Abstract: The present application describes embodiments of a stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) spectroscope based on a passive Q-switch system for high-resolution, real-time, on-site and multi-point industrial molecular analysis.

Abstract: A hand-held laser weapon including: a laser module for generating a laser light; a telescope module fiber optically coupled to the laser module for focusing the laser light on a target; a burst power module, including a storage capacitor, for storing electrical energy capable of a rapid release in the form of a current; a trickle power module including a battery for providing said electrical energy to the burst power module; a drive circuit for driving the laser module with the stored electrical energy to generate the laser light; a trigger module for providing the stored electrical energy to the drive circuit; and a structure for coupling at least the laser module, the telescope module, the drive circuit and the trigger module together.

Abstract: A microlaser system includes an optical source, a microlaser, an actuator switch, and a photovoltaic power source. The microlaser, which includes a control element, is optically pumped by at least a portion of light emitted by the optical source. The actuator switch is configured to be activated by a triggering event. Furthermore, the photovoltaic power source is coupled in a series connection with the actuator switch and the control element, the series connection configured to connect the photovoltaic power source to the control element of the microlaser when the actuator switch is activated by the triggering event.

Abstract: Provided are assemblies and processes for activating light emitting devices. A first current sink is in electrical communication with a common source through a current node and configured to draw a first current through the current node in response to a respective control signal. A second current sink is also provided in electrical communication with the current node and in parallel with the first current sink, also configured to draw a second current through the current node in response to a respective control signal. An aggregate current is drawn through the array, determined as a combination of the first and second currents. A commanded current from the first current sink can be shunted around the second array and the second current sink, providing a capability to series both the first and second laser diode light-emitting arrays, while simultaneously drawing different current amplitudes through each array from a common potential source.

Abstract: Optical pulse source, for generating optical supercontinuum pulses at a repetition rate, comprising: an optical pump laser operable to generate a number of optical pump pulses at a pump pulse repetition rate; a nonlinear optical element arranged to receive the optical pump pulses and configured to generate therefrom optical supercontinuum pulses; and a gating device provided between the pump laser and the nonlinear optical element and operable to selectively limit the number of optical pump pulses received by the nonlinear optical element in order to generate optical supercontinuum pulses at a user selectable repetition rate lower than the pump pulse repetition rate, wherein the optical pulse source further comprises a second gating device provided after the nonlinear optical element.

Abstract: The invention relates to a laser (1) for emitting laser light in the visible spectral range. A rare earth doped anisotropic crystal (2) comprising a 5d-4f transition is arranged within a laser resonator (7, 8), and a pumping light source (3) pumps the crystal (2) for generating laser light in the visible spectral range by using the 5d-4f transition. The 5d-4f transition of the rare earth doped anisotropic crystal comprises an absorption band extending over several nm. Thus, pump light having a wavelength within a relatively broad wavelength range can be used. This reduces the requirements with respect to the wavelength accuracy of the pumping light source and, thus, more pumping light sources of an amount of produced pumping light sources can be used for assembling the laser, thereby reducing the amount of rejects.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for extending the range that a laser can transmit data, particularly in environments with high attenuation or turbidity. Particularly, an energy storing laser that is capable of continuously converting electrical energy to optical energy and storing the optical energy or the electrical energy in the energy storing laser until the energy storing laser is instructed to transmit a laser transmission. In some embodiments, the energy storing laser uses a pulse train with a low duty cycle to increase the peak power of each laser pulse. Also, a pointing and tracking system is used to provide a communication link between stationary platforms or moving vehicles.

Abstract: A system, apparatus, and method may provide laser beams of two or more wavelengths from diode pumped solid-state laser sources (220, 222, 224). The beam paths of these laser beams with different wavelengths, which are generated by the laser sources (220, 222, 224), may be aligned along a common optical axis 280 by an optical configuration, to treat at least one target area. Frequency-doubled laser beams, output from a plurality of diode pumped solid state laser cavities, may be passed through fold mirrors (M2, M5, M8), and combined on a common optical axis 280, using one or more combiner mirrors (M10, M11, M12), to unify the beam paths. Selected laser beams may be delivered to a target using one or more delivery systems.

Abstract: The invention can be used for setting up high energy and high average power soft x-ray laser equipments. The apparatus of the present invention is provided with a capillary discharge, wherein the spark gap (3) is disposed in water and breakdown of the spark gap (3) is triggered and synchronized by a laser source (16). In order to complete the synchronizing step the apparatus comprises a transformer (12) for monitoring and controlling the decrease of the charging current of the generator, preferably a Marx generator (7), and a triggering circuit (14). The time dependent control of the laser source (16) generating the breakdown of the spark gap (3) is achieved by the triggering circuit (14).

Abstract: A method for operating a laser device, which has a laser-active solid-state body including a preferably passive Q switch, in which pumped light is applied to the laser device in order to generate a laser pulse. The laser device and/or an optical link between the laser device and a pumped light source supplying the pumped light is at least partially acted upon by an optical test pulse in order to check the integrity of a/the optical link between the laser device and a pumped light source supplying the pumped light.

Abstract: Systems and methods provide laser pulse equalization at different pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs). After initially pumping a lasing medium from a first pumping level to a peak pumping level, a controller may cause a pump source to continue pumping the lasing medium according to a pulse equalization pumping curve. The equalization pumping curve may be determined based on testing laser pulse parameters at different PRFs to achieve an optimal equalization result of the pulse parameters. The optimization metric used to evaluate various equalization pumping curves may include a consistency of the pulse energy level, peak power level, and/or pulse width of the laser under different PRFs. The equalization pumping curve may be a descending curve from the peak pumping level to the first pumping level. The equalization pumping curve may be a linearly declining curve, a substantially exponentially declining curve, a parametrically declining curve, or any other curve type.

Abstract: A laser marker/designator has an energy storage and conversion circuit providing a constant input current to a solid state pulsed pump diode.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pulse modulation method and the like having a structure for effectively suppressing nonlinear optical phenomena which increase as an optical pulse becomes wider when amplifying the optical pulse with a predetermined period as seed light. A modulator performs pulse modulation for a laser light source which is a seed light source or light outputted from the laser light source. A modulation pattern of a modulated voltage outputted from the modulator is adjusted such as to include a plurality of pulse components each having a signal width shorter than the pulse width of the optical pulse as an optical pulse generation pattern within a modulation period corresponding to a period of the optical pulse.

Abstract: An active laser medium includes a metal nanoparticle and a shell surrounding the metal nanoparticle, the shell including a luminophor, wherein a luminescence spectrum of the luminophor overlaps with a peak of surface plasmon resonance of the metal nanoparticle.

Abstract: A laser diode driving device (1) of the present invention includes: a variable DC power supply (3) for outputting a voltage for driving laser diodes (LD1 to LDn); a current driving element (4) for causing a current If to flow; a current control section (5) for controlling (i) turning on and off of the current driving element (4) and (ii) the amount of the current If; and a power supply control section (7) for controlling an output voltage of the variable DC power supply (3). The power supply control section (7) controls, on the basis of If-Vf characteristic data (D2), voltage drop characteristic data (D3), and Vds setting data (D4) all stored in a memory section (8), the output voltage of the variable DC power supply (3) so that the current driving element (4) has a constant inter-terminal voltage regardless of the amount of the current If.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus comprising a diode laser (10) providing radiation in a first wavelength interval, a radiation conversion unit (12) having an input and an output, the radiation converter configured to receive the radiation in the first wavelength interval from the diode laser at the input, the radiation conversion unit configured to convert the radiation in the first wavelength interval to radiation in a second wavelength interval and the output configured to output the converted radiation, the second wavelength interval having one end point outside the first wavelength interval.

Abstract: A diode-laser bar stack includes a plurality of diode-laser bars having different temperature dependent peak-emission wavelengths. The stack is arranged such that the bars can be separately powered. This allows one or more of the bars to be “on” while others are “off”. A switching arrangement is described for selectively turning bars on or off, responsive to a signal representative of the temperature of the diode-laser bar stack, for providing a desired total emission spectrum.

Abstract: A laser amplifier arrangement includes an optical pump source and an axially arranged laser oscillator-amplifier configuration pumped by the pump radiation. The laser oscillator-amplifier configuration includes a laser oscillator excitable by a portion of the pump radiation to emit a laser beam, and a laser amplifier that amplifies the laser beam using the pump radiation. The laser oscillator and laser amplifier are arranged in a substantially coaxial or collinear manner relative to a longitudinal axis of the laser oscillator-amplifier configuration. The pump source includes a first beam source for producing a first pump radiation to pump the laser oscillator, a second beam source for producing a second pump radiation for the laser amplifier, and a pump radiation conducting device, by means of which both the first and the second pump radiation can be lead into the laser oscillator-amplifier configuration substantially in the direction of the longitudinal axis for longitudinal pumping.

Abstract: A laser amplifier arrangement includes an optical pump source and an axially arranged laser oscillator-amplifier configuration pumped by the pump radiation. The laser oscillator-amplifier configuration includes a laser oscillator excitable by a portion of the pump radiation to emit a laser beam, and a laser amplifier that amplifies the laser beam using the pump radiation. The laser oscillator and laser amplifier are arranged in a substantially coaxial or collinear manner relative to a longitudinal axis of the laser oscillator-amplifier configuration. The pump source includes a first beam source for producing a first pump radiation to pump the laser oscillator, a second beam source for producing a second pump radiation for the laser amplifier, and a pump radiation conducting device, by means of which both the first and the second pump radiation can be lead into the laser oscillator-amplifier configuration substantially in the direction of the longitudinal axis for longitudinal pumping.

Abstract: A wavelength-tunable directly modulated fiber ring laser is provided. Generally speaking, the wavelength-tunable directly modulated fiber ring laser employs an RSOA (reflective semiconductor optical amplifier) and an OTF (optical tunable filter) to construct a novel ring resonant cavity. Additionally, a signal generator can be further employed to transmit modulated signals to the RSOA, whereby generating light wave with the modulated signals, so as to provide tunable wave-length and direct modulation at the same time.

Abstract: A laser comprises an end pump light source and a gain medium having a first end, a second end, and four sides comprising a first, a second, a third, and a fourth side. The end pump light source is optically coupled to the first end and pumps the gain medium. The first side and the third side are tapered inwardly from the first end to the first end to the second end at a taper angle ? relative to a longitudinal lasing axis and have a polished finish capable of reflecting light inside the gain medium. The second side and the fourth side are substantially parallel to the longitudinal lasing axis have a ground blasted finish. The first side is also tilted inwardly at a slant angle ? from the fourth side to the second side. A laser beam R0 exits the second end of the gain medium.

Abstract: The present invention comprises, in various embodiments, systems and methods for shutting down a laser system in an intelligent and flexible manner. An intelligent laser interlock system includes both hardwired components, and intelligent components configured to execute computing instructions. The hardwired components and the intelligent components are configured to shutdown the laser system to one or more alternative shutdown states in response to one or more interlock signals.

Abstract: An image projector having one or more broadband lasers designed to reduce the appearance of speckle in the projected image via wavelength diversification. In one embodiment, a broadband laser has an active optical element and a nonlinear optical element, both located inside a laser cavity. The broadband laser generates an output spectrum characterized by a spectral spread of about 10 nm and having a plurality of spectral lines corresponding to different spatial modes of the cavity. Different individual spectral lines effectively produce independent speckle configurations, which become intensity-superimposed in the projected image, thereby causing a corresponding speckle-contrast reduction.

Abstract: A method of estimating an injection power of seed light injected into an injection-seeded transmitter. A back face monitoring (BFM) response of the injection-seeded transmitter is determined, and data representative of the BFM response stored in a memory. During run-time, a controller of the injection-seeded transmitter, detects a temperature of the injection-seeded transmitter and an instantaneous BFM current. BFM response data is obtained from the memory based on the detected temperature, and the seed light injection power estimated based on the obtained data and the detected instantaneous BFM current.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating short optical pulses is provided having a storage medium capable of storing optical energy, a first module for delivering pumping optical pulses or continuous beam into the storage medium to energize the storage medium, and a second module for delivering one or more trigger optical pulses to the optical storage medium. Each of the trigger optical pulses has a rising edge which causes a cascade release of the energy stored in the storage medium in an output optical pulse having a greater power and narrower in width or duration (at full width at half maximum) than the trigger optical pulse that caused the output pulse. A control module in the apparatus controls the operation of the pump module and trigger module so as to provide the desired characteristics of output optical pulses from the apparatus.

Abstract: A method of estimating an injection power of seed light injected into an injection-seeded transmitter. A back face monitoring (BFM) response of the injection-seeded transmitter is determined, and data representative of the BFM response stored in a memory. During run-time, a controller of the injection-seeded transmitter, detects a temperature of the injection-seeded transmitter and an instantaneous BFM current. BFM response data is obtained from the memory based on the detected temperature, and the seed light injection power estimated based on the obtained data and the detected instantaneous BFM current.

Abstract: A medical laser device is described that generates a laser beam controllable with presets as to pulse duration, pulse repetition rate, power and energy per pulse. The device also provides presets with respect to water and air outputs. Parametric values for power, pulse duration, pulse repetition rate, and energy per pulse as well as for water and air settings may be programmed by an end user and stored as presets.

Abstract: A laser projector including a green diode pumped microchip laser module projecting a green laser beam, an optical sensor receiving the laser beam, a power control circuit for the green diode pumped microchip laser module receiving a signal from the optical sensor relative to the power output of the laser beam, and control electronics receiving the signal from the optical sensor connected to the power control circuit modulating the power output of the green diode pumped microchip laser module to maintain a substantially constant power output from the green diode pumped microchip laser module.

Abstract: A lamp-pumped laser includes a pump light source for optically pumping a laser medium, such as a laser rod, a pump light sensor that detects the optical pumping power of the pump light source, and a control unit connected to receive an output signal from the pump light sensor and to increase the electric power of the pump light source on the basis of the detected optical pumping power and in correspondence with a predetermined rise characteristic of the optical pumping power.

Abstract: Apparatus for laser processing a material (8) with optical radiation (T), which apparatus comprises a seed laser (1) pumped by a seed pump (2), an amplifier (3) pumped by an amplifier pump (4), a controller (5), and a scanner (6), wherein the controller (5) controls the seed pump (2), the amplifier pump (4) and the scanner (6) in synchronism such that optical pulses (10) emitted by the seed laser (1) are propagated through the amplifier (3) and directed to the material (8) by the scanner (6), the apparatus being characterized in that controller (5) controls the amplifier pump (4) to cause the amplifier (3) to act as an optical attenuator when the optical radiation (7) is in a first power range, and as an optical amplifier when the output power is in a second power range.

Abstract: A device comprising an organic light emitting layer may be optically pumped to create excited states within the layer. When an electric field is applied across the layer, the excited states may dissociate into geminate polaron pairs within the organic layer. The dissociated states may change back to excitons when the electric field is rapidly reduced or removed. The organic light emitting layer may be optically pumped by an adjacent OLED, allowing for an electrically-driven device.

Abstract: Plural LDs 6 are series-connected and pump a solid-state pumping medium 7. Each of bypass circuits 15 is connected in parallel to an associated one of the LDs 6. An operation of driving each of the bypass circuits 15 is controlled by a control circuit 14. A detection circuit 13 is provided corresponding to each of the LDs 6 and detects a short circuit failure and an open failure of each of the LDs 6 according to a voltage developed thereacross or the like. The detection circuit 13 and the control circuit 14 are connected to and are controlled by an LD shortcircuit control circuit 11. In a case where a failure of the LD is detected by the detection circuit 13, the LD shortcircuit control unit 11 determines the position of the failed LD to bypass electric current having flowed through the failed LD. Then, the control circuit 11 sends a signal to a predetermined control circuit 14 to thereby operate a predetermined bypass circuit 15.

Abstract: A Thulium laser (15) is used to directly drive a ZnGeP2 optical parametric oscillator (30) with a nominal 2 ?m output to simultaneous generate outputs at 2 microns and multiple outputs in the 3-5 micron wavelength range. In one embodiment, the ZGP OPO is configured as a linear resonator and in another embodiment the ZGP OPO is configured as a ring resonator. The ring resonator prevents optical feedback to the Thulium laser (15) and eliminates the need for an optical isolator (24). Moreover, the Thulium laser pump (15) is implemented as a Tm:YAlO3 laser in which YAlO is the host for the Thulium YAlO is particularly beneficial as it is a mechanically hard optical material allowing high thermal loading without fracture as well as natural birefringence that can minimize thermal birefringence losses. A longer wavelength transition at 1.99 microns is selected to minimize nonlinear crystal loss.

Abstract: An ignition device for an internal combustion engine includes at least one pump light source which supplies a pump light. In addition, a laser device is provided which generates a laser pulse for emission into a combustion chamber. A light guide device transmits the pump light from the pump light source to the laser device. Finally, a laser-active solid body, a passive Q-switch, an incoupling mirror, and an output mirror of the laser device are arranged as one integrated monolithic part.

Abstract: A laser system according to the invention comprises pump generating means (x02, x03) for generating at least a first and a second, preferably focused, pump beam, and lasing means (x06, x07) for emitting radiation by being appropriately pumped. The lasing means (x06, x07) is disposed in a first resonator so as to receive the first pump beam in order to generate a first beam (x21) having a first frequency, and the lasing means (x06, x07) is disposed in a second resonator so as to receive the second pump beam in order to generate a second beam (x22) having a second frequency. At least one Q-switch (x08; x17, x18) is disposed in the first and the second resonator, so that the first beam and the second beam both pass a Q-switch (x08; x17, x18). The laser system (x01) has an output (x13) generated from said first beam (x21) and said second beam (x22), and at least a part of said output (x13) is fed back to a regulation system (x14), said regulation system (x14) controlling said pump generating means (x02, x03).

Abstract: A laser arrangement is provided, in which a Lyot filter arrangement is operative to effect single mode operation. The birefringent element of the Lyot filter arrangement has a cavity folding mirror on one side thereof and a polarizing element on another side thereof, such that the free spectral range of the Lyot filter is improved. Preferably, the Lyot filter arrangement and the laser gain material are located in different branches of the folded cavity.

Abstract: A laser device and a method of pumping a laser gain medium (R) comprise directing pulses of laser light from a pump laser (10) to a series of separate locations (11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17) arranged longitudinally along the gain medium (R) in the direction of laser propagation. Each pulse of laser light generates a population inversion in an associated portion of the gain medium (R) just ahead of the laser photons. The pulses from the pump laser (10) are transmitted by a splitter (18) to the series of separate locations by optical delay lines (11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17) and each delay line is arranged to pump a different portion of the gain medium to cause a localised population inversion. The pulse transmission delays deliver a sequence of pulses to the portions of the gain medium (R) such that each portion will in turn contribute to amplification of a laser propagating within the gain medium (R).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of amplifying a laser beam which includes steps consisting in performing an optical pumping of an amplifying crystal so as to inject into the crystal an optical pumping energy Etotal, amplifying the laser beam by means of the amplifying crystal and an optical system with N passes, that is, designed to inject the laser beam into the amplifying crystal N times, N being an integer>1. The optical pumping is temporally divided into n partial pumpings, the optical energy of a partial pumping being a fraction of Etotal, n being an integer 2?n?N and in that the laser beam is injected into the amplifying crystal at least once after each partial pumping.

Abstract: A laser active optronic system has an emission channel for the emission by an emission source of a laser beam which illuminates a target, and a receiving channel for receiving the wave backscattered by the target. An optical switching device is positioned in the receiving channel to receive the backscattered wave and has an optical gain medium and pumping means for pumping the gain medium. The gain medium is absorbent at the wavelength of the laser and becomes substantially transparent when it is pumped to allow the switching device to be actuated in the on mode or off mode respectively. A control unit for controlling the pumping means, allows the switching device to be actuated in the on mode in at least one temporal window of predetermined duration, triggered at a predetermined instant after the start of emission of the illuminating laser beam.

Abstract: A method for producing singlet delta oxygen may include forming a molecular beam of oxygen clusters from oxygen from an oxygen source. The method may also include optically pumping the molecular beam of oxygen clusters to produce singlet delta oxygen.

Abstract: Optical switches and logic devices comprising microstructure-doped nanocavity lasers are described. These switches and logic devices have gain and thus can be cascaded and integrated in a network or system such as for example on a chip. Exemplary switching elements switch the intensity, wavelength, or direction of the output. Exemplary logic devices include AND, OR, NAND, NOR, NOT, and XOR gates as well as flip-flops. Microfluidic sorting and delivery as well as optical tweezing and trapping may be employed to select and position a light emitter in a nanooptical cavity to form the nanolaser.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present invention are directed to apparatuses and methods for up-converting electromagnetic radiation. In one aspect of the present invention, a plasmonic up-converter apparatus includes an excitation source operable to emit electromagnetic radiation at an excitation frequency and at least one array of nanofeatures. The at least one array of nanofeatures is configured to produce an emission spectrum responsive to irradiation by the electromagnetic radiation. The emission spectrum has an intensity at a second harmonic frequency or a third harmonic frequency approximately equal to an intensity at a fundamental harmonic frequency, with the fundamental harmonic frequency being approximately equal to the excitation frequency.

Abstract: Output optical energy pulses including relatively high energy magnitudes at the beginning of each pulse are disclosed. As a result of the relatively high energy magnitudes which lead each pulse, the leading edge of each pulse includes a relatively large slope. This slope is preferably greater than or equal to 5. Additionally, the full-width half-max value of the output optical energy distributions are between 0.025 and 250 microseconds and, more preferably, are about 70 microseconds. A flashlamp is used to drive the laser system, and a current is used to drive the flashlamp. A flashlamp current generating circuit includes a solid core inductor which has an inductance of 50 microhenries and a capacitor which has a capacitance of 50 microfarads.

Abstract: 1. A pulse oscillating type solid laser unit that has a laser unit body whose exciting source is a laser diode that emits light in a principal energy absorbing spectrum of a solid laser activated media, and characterized by that prior to radiating laser light outside the laser unit body as a calibrating operation of a pulse laser output value, specified several varieties of rectangle pulse current values are conducted to a laser diode inside the pulse oscillating type solid laser unit so as to pulse-oscillate the laser unit body, a mean laser output value in each rectangle pulse current value is measured by the use of a laser output measuring instrument arranged inside the laser unit body so as to obtain a mean laser output value data, and in case that the laser output light is radiated outside the laser unit body, a pulse current value linear-predicted based on an obtained mean output value data is conducted to the laser diode so as to obtain a desired pulse laser output value.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for generating an optical carrier is disclosed. The apparatus includes: a light source generating a pump light; a SBS generator for stimulated Brillouin scattering the pump light to generate a stokes light from the light source; an attenuator for controlling an amplitude of the pump light from the light source to generate an amplitude controlled pump light; and a detector for heterodyne beating the stokes light and the amplitude controlled pump light to generate an optical carrier.

Abstract: An optical system couples laser light into an optical fiber, such as a optical amplifier fiber, from the side of the fiber by side-pumping of the fiber that is in contact with the laser such that refracted laser light is redirected into and through the fiber using direct attachment of a laser, such as a high-power laser diode, to the inner cladding of a fiber.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for stabilizing the wavelength of a tunable laser to a target wavelength, by correspondingly adjusting the electrooptical performance of the laser's gain medium, whereby to eliminate the frequency shift due to vibrational factors. The electrooptical performance of the laser's gain medium is adjusted, in the case of an electrically pumped laser, by changing the injection current used to pump the laser; and the electrical performance of the laser's gain medium is adjusted, in the case of an optically pumped laser, by changing the intensity of the pump laser used to energize the laser. The system is implemented with a feedback mechanism.

Abstract: An integrated optical device is provided for distributing optical pump energy. The device includes at least one input port for receiving optical energy, a plurality of output ports, and a user configurable optical network coupled to the input port for distributing the optical energy among the output ports in a prescribed manner in conformance with a user-selected configuration.

Abstract: A method and circuit for measuring the optical modulation amplitude in the operating region of a laser diode is described. The method utilises two measurements of OMA, each measurement being related to the slope in a specific portion of the operating region of the power/current characteristic curve of the laser diode. By combining the two measurement values, the invention provides a 1 measurement for OMA in the operating region of the laser diode that allows for the presence of a non-linear response in the region.

Abstract: A laser apparatus includes a semiconductor laser element having a first active layer made of a GaN-based compound, and emitting first laser light; and a surface-emitting semiconductor element having a second active layer made of a GaN-based compound, being excited with the first laser light, and emitting second laser light. In addition, the surface-emitting semiconductor element may have a first mirror arranged on one side of the second active layer, and a second mirror may be arranged outside the surface-emitting semiconductor element so that the first and second mirrors form a resonator.