Abstract: The present invention discloses methods and systems for managing an error correction mode at a first communications router. The first communication router transmits data packets to a second communications router and stores the first data packet in a local storage medium. When a delay inquiry message is received from the second communications router, the first communications router activates the error correction mode. When the error correction mode is activated, the first data packet is retransmitted to the second communications router and an error correction packet corresponding to the first data packet is also transmitted. When a back-to-normal message is received from the second communications router, the first communications router deactivates the error correction mode. The back-to-normal message indicates that the first communications router no longer needs to be in error correction mode.

Abstract: A method of transmitting a frame is provided by a device in a WLAN. The device sets as additional data subcarriers some of subcarriers which are not set as data subcarriers in at least part of fields included in a frame of a legacy frame format, and allocates information to the additional data subcarriers.

Abstract: A disclosed method and system for allocating bandwidth among a plurality of virtual network ports assigned to a plurality of virtual machines accesses assignment information indicating which virtual network ports are assigned to which virtual machines. A network bandwidth manager (NBM) receives network utilization information indicating the network utilization of each virtual network port/The NBM further receives virtual machine priority information indicative of a derived priority for each of the plurality of virtual machines. The NBM configures bandwidth parameters for each of the virtual network ports based on the assignment information, network utilization information, and the virtual machine priority information.

Abstract: Methods, a data split unit (200) and a data collection unit (202), for controlling data transmission over two connections used for communication of data from the data split unit to the data collection unit operating in dual connection mode. The data split unit obtains (2:4) a receive split ratio between the two connections as perceived at the data collection unit, and adapts (2:5) a transmit split ratio for distributing data over the two connections based on the receive split ratio. The transmit split ratio may be adapted to reduce or eliminate a difference between the transmit split ratio and the receive split ratio. The transmission of data is then distributed (2:7A,B) over the two connections according to the adapted transmit split ratio.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for one-shot hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) feedback for a user equipment (UE). In one aspect, a configuration of whether and in what circumstances a new data indicator (NDI) may be provided by the UE is disclosed. In another aspect, one or more rules for one-shot HARQ feedback reporting when the UE has received a semi-persistent scheduling (SPS) allocation release are disclosed.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided to achieve dynamic bandwidth allocation among terminal groups (TGs) with proportional fairness in terms of both throughput and spectrum usage across a network. Quality of service (QoS) metrics for such TGs can be satisfied in terms of maximum throughput and spectrum utilization, while also satisfying QoS metrics such as latency, throughput, and prioritized traffic services for individual terminals within the TGs. A centralized bandwidth manager can be utilized to manage such dynamic bandwidth allocation across multiple Code Rate Organizers (CROs), including environments in which the multiple CROs manage communications across multiple IPGWs for multiple terminal groups. Because, in such environments, a given conventional CRO cannot effectively manage allocations across the entire network, the centralized bandwidth management functionality can be introduced to assess the flows for multiple TGs across multiple CROs and to make bandwidth allocations accordingly.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for receiving a notification of missing packets include receiving a set of data packets transmitted by a device and having a corresponding set of sequence numbers, identifying one or more data packets having corresponding sequence numbers that fall within the set of sequence numbers and are yet to be received, receiving an indication from the device that the one or more data packets will not be transmitted by the device, and processing the set of data packets without the one or more data packets in response to receiving the indication.

Abstract: In accordance with disclosed embodiments, there are provided systems, methods, and apparatuses for implementing a scheduler with preemptive termination of existing workloads to free resources for high priority items.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for measuring RTT. One apparatus includes a processor and a transceiver that communicates with a mobile core network via an interworking function. The processor transmits a first request to establish a data connection between the apparatus and the mobile core network, wherein the first request includes a first indicator that the apparatus supports round trip time (“RTT”) measurements, the RTT measurements calculated using messages transmitted via the data connection and using an encapsulation header. The processor receives a first message from the interworking function and transmits a second message to the interworking function, wherein the first message includes a first encapsulation header comprising an echo request indication wherein the second message includes a second encapsulation header including an echo response indication.

Abstract: Examples herein describe an acceleration framework that includes a hybrid congestion control (CC) engine where some components are implemented in software (e.g., a CC algorithm) while other components are implemented in hardware (e.g., measurement and enforcement modules and a flexible processing unit). The hardware components can be designed to provide measurements that can be used by multiple different types of CC algorithms. Depending on which CC algorithms are currently enabled, the hardware components can be programmed to perform measurement, processing, and enforcement tasks, thereby freeing the CPUs in the host to perform other tasks. In this manner, the hybrid CC engine can have the flexibility of a pure software CC algorithm with the advantage of performing many of the operations associated with the CC algorithm in hardware.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, devices, apparatus and methods, including computer programs encoded on storage media, for managing uplink access in a wireless local area network. A station (STA) may inform an access point (AP) of uplink quality of service (QoS) parameters for a traffic flow from the STA. The AP may control uplink resources to satisfy the QoS parameters. For example, the AP may select from among different access modes (including a single user (SU) access mode, an uplink multi-user (UL-MU) scheduled access mode, a multi-user enhanced distributed controlled access (MU EDCA) access mode, or a low latency (LL) access mode). The AP may cause the STA to use a SU access mode or the LL access mode if the UL-MU scheduled access mode and the MU EDCA access mode are not sufficient to satisfy the uplink QoS parameters for the traffic flow.

Abstract: Representative apparatus, method, and system embodiments are disclosed for configurable computing. A representative system includes an interconnection network; a processor; and a plurality of configurable circuit clusters. Each configurable circuit cluster includes a plurality of configurable circuits arranged in an array; a synchronous network coupled to each configurable circuit of the array; and an asynchronous packet network coupled to each configurable circuit of the array.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for measuring the performance of a synthetic peer-managed content distribution network. Each node peers with one or more other nodes to share the content and facilitate its presentation to associated users. Each node collects session metadata for identifying the node's environment, presentation events regarding presentation of the content to users, and transfer events regarding the sharing of the content among peers. The nodes report their data toward a central entity that feeds the different types of data through different ETL pipelines to obtain the performance measurements. For example, the session metadata may allow the reach of a content item to be determined, the presentation events may be used to determine the quality of experience with the content item for users, and the transfer events may be used to determine how much external bandwidth the network conserved and/or how efficiently the nodes shared the content.

Abstract: An error rate measuring apparatus includes: an operation unit that sets a codeword length, an FEC symbol length, and an FEC symbol error threshold in accordance with a communication standard of a device under test W; error counting means for counting FEC symbol error detected at one FEC symbol interval and an uncorrectable codeword; a display unit that identifies and displays bit string data according to presence or absence of the FEC symbol error in FEC symbol length units based on a counting result; and display control means for performing display control by setting one zone of a display area of identification display as one FEC symbol length, matching a zone length of a horizontal axis of the display area with one codeword length, and performing line feed in codeword length units.

Abstract: Techniques for identifying nodes in a data center fabric that are affected by a failure in the fabric, and selectively sending disaggregation advertisements to the nodes affected by the failure. The techniques include a process where a component monitors the network fabric to identify communication paths between leaf nodes, and determines what leaf nodes would be affected by a failure in those communication paths. The component may detect a failure in the network and determine which communication paths, and thus which leaf nodes, are affected by the failure and send disaggregation advertisements to the affected leaf nodes. In some examples, ingress leaf nodes send data through the fabric that indicate egress nodes for the communication paths. Intermediate nodes along may receive the data from the leaf nodes to identify communication paths, and the notify only affected nodes upon detecting a failure in the network.

Abstract: Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, obtaining, from a first source of information, a first bandwidth prediction, wherein the first bandwidth prediction is based upon historical bandwidth data that had been provided by a plurality of devices; obtaining, from a second source of information, a second bandwidth prediction, wherein the second bandwidth prediction is based upon network measurements, and wherein the network measurements are other than the historical bandwidth data that had been provided by the plurality of devices; selecting as a source of a future bandwidth prediction one of the first source of information and the second source of information, wherein the selecting is based upon a comparison of each of the first bandwidth prediction and the second bandwidth prediction to an actually obtained bandwidth of the device. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: A method may include determining a number of categories associated with optical network units (ONUs) in a system and assigning an allocation identifier to each of the respective categories. The method may also include transmitting the assigned allocation identifiers to the ONUs and transmitting a contention-based allocation to the ONUs, wherein the contention-based allocation includes a first one of the allocation identifiers.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure relate to wireless communications, and more particularly, to techniques that allow for enforcement of network latency fairness in multi-user gaming platforms. An example method generally includes identifying multiple user equipments (UEs) participating in a multi-user gaming platform across one or more wide area networks (WANs); and taking one or more actions to support latency fairness in delivery of information across the multiple users via the one or more WANs.

Abstract: This application relates to apparatus and methods for automatically servicing item data requests in data management systems, such as in retail management systems. The apparatus and methods employ a throttling technique to service data requests from one or more entities. In some examples, a computing device initializes assigns a counter for each entity, and initializes each counter with an initial value. The computing device also occasionally (e.g., periodically) resets each counter to the initial value. The computing device may receive a data request from one of the entities, and determines whether the counter corresponding to the entity identifies a count that is beyond a threshold. If the counter identifies a count beyond the threshold, the computing device adjusts the counter, and processes the data request. If the counter does not identify a count beyond the threshold, the computing device responds to the entity with an error.

Abstract: Techniques for tenant-driven dynamic resource allocation in network functions virtualization infrastructure (NFVI). In one example, an orchestration system is operated by a data center provider for a data center and that orchestration system comprises processing circuitry coupled to a memory; logic stored in the memory and configured for execution by the processing circuitry, wherein the logic is operative to: compute an aggregate bandwidth for a plurality of flows associated with a tenant of the data center provider and processed by a virtual network function, assigned to the tenant, executing on a server of the data center; and modify, based on the aggregate bandwidth, an allocation of compute resources of the server executing the virtual network function.

Abstract: A workgroup-computing-entity-based fail-safe/evolvable hardware core structure is disclosed which includes a 3-hierarchical-level 6-workgroup-Basic-Building-Block (6-wBBB) created to supplant the node-computing-entity-based non-fail-safe/limited evolvable von-Neumann core structure of 3-hierarchical-level 3-node-BBB, (i.e., base-level IO-devices/mid-level main memory/top-level CPU) and all the first-time fail-safe workgroup systems can be subsequently generated in the second period along the workgroup-computing evolutionary timeline. Furthermore, based on the first 6-wBBB evolvable architecture, the workgroup evolutionary processes can go up to 7 generations in creating all the necessary workgroup-computing entity-based hardware core structures, so that all the real-time intelligent workgroup-computing systems can be generated in the third period along the workgroup-computing evolutionary timeline.

Abstract: Disclosed are a transmitting method, a receiving method, a transmitting device and a receiving device for interface data. The transmitting method includes: interface data is obtained by the transmitting device via a first USB interface. The interface data is processed to obtain UDP packet by the transmitting device. The UDP packet is transmitted, by the transmitting device, to a first communication module. The UDP packet is transmitted to the receiving device or switch. By adopting the disclosure, ultra-low latency transmission of USB interface data between devices in long-distance transmission can be achieved.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for offloading data in a wireless communication system are provided. The method performed by a user equipment (UE) of offloading data includes determining a server for processing at least some of the data, receiving, from the server, a list regarding splitting points at which the data is splittable, determining, based on the list, at least one of the splitting points as an offloading point, transmitting, to the server, information about the offloading point and information about requirements for offloading data corresponding to the offloading point, receiving, from the server, a response as to whether the offloading data is capable of being processed, and determining whether the offloading data is to be processed, based on the response.

Abstract: Systems and methods for recommending a data rate on an uplink or downlink communication channel between the network node and a wireless device in a wireless communications system are provided. In one exemplary embodiment, a method performed by a wireless device for recommending a data rate on an uplink or downlink communication channel between the wireless device and a network node in a wireless communications system comprises determining to request that the network node recommend a data rate on the uplink or downlink communication channel for the wireless device. Further, the method includes generating a first information element that indicates the request. Also, the first information element is sent via a protocol layer on the uplink communication channel.

Abstract: Restoration procedures in a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) network (also referred to as evolved MBMS (eMBMS) network) in case of a path failure.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed relating to generating and receiving radio frames with multiple portions that have different target geographic areas. A data frame may include a first partition that includes a physical layer encoding of first data to be transmitted in a first geographic area, where the first geographic area is defined by a first threshold distance from the one or more transmitters. The data frame may include a second that includes a physical layer encoding of second data to be transmitted in a second geographic area, where the second geographic area is defined by a second, greater threshold distance from the one or more transmitters.

Abstract: A system and method for storing data in a distributed network having a plurality of datacenters distributed over a plurality of geographic regions. The method may involve receiving data, including metadata, uploaded to a first datacenter of the distributed network, receiving access information about previous data that was previously stored in the plurality of datacenters of the distributed network, predicting one or more of the plurality of geographic regions from which the uploaded data will be accessed based on the metadata and the access information, and instructing the uploaded data to be transferred from the first datacenter to one or more second datacenters located at each of the one or more predicted geographic regions.

Abstract: Systems and methods for batch multiplexing a plurality of transactions are provided. A system may include a machine-learning (“ML”) based engine configured to receive instructions to execute a first transaction, derive a plurality of sets of delay parameters for the first transaction, and display the sets of delay parameters on a graphical user interface (“GUI”) associated with a sender of the instructions. The engine may be configured to receive a selection of a set of delay parameters, and, based on the selection, append the first transaction to one of a plurality of pending transaction queues. The engine may be further configured to, within a maximum time window, combine the transactions in the pending transaction queue to create a single multiplexed transaction, and execute the multiplexed transaction. The engine may also be configured to demultiplex the multiplexed transaction after it is executed.

Abstract: A method includes defining a plurality of variables to modify in a control loop; collecting first data using a first variable of the plurality of variables while executing the control loop, generating a first result based on the collecting first data step, substituting a second variable of the plurality of variables for the first variable, collecting second data using the second variable while executing the control loop, generating a second result based on the collecting second data step, comparing the first result and the second result; and taking an action based on the comparing step.

Abstract: Systems and methods for operating a customer premise equipment (CPE) device with agile software stack integrated with OpenSync™ layer for command, control, and telemetry via the operator's cloud network. It includes the configuration of the CPE device to receive traffic from an access network in a first system on chip (SoC) of the CPE device, and to provide 5G edge computing services to a 5G NR user equipment (UE) device via a second SoC of the CPE device. The CPE device may also be configured to receive 5G New Radio (NR) mobile traffic, receive in-home Wi-Fi traffic, and use at least one service flow (or only one service flow) to support both the 5G NR mobile traffic and the in-home Wi-Fi traffic.

Abstract: Representative apparatus, method, and system embodiments are disclosed for configurable computing. A representative system includes an interconnection network; a processor; and a plurality of configurable circuit clusters. Each configurable circuit cluster includes a plurality of configurable circuits arranged in an array; a synchronous network coupled to each configurable circuit of the array; and an asynchronous packet network coupled to each configurable circuit of the array.

Abstract: A method for transmitting control information includes: when a condition of sending the control information is met, interleaving common control information of each user equipment (UE) working on a target bandwidth part (BWP) and interleaving specific control information of each UE; and sending the interleaved common control information by means of a first time-frequency resource, and sending the interleaved specific control information by means of a second time-frequency resource.

Abstract: A system for secure transmission of business event notifications includes a memory, at least one processor, a service gateway configured to: publish application programming interfaces (APIs) for secure transmission of business event notifications, a notification server configured to: publish APIs for secure transmission of business event notifications corresponding to the APIs published by the service gateway, obtain a new business event to report, determine a partner to receive a notification of the new business event, transmit an event notification to the partner by way of the service gateway APIs, and register the event notification in a database.

Abstract: The present disclosure intends to provide an optical signal from an ONU according to a desired service usage state without using the ONU and an OLT. A simulated signal light generation apparatus 10 according to the present disclosure is a simulated signal light generation apparatus 10 for simulating an uplink signal light generated in an optical network unit (ONU) in a passive optical network (PON), and the apparatus includes a usage state control unit 11 that sets a service usage state of the ONU, a signal generation unit 12 that generates an uplink signal frame according to the usage state set by the usage state control unit 11, and an electrical/optical conversion unit 13 that converts an electrical signal from the signal generation unit 12 into an optical signal, and the optical signal from the electrical/optical conversion unit 13 is repeatedly transmitted to an optical fiber core 22.

Abstract: A network communication device includes a plurality of ports, a memory, and a processor. The plurality of ports is configured to receive a packet. A memory is configured to store a first lookup table and a second lookup table. An entry of the first lookup table includes a flag field. An entry of the second lookup table includes an entry address of the first lookup table. The processor is coupled to the memory and the plurality of ports. The network communication device is configured to: analyze the packet by a software or hardware to obtain a source Media Access Control (MAC) address; obtain, according to the source MAC address of the packet, the entry of the first lookup table; read the flag field of the entry; and determine, according to the flag field, whether the entry is referred by the second lookup table.

Abstract: Representative apparatus, method, and system embodiments are disclosed for configurable computing. A representative system includes an interconnection network; a processor; and a plurality of configurable circuit clusters. Each configurable circuit cluster includes a plurality of configurable circuits arranged in an array; a synchronous network coupled to each configurable circuit of the array; and an asynchronous packet network coupled to each configurable circuit of the array.

Abstract: Using high speed data transfer protocol to transfer data between a host and a storage system includes determining if a portion of data is a candidate for being transferred using the high speed data transfer protocol if the portion is not a candidate for high speed data transfer, transferring the data using a relatively low speed data transfer protocol if the portion is a candidate for high speed data transfer, attempting to transfer the data using the high speed data transfer protocol, and if transferring the data using the high speed data transfer protocol is unsuccessful, transferring the data using the relatively low speed data transfer protocol. The high speed data transfer protocol may use a first connection and the relatively low speed data transfer protocol may use a second connection. The first connection may be a PCIe or InfiniBand connection. The second connection may be a FICON connection.

Abstract: A phone appliance and method of use are provided where the phone appliance can be used to make VoIP communications calls. In a preferred embodiment, the phone appliance includes an RF connection for connecting to a computer or other computing device for facilitating the placement of the VoIP communications calls. The phone appliance further includes a display or portal for depicting advertisements provided by various advertisers. The advertisements provided can be used to defray all or part of the cost associated with making VoIP communications calls. The portal can also be used to communicate with businesses for ordering products. such as ordering a pizza, and to perform various services, such as purchasing stocks. In an exemplary system, the phone appliance is used to transmit to a control center information related to the user of the phone appliance, such as interests and buying habits, and queries for receiving additional information for various advertised products and services.

Abstract: A Wi-Fi APD is configured to tag internet protocol data with a first priority level and a second priority level that is higher than the first priority level. The network controller contains a memory that contains a channel bandwidth threshold value. The network controller contains a processor configured to execute instructions that cause the network controller to: periodically poll the Wi-Fi APD; periodically receive poll responses from the Wi-Fi APD; determine whether channel bandwidth is greater than the stored channel bandwidth threshold value; determine whether the response time of the poll responses is greater than the polling period; and instruct the Wi-Fi APD to tag internet protocol data with the second priority level when at least one of the channel bandwidth is less than the channel bandwidth threshold value and the response time is greater than the period of the first frequency.

Abstract: A communication system includes a network-side apparatus and a user-side apparatus. The network-side apparatus includes a transmission function unit configured to perform processing of a transmission function on data received from the user-side apparatus, a quality calculation unit configured to calculate a quality of media data which is transmitted from the user-side apparatus and on which the processing is performed by the transmission function unit; and a transmission function changing unit configured to change the transmission function performed by the transmission function unit in a range in which the calculated quality satisfies a quality required by an application.

Abstract: A DNN hardware accelerator and an operation method of the DNN hardware accelerator are provided. The DNN hardware accelerator includes: a network distributor for receiving an input data and distributing respective bandwidth of a plurality of data types of a target data amount based on a plurality of bandwidth ratios of the target data amount; and a processing element array coupled to the network distributor, for communicating data of the data types of the target data amount between the network distributor based on the distributed bandwidth of the data types.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for reducing network traffic in a mesh network by reducing the number of status messages communicated over the network. The nodes of the network can provide status information to a gateway based on each node's distance from the gateway. The closer nodes respond to the request from the gateway first and then the farther nodes respond to the request. When a node is ready to transmit a status message with status information to the gateway, the node sends the message to the nodes in communication with the transmitting node. One of the closer nodes that receives the message then forwards the message to additional nodes in communication with the forwarding node, while the other nodes that received the message do not forward the message. The process of forwarding messages by a single closer node is repeated until the status information is received by the gateway.

Abstract: A network device includes one or more communication ports, a packet processing circuit and an activity evaluation circuit. The one or more communication ports are configured to communicate packets over a network. The packet processing circuit is configured to process the packets. The activity evaluation circuit is configured to generate a sequence of multiple evaluation times independently of the packets, and, for each evaluation time among at least some of the evaluation times in the sequence, for any packet that is processed by the packet processing circuit at the evaluation time, to identify a session to which the packet belongs and issue an increment event associated with the identified session.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to multi-MAC controller and single PHY systems and methods. An example method may include transmitting, via a first device in a Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) network, a first block of data within a first time slot and at a first power level, the first power level being based on an attenuation of a first network tap device associated with the first device. The example method may also include transmitting, via a second device in the DOCSIS network, a second block of data within the first time slot and at a second power level, the second power level being based on an attenuation of a second network tap device associated with the second device, the first power level being different than the second power level.

Abstract: A method of operating an uplink scheduler as part of a medium access control scheduler on a satellite includes selecting, from a plurality of user terminals, a first number of zero-bandwidth request user terminals from the plurality of user terminals, selecting, from the plurality of user terminals, a second number of non-zero-bandwidth request user terminals from the plurality of user terminals, binning the second number of non-zero-bandwidth request user terminals into a plurality of bins based on a respective bandwidth requirement for each non-zero-bandwidth request user terminal and based on a minimum user terminal grant and allocating, according to a grant allocation algorithm, a respective grant of radio resources in an uplink frame to each user terminal of the plurality of user terminals into a respective bin of the plurality of bins in an order associated with increasing bandwidth needs. A downlink scheduler is also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods are described for managing the delivery of electronic data, such as media content, through a network. An indication of a quantity of data transmitted via a network during a first time period may be received, the quantity of data including a first portion of a content item. Based on the quantity of data transmitted during the first time period, it may be determined that a first bandwidth utilization threshold of the network has been satisfied, and the network may be optimized for delivery of a second portion of the content item.

Abstract: A first optical transceiver outputs a first optical signal while switching the wavelength of the first optical signal to an optical fiber that acts as a medium for carrying single-fiber bi-directional communication between the first optical transceiver and an opposing second optical transceiver. When the wavelength of the first optical signal is switched to a receivable wavelength, the second optical transceiver identifies the wavelength of the received first optical signal, and outputs the second optical signal having a wavelength determined on the basis of the identification result to the optical fiber. When the first optical transceiver receives the second optical signal from the optical fiber, the first optical transceiver stops switching the wavelength of the first optical signal.

Abstract: Coverage of a power-limited mobile terminal is enhanced by sending information relating to a single Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) process from the mobile terminal to a base station using several transmission time intervals.

Abstract: Examples pertaining to bit selection for polar coding incremental-redundancy hybrid automatic repeat request (IR-HARQ) are described. An apparatus (e.g., UE) generates a re-transmission polar code block (CB) in a polar incremental redundancy HARQ (IR-HARQ) procedure. The apparatus then transmits the re-transmission polar CB as a re-transmission of an initial transmission of an initial polar code carrying a plurality of information bits. In generating the re-transmission polar CB, the apparatus selects one or more re-transmission information bits from the plurality of information bits.

Abstract: A network services provider delivers bandwidth services to users in relation to a dynamic limit based on an average user consumption, rather than a fixed amount per subscriber. An average user consumption is employed to compute a consumption limit from relative portions of a user community substantially exceed the average, typically defined as “heavy users.” Usage levels below the consumption limit have an increased availability up to the consumption limit. The consumption limit may vary from a total capacity of the service infrastructure, which changes, generally in an increasing manner, as additional resources are added to the network. The consumption limits may be defined over different service intervals, such as daily, weekly or monthly, and for different groups of users depending on network layout.