main switch. The TSD unit changes a response speed for the heat of the main switch by using the clock signal and the control signal.

Abstract: An asynchronous pulse processing (APP) apparatus, an APP system and a method of signal normalization employing APP provide signal normalization. The APP apparatus includes a gain block configured to scale an input signal by a first scale value and a summation block configured to produce a composite signal by subtracting from the scaled input signal each of a normalized signal scaled by a second scale value and the normalized signal multiplied by a summation signal. The APP apparatus further includes an integrator and a time encoder configured to produce the normalized signal from the composite signal. The APP system includes a plurality of APP apparatuses as APP channels. The method of signal normalization includes generating the composite signal from the scaled input signal and integrating and time encoding the composite signal to produce the normalized signal.

Abstract: An exemplary signal interference control system is disclosed that utilizes a computer system, such as programmable logic circuits or computer controlled logic gates, to generate blanking or control signals for various types of radio frequency receiver and transmitter combinations. Control signals are generated based on signal characteristic information stored in a memory including a delay following receipt of a pre-trigger signal from a radio frequency transmitter and a pulse width of control signal(s) generated for specified receivers, frequencies or systems. In one embodiment, information can be retrieved from a memory and used to generate an interference control signal. One or more control signals can be routed to a related or associated receiver to reduce or eliminate interference effects.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and devices for improved audio, video, and data conferencing. The present invention provides a conferencing system comprising a plurality of endpoints communicating data including audio data and control data according to a communication protocol. A local conference endpoint may control or be controlled by a remote conference endpoint. Data comprising control signals may be exchanged between the local endpoint and remote endpoint via various communication protocols. In other embodiments, the present invention provides for improved bridge architecture for controlling functions of conference endpoints including controlling functions of the bridge.

Abstract: A method and system enables the selective addressing of groups of broadcast receivers within part of a satellite footprint. It uses two satellites having a common transmission band to transmit respective signals, and at receivers in the footprint the phases of the signals received from the two satellites are compared. This phase difference is dependent upon receiver location, but by measuring phase difference no absolute timing or phase measurement is required. A common key is generated at the receivers in a certain area. The output of selected receivers is fed back to the broadcast control centre and is used to encode the location-based services for that area. Preferably the operation is conducted on multiple frequencies and in multiple rounds of such frequencies. A multibit keyword can be directly generated at the receivers by use of a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and combining its outputs for different rounds.

Abstract: A communication method comprises communicating information on a standardized link compliant with a published standard and communicating information on a private link capable of operation at a throughput higher than maximum throughput of the published standard. The method further comprises monitoring private link performance and increasing information throughput on the private link above the maximum standard throughput by an amount determined by the monitored private link performance.

Abstract: Data transmission system and method are provided. The transmission system includes a data converter and data restoring unit. The data converter converts N-bit first data to be transmitted into M-bit second data, where M is greater than N and the second data is arranged in a minimum unit greater than 1, each minimum unit including at least successive data bits having the same phase. The transmitter compresses the second data prior to transmission via a channel having performance characteristics defining a minimum pulse width, and a receiver receives and de-compresses the transmitted second data. The data restoring unit then restores the first data from the second.

Abstract: An embodiment includes a method that includes receiving data through a non-voice input. The method also includes translating the data into one or more numeric values. The method includes encoding the one or more numeric values into an audio stream, wherein the audio stream is to be transmitted over a transmission medium that is in use for voice communication.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a digital communication architecture based upon the concept of time encoding. In one aspect, systems provide time-encoding-based digital communication, the systems comprising a transmitter, a communication channel, and a receiver. In another aspect, methods for digital communication comprise time encoding digital input data and then transmitting the resultant asynchronous pulse signal to a receiver that converts the asynchronous pulse signal back into digital symbols. Methods of providing a digital communication link can include (i) providing digital symbols, (ii) time encoding the digital symbols to generate asynchronous pulse signals, (iii) communicating switching times of the signals to a receiver, and (iv) digitizing in parallel and reconstructing the digital symbols. The methods and systems of the invention can utilize existing chip-scale circuit technologies and can be characterized by link capacities of 50 Gbit/sec, 100 Gbit/sec, 200 Gbit/sec, or higher.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for a single-wire serial communication system are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a method includes defining a predetermined short pulse as data to be transmitted and a predetermined long pulse as a data separator for the data to provide serial communication for a data stream.

Abstract: A multiple channel Digital Pulse Width Modulator (DPWM) can include a single delay locked loop with a delay line, the delay line producing a number of outputs. Circuitry can use a delay line mask to mask a portion of the delay line outputs to produce a modified outputs so as to prevent premature pulse width reset. Jitter tolerance look ahead circuits can prevent jitter from causing premature reset of pulse width modulated signals. The pulse width modulators can include multiple alternately used multiplexers so that the operation of the pulse width modulators is not affected by the load time of the multiplexers.

Abstract: A method, information processing system, and base station for reshaping power profiles in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) symbols. The method includes monitoring a scheduler (116) at a base station (110) for a modulation and coding scheme selection. Determining that the scheduler (116) selected a modulation and coding scheme. Identifying at least one information element (220) within the symbol. Determining, in response to the identifying, a channel connection (210) associated with the at least one information element (220). Determining a channel condition associated with the channel connection (210). Reshaping a power profile associated with the one information element (220). The reshaping decreases power made available to the channel connection (210).

Abstract: An adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) method for data transmission by various modulation orders and coding rates is provided. A signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a transmission channel is estimated. Quality of service (QOS) parameters are provided, defining maximum allowable delay and packet error rate (PER). A retransmission limit is determined from the maximum allowable delay. An optimum packet length is determined based on the QOS parameters and the SNR. A modulation order and a coding rate most suitable for the estimated SNR and the defined PER are selected based on the optimum packet length and the retransmission limit.

Abstract: A method is provided for transmitting information incorporated into at least one message packet. The process includes encoding the message packet as a signal, which is afterwards transmitted and analyzed. The encoding operation assigns the message packet to correspond to a specific pulse width. The signal is transmitted across a channel. The analyzing operation parses the signal as corresponding to the specific pulse width, which is then decoded to obtain the message packet.