Abstract: A method for on-orbit calibration of the temperature sensors of a simulated blackbody is disclosed. The method may include selecting a simulated blackbody traveling in a micro-gravity environment and comprising a sensor, a container positioned proximate the senor and containing a material, and a heat transfer device positioned proximate the at least one container. The heat transfer device may transition the material through a phase change. The temperature sensor may monitor the temperature of the material during the phase change. A correction may be calculated to correct any disparity between the temperature reported by the temperature sensor during the phase change and the known plateau temperature corresponding to that phase change. The correction may be applied to subsequent temperature readings obtained using the temperature sensor.

Abstract: A sensor arrangement for determining an inside temperature in a motor vehicle having a climate control device and at least a panel is at least a part of a control part of the climate control device, where the sensor arrangement includes a housing with at least a front wall and a rear wall, the housing is filled with a heat-insulating material, a first temperature sensor attached to a rear of the front wall and a second temperature sensor attached to an inner side of the rear wall, said inner side facing a rear of the front wall, and where the front wall is a part of the panel of the motor vehicle.

Abstract: A high-temperature plug (10) is provided for a heating element and/or thermocouple or a temperature sensor with at least one wire section (18) embedded in an insulating manner within a metal jacket (16) with a wire end (14) led out from the metal jacket (16) on the front side. The high-temperature plug (10) has a connection sleeve (11) made of metal, into which the at least one wire section (18) embedded in an insulating manner within the metal jacket (16) opens. At least one contact element (12) is in electrical contact within the connection sleeve (11) with the wire end (14) led out from the metal jacket (16) on the front side. At least the end section, facing the at least one wire end (14), of the at least one contact element (12) is embedded in an insulating compound (13) or a metal oxide, such that the embedding fixes the contact element (12) in the connection sleeve.

Abstract: Faulty battery detecting and locating devices and methods are able to detect and locate a faulty battery cell. The device applies an energy to a sensing member, such as a polymeric tube containing at least two polymer-coated and twisted electric wires. Heat that is generated by a faulty battery triggers an electric communication between the two electric wires by melting at least a portion of the polymer. The resulting change in resistance between the two electric wires is used to detect and locate a faulty battery.

Abstract: An apparatus determines cooling characteristics of an operational cooling device used for transferring heat from an electronic device. The operational cooling device is thermally coupled to a heat pipe. The heat pipe has an exposed surface for selective application of heat thereon. Heat from a localized heat source is selectively applied to at least one region of the exposed surface. The heat source is preferably capable of being varied both positionally relative to the exposed surface and in heat intensity. A heat shield is preferably positioned around the exposed surface of the heat pipe to isolate the operational cooling device from the heat from the localized heat source. A temperature detector repeatedly measures a temperature distribution across the exposed surface while the cooling device is in a heat transfer mode. The temperature distribution is then used to thermally characterize the operational cooling device.

Abstract: A heat treatment apparatus includes: a furnace body including a heating part; a processing vessel wherein a space having a plurality of regions is formed between the furnace body and the processing vessel; an in-furnace temperature sensor disposed corresponding to each of the plurality of regions in the space; an in-furnace temperature calculating unit configured to calculate an in-furnace temperature based on signals from each of the in-furnace temperature sensors; and a control unit configured to control the heating part based on the in-furnace temperature calculated by the in-furnace temperature calculating unit. The in-furnace temperature sensor disposed in the reference region includes: a first thermocouple formed of an R thermocouple or an S thermocouple; and a second thermocouple formed of a thermocouple other than the R thermocouple or the S thermocouple. The in-furnace temperature sensor disposed in the other region includes the second thermocouple.

Abstract: A test slot assembly is provided for testing a storage device. The test slot assembly is configured to receive and support a storage device, or a storage device supported by a storage device transporter. The test slot assembly also includes a temperature sensing assembly. The temperature sensing assembly is arranged to measure a temperature of a storage device by way of physical contact. The test slot assembly also includes a clamping mechanism operatively associated with the housing. The clamping mechanism is operable to move the temperature sensing assembly into contact with a storage device.

Abstract: A multi-purpose, cylindrical thermal insulation test apparatus is used for testing insulation materials and systems of materials using a liquid boil-off calorimeter system for absolute measurement of the effective thermal conductivity (k-value) and heat flux of a specimen material at a fixed environmental condition (cold-side temperature, warm-side temperature, vacuum pressure level, and residual gas composition). The apparatus includes an inner vessel for receiving a liquid with a normal boiling point below ambient temperature, such as liquid nitrogen, enclosed within a vacuum chamber. A cold mass assembly, including the upper and lower guard chambers and a middle test vessel, is suspended from a lid of the vacuum canister. Each of the three chambers is filled and vented through a single feedthrough. All fluid and instrumentation feedthroughs are mounted and suspended from a top domed lid to allow easy removal of the cold mass.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus are provided through which in some implementations a non-contact thermometer and a contact-thermometer are operably coupled to a microprocessor, a battery and a display device in one housing.

Abstract: An assembly determines an analyte concentration in a sample of body fluid. The assembly includes a test sensor having a fluid-receiving area for receiving a sample of body fluid, where the fluid-receiving area contains a reagent that produces a measurable reaction with an analyte in the sample. The assembly also includes a meter having a port or opening configured to receive the test sensor; a measurement system configured to determine a measurement of the reaction between the reagent and the analyte; and a temperature-measuring system configured to determine a measurement of the test-sensor temperature when the test sensor is received into the opening. The meter determines a concentration of the analyte in the sample according to the measurement of the reaction and the measurement of the test-sensor temperature.

Abstract: A method of measuring a temperature of a noble gas in a chamber includes providing the noble gas in the chamber. The noble gas is characterized by a pressure and a temperature. The method also includes directing a first laser beam into the chamber and directing a second laser beam into the chamber. The first laser beam is characterized by a first frequency and the second laser beam is characterized by a second frequency. The method further includes converting at least a portion of the first laser beam and the second laser beam into a coherent anti-Stokes beam, measuring a Doppler broadening of the coherent anti-Stokes beam, and computing the temperature using the Doppler broadening.

Abstract: The fabrication and use of a multifunctional micropipette biological sensor for in-situ detection of temperature changes, ion conductivity, and light is described herein.

Abstract: A method for managing thermal condition of a thermal zone that includes multiple thermally controllable components include determining thermal relationship between the components and reducing temperature of a first component by reducing thermal dissipation of a second component.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to thermal imaging systems and methods and uses therefor, and in a particular though non-limiting embodiment, to a method of detecting corrosion under insulation, as well as corrosion-related material data associated therewith. The system utilizes advanced infrared imaging video cameras to detect characteristic signatures of wet thermal traits on process equipment. Various embodiments of the invention integrate equipment, automation, and algorithms to form a method for identifying wet thermal insulation by scanning multiple locations along insulated piping, tanks, or other manufacturing equipment. Such scans can occur individually, sequentially, or simultaneously, with the results then being stored and comparatively analyzed.

Abstract: A system and method for measuring, recording and reporting vehicle tire temperatures and/or pressures. In one aspect, a sensing device including a convex protective vessel, with pressure and/or temperature sensors enclosed therein. The sensing device is dropped freely within the interior of a tire prior to rim mounting. A movement sensor can also be included in the sensing device. The protective vessel, including all sensors, is not attached or connected in any way to the vehicle tire, rim, or valve stem such that the sensing device is independent of the vehicle tire, rim, and valve stem, and moves freely within the interior of the tire. A balancing set including a dummy device, substantially equal in weight to a sensing device, and means for connecting the dummy device to the sensing device at 180 degrees separation around the tire may also be employed.

Abstract: A measuring device for a heat exchanger includes a pressure pipe arrangement that is spaced using webs and that has a heating side and an isolation side and that is implemented with at least one heat flow sensor. A heat flow sensor is arranged on the heating side in such a way that at least two temperatures T1 and T2 and the temperature difference thereof can be detected there, and additionally at least one temperature sensor for measuring a temperature T3 is arranged on the isolation side and at a distance to the heat flow sensor.

Abstract: The invention relates to an optical element for guiding and forming a laser beam, and to a method for recording beam parameters, particularly in a laser system, comprising a carrier substrate (40) and a coating (39), which is applied to at least one side of the carrier substrate (40), and comprising at least one temperature sensor (38). The temperature sensor (38) is comprised of a number of pixels arranged in a matrix, and each respective pixel has at least one temperature-sensitive element (39). The at least one temperature-sensitive element (39) of the pixel is constructed inside the carrier substrate (40) made of silicon.

Abstract: Embodiments of a handheld probe are described. The handheld probe may have a housing. The housing of the handheld probe may have a handle section and a probe shell section that is configured to house a probe. The handle section may have a hexagonal-shaped profile so that the handheld probe can be positioned on a flat surface of the hexagonal-shaped profile. In some embodiments, the handle section may have a center hole that is configured to accept a cable. The cable may be potted in the center hole filled with epoxy to prevent moisture from getting into the cable. In some embodiments, the probe shell section may be configured to have a thin wall so that the handheld probe can have a rapid response to temperature changes. A tip of the probe shell section may also be silver brazed to help with fast temperature response.

Abstract: A neuropathy diagnostic device includes a body having a neutral temperature surface disposed on an exterior of the body, a variable temperature surface disposed on the exterior of the body, and a vibrating surface having a variable vibration amplitude. The vibrating surface extends outwardly from the body. A touch sensor extends outwardly from the body. A processor is disposed within the body. The processor is adapted to set a temperature of the neutral temperature surface, vary a temperature of the variable temperature surface, and vary the vibration amplitude of the vibrating surface.

Abstract: The invention relates to an integrated temperature sensor (1) comprising: means (2000) for generating a pulse train (DATA_IN) at an oscillation frequency, means (3000) for counting the number of pulses during a fixed period of time independent of a temperature to be measured (T) and for generating a plurality of bits (b11, b10, . . . , b0) indicating the number of pulses in the pulse train (DATA_IN), and means (4000) for generating a serial digital signal (DATA_OUT) from said bits (b11, b10, . . . , b0), in which the means (2000) for generating a pulse train (DATA_IN) include a plurality of logic gates (2410, 2420, 2430, 2440, 2450) which can introduce a delay dependent on the temperature to be measured (T), said means (2000) generating a pulse train (DATA_IN) the oscillation frequency of which is dependent on said temperature to be measured (T). The invention also relates to a temperature measurement method and to a transponder for a wireless system.

Abstract: An apparatus evaluates a substrate mounting device adapted to hold a target substrate placed on a mounting surface and to control a temperature of the target substrate. The apparatus includes an evacuatable airtightly sealed chamber accommodating therein the substrate mounting device, a heat source, arranged in a facing relationship with the mounting surface, for irradiating infrared light. The apparatus further includes an evaluation-purpose substrate adapted to be mounted on the mounting surface in place of the target substrate, the evaluation-purpose substrate being made of an infrared light absorbing material, and having a unit for measuring temperatures at plural sites on a surface and/or inside of the substrate.

Abstract: A flexible board includes a base layer, a wiring conductor layer that is located on the base layer, and a cover layer that is stacked over the base layer and covers the wiring conductor layer. A portion of the wiring conductor layer defines connecting portions that connect each of split electrodes of a flexible thermistor. The cover layer includes an opening that exposes the connecting portions, and receives the flexible thermistor. The split electrodes of the flexible thermistor are mounted on the connecting portions of the wiring layer. The height of the exposed surface of the flexible thermistor from the opening is substantially equal to the height of the surface of the cover layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and arrangement for measuring at least one physical magnitude, such as temperature, flow or pressure of the cooling fluid flowing in an individual cooling element cycle (3) of a cooling element (1) in a metallurgical furnace. The arrangement includes a supply header (2) for distributing the cooling fluid and for feeding it to the cooling element cycles (3) of the cooling elements (1), and a collection header (4) for collecting and receiving cooling fluid from the cooling element cycles (3) of the cooling elements (1). The arrangement includes a survey line (5) that is by intermediation of a valve arrangement (6) in fluid connection with at least one cooling element cycle (3), so that the cooling fluid is conducted alternatively through the survey line (5) to the collection header (4) or past the survey line (5) to the collection header (4).

Abstract: A display panel temperature sensing apparatus, in an embodiment, includes a display panel, at least one temperature-sensing component, at least one passive device, and an oscillation circuit. The at least one temperature-sensing component is disposed on the display panel. The at least one passive device is coupled to the at least one temperature-sensing component to form a resistance-capacitance (RC) structure. The oscillation circuit is coupled to the RC structure and an output terminal of the oscillation circuit outputs a temperature-sensing signal.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method to control the work of electronic thermometer by using the position of probe. The probe incased in a disposable sheath, wherein the pre-heating mechanism in the probe and the control switch is connected with the host of the electronic thermometer by wires; and by using the axial reciprocating motion of the probe to trigger the control switch to initiate the electronic thermometer. When using the invention, we use the movement for the assembling of the sheath to initiate the hearting process and measurement, to ensure that the disposable sheath is assembled on the probe, and then execute the measurement, so as to eliminate the possibility of cross infection completely. The invention also exempts the requirement for the users to the return back of the probe into the cavity after use, and brings convenience for the users: Meanwhile, the equipment structure is simple, and the machinery assembles are few by comparison, which effectively decrease the production cost.

Abstract: A thermometer has temperature sensing tip, a processor taking temperature readings and determining a sensed temperature reading of the living being from the temperature sensing tip. The thermometer also includes a display and a backlight for lighting the display. The backlight is activated upon a command from the processor and the processor determines whether to activate the backlight based upon the temperature readings. The method embodiment can includes the steps of using the processor to monitor a temperature change indicated by a temperature sensing element. The processor then detects a temperature decrease and activates a first color light emitting element to backlight a display if the temperature decrease exceeds or equals a predetermined threshold. The thermometer is operable in one of a plurality of selectable operating modes, and the predetermined threshold is dependent upon the selected operating mode. For example, operating modes may depend on patient age range or measurement location.

Abstract: A stirring control method is adapted for a combustion apparatus which includes a furnace for burning fuel material, and a stirring member rotatably disposed in the furnace for stirring the fuel material and ash resulting from burning of the fuel material. The stirring control method includes: controlling rotation of the stirring member at an initial rotational speed; determining whether a height of the fuel material reaches an upper detection range; generating an indication when the height of the fuel material reaches the upper detection range; determining whether the height of the fuel material reaches a lower detection range when the height of the fuel material does not reach the upper detection range; and controlling rotation of the stirring member at a rotational speed higher than the initial rotational speed when the height of the fuel material reaches the lower detection range.

Abstract: Systems for analyzing effects of cargo fire on primary aircraft structure are provided. A particular system includes a processor and a memory accessible to the processor. The memory includes instructions executable by the processor to access a thermal profile of a suppressed fire in a physical model of a cargo compartment of an aircraft. The instructions are also executable to analyze heat transfer resulting from applying the thermal profile of the suppressed fire to a structure of the aircraft surrounding the cargo compartment to determine a predicted temperature reached by one or more parts of the structure surrounding the cargo compartment as a result of the suppressed fire. The instructions are also executable to generate an output including the predicted temperature reached by the one or more parts of the structure surrounding the cargo compartment.

Abstract: Tools and methods for creating isolated or localized temperature changes on components in an electric circuit. By isolating temperature changes to individual components or small sets of components, the tools and methods allow greater control over the analysis of interactions within a board. This may allow clearer understanding of the effects of temperature on circuit component behavior. The tools and analysis advances analysis such as failure analysis and design testing.

Abstract: A method for estimating the temperature of a laundry load in a treating chamber of a laundry dryer.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining and/or monitoring at least one measured variable. The apparatus includes: at least one measuring unit; and at least one securement unit for holding the measuring unit in contact with an object. The securement unit is embodied in such a manner, that the securement unit has at least two stable shape states, wherein, for transition between the at least two states, application of a mechanical force to the securement unit is required.

Abstract: Methods and systems for dynamically estimating the core temperature of at least one cell in a battery during an operative period. The method includes receiving by at least one controller the surface temperature, the current, the voltage, the state of charge, and the period of time from the initiation of a rest period to the termination of the rest period, determining an initial value of the lumped internal resistance of the at least one cell, determining subsequent values of the lumped internal resistance recursively in real-time based on the initial value, the current, and the voltage, and determining the core temperature of the at least one cell based on the surface temperature, the current, the obtained time, and the lumped internal resistance.

Abstract: Methods for gas sensing with single-walled carbon nanotubes are described. The methods comprise biasing at least one carbon nanotube and exposing to a gas environment to detect variation in temperature as an electrical response.

Abstract: An electric brake for an aircraft wheel comprising a support 4 formed by a torsion tube 5 and by an actuator-carrier 6, a stack 7 of disks mounted around the torsion tube 5, electromechanical actuators 8 carried by the actuator-carrier 6, each actuator comprising an electric motor 12 and a pusher 14, the electric motor 12 being adapted to move the pusher 14 facing the stack 7 of disks in order to apply a braking force selectively to the stack 7 of disks; and temperature measurement means for measuring a temperature representative of a temperature that exists in the stack 7 of disks. The temperature measurement means comprises at least one temperature sensor 18 arranged in the pusher 14 of one of the electromechanical actuators 8 so as to be located in the immediate proximity of the stack 7 of disks when the pusher 14 is brought into contact therewith.

Abstract: A temperature sensor includes a polymer body for mounting the sensor to a mounting surface and positioning a temperature sensing element within a target fluid. The temperature sensing element may be positioned at the distal end of the polymer body and may be sealed from the fluid by a metal cap filled with a thermally conductive material. In this manner, the polymer body may thermally insulate the temperature sensing element and lead conductors within the polymer body from the mounting surface. The polymer body may also include a connector on the proximal end to facilitate an electrical connection with the temperature sensing element, a flange to install the sensor against the mounting surface, and a fixation surface configured to mate with the mounting surface. In some examples, the polymer body may be constructed in two stages to facilitate different configurations of the connector, flange, and/or fixation surface.

Abstract: A tube bundle reactor carries out endothermic or exothermic gas phase reactions. The tube bundle of reactor tubes are filled with catalyst, and have their ends fastened tightly in tube sheets (3, 4). A fluid heat carrier (10) flows around the tubes during operation. A shell (5) encloses the tube bundle. A gas inlet head (6) spans one of the tube sheets, and a gas outlet head (7) spans the other tube sheet. The reactor tubes are in fluid communication with the gas inlet and outlet heads (6, 7), and further include at least one stage thermometer (9) installed in a thermometer tube (2) disposed in the tube bundle. The at least one stage thermometer (9) is axially movable inside the thermometer tube (2), and the tube bundle reactor (1) includes a mechanical positioning means (8) to effect the axial movement of the stage thermometer (9). Moreover, a method is proposed for measuring a temperature profile in tube bundle reactors of the kind specified.

Abstract: A remote, noncontact temperature determination method and apparatus is provided, which is operable to determine the temperature of a conducting member forming a part of or in operative thermal communication with an object of interest. The method comprises the steps of first inducing a closed vortex eddy current (28) in a conducting member (16, 38, 44) by subjecting the member (16, 38, 44) to a magnetic field, such that the corresponding eddy current magnitude changes exponentially over time. A characteristic time constant of the exponential current magnitude changes is then determined, and this is used to calculate the temperature of the object. The apparatus (24) includes a field transmitting coil (14) coupled with a waveform generator (12) for inducing the eddy current (28), and a field receiving coil assembly (18) which detects the corresponding magnetic field induced by the eddy current (28).

Abstract: A component in a processing chamber of a substrate processing apparatus, where a temperature may be accurately measured by using a temperature measuring apparatus using an interference of a low-coherence light, even when a front surface and a rear surface are not parallel due to abrasion, or the like. A focus ring used in a vacuum atmosphere and of which a temperature is measured includes an abrasive surface exposed to an abrasive atmosphere according to plasma, a nonabrasive surface not exposed to the abrasive atmosphere, a thin-walled portion including a top surface and a bottom surface that are parallel to each other, and a coating member coating the top surface of the thin-walled portion, wherein a mirror-like finishing is performed on each of the top and bottom surfaces of the thin-walled portion.

Abstract: A vacuum insulation panel includes a core material having a bending groove at at least one surface thereof, and an envelope material to cover an outer surface of the core material and an inner surface of the bending groove. Also, a refrigerator with the vacuum insulation panel and a manufacturing method for the vacuum insulation panel are provided.

Abstract: In a hydrocarbyl gas the presence and amount of a condensable polar component may be detected by voltage or current excursions over background noise as measured using a probe having at least two common electrodes and optionally a third electrode preferably inert to corrosion.

Abstract: A telemetry system for use in a combustion turbine engine (10) having a compressor (12), a combustor and a turbine (16) that includes a sensor (50, 74) in connection with a turbine blade (18) or vane (22). A telemetry transmitter circuit (210) may be affixed to the turbine blade (18) with a first connecting material (52, 152) deposited on the turbine blade (18) for routing electronic data signals from the sensor (50, 74) to the telemetry transmitter circuit (210), the electronic data signals indicative of a condition of the turbine blade (18). An induction power system for powering the telemetry transmitter circuit (210) may include a rotating data antenna (202) affixed to the turbine blade (18) with a second connecting material (140) deposited on the turbine blade (18) for routing electronic data signals from the telemetry transmitter circuit (210) to the rotating data antenna (202).

Abstract: An operating device (1) is provided for at least one luminous element (2), including a measuring device configured to measure a temperature (T) present in the operating device (1) or in the surroundings of the operating device, and at least one interface connected to the measuring means and configured to output a piece of information regarding the measured temperature (T).

Abstract: A liquid based ice protection test method tests an aircraft part that includes at least a first heating element mounted on an inside surface of an aircraft skin. The method includes bringing the aircraft skin into contact with a low temperature bath and taking one or more temperature readings of the aircraft skin. A liquid based deicing test system includes a container that holds a low temperature bath, a fixture to suspend the aircraft part within the container, and a temperature sensing device for reading temperatures on an outside surface of the aircraft part. A liquid based ice protection test method includes sealing off ends of an aircraft part, attaching at least one temperature sensing device on the aircraft part and at least partially submerging it in a low temperature bath, and obtaining temperature information from the temperature sensing device.

Abstract: Disposable, pre-sterilized, and pre-calibrated, pre-validated conductivity sensors are provided. These sensors are designed to store sensor-specific information, such as calibration and production information, in a non-volatile memory chip on the sensor on in a barcode printed on the sensor. The sensors are calibrated using 0.100 molar potassium chloride (KCl) solutions at 25 degrees Celsius. These sensors may be utilize with in-line systems, closed fluid circuits, bioprocessing systems, or systems which require an aseptic environment while avoiding or reducing cleaning procedures and quality assurance variances.

Abstract: A target is provided having a retroreflector. A body is provided having a spherical exterior portion, the body containing a cavity. The cavity is sized to hold the retroreflector, the cavity open to the exterior of the body and having at least one surface opposite the opening, the retroreflector at least partially disposed in the cavity, wherein the retroreflector and at least one surface define a space therebetween. A transmitter is configured to emit an electromagnetic signal. A first actuator is configured to initiate emission of the electromagnetic signal, wherein the transmitter and the first actuator are affixed to the body.

Abstract: A probe for temperature measurement uses interference of a low-coherence light beam. The probe includes a temperature acquiring member configured to be brought into contact with a surface of a temperature measurement target and thermally assimilate with the temperature measurement target; a light irradiating/receiving unit configured to irradiate a measurement light beam as a low-coherence light beam to the temperature acquiring member and receive reflected light beams from a front surface and a rear surface of the temperature acquiring member; and a housing configured to define a distance between the temperature acquiring member and the light irradiating/receiving unit to a preset length and isolate optical paths of the measurement light beam and the two reflected light beams from an atmosphere in which the temperature measurement target is placed.

Abstract: Devices and methods are described herein that are configured for use in laboratory testing, such as, for example, during a procedure including the monitoring and detection of chemical reactions. For example, the systems and devices described herein can be used during a procedure to monitor and detect polymerase chain reactions (PCR). In some embodiments, a sample container includes a container body that defines an interior volume and has an open end in fluid communication with the interior volume. A cap is sealingly engageable with the open end of the container body. The cap defines a receptacle that is configured to extend within a portion of the interior volume of the container body when the cap is sealingly engaged thereto. The receptacle can receive therein a sensor, such as, a temperature sensor that can monitor the temperature of a sample material disposed within the container body.

Abstract: A valve device includes a wire channel through which wires are routed from the inside of a gas tank to the outside of the gas tank, and a hermetic connector in which a sealing member is provided around wire pins that constitute part of the wires is provided in the wire channel. In addition, the wire channel has multiple (two) bent portions formed on the outer side of the hermetic connector. When pulling force acts on the wires from the outside, stress concentration portions are formed in the wires at these bent portions.

Abstract: A temperature detection apparatus includes a transformer, a thermostat attached directly to an electrically conductive site of the heating element and has contacts that become short-circuited or come into an open-circuit condition depending on whether or not the temperature of the heating element is equal to or higher than a predetermined value, the contacts being connected to a secondary coil in the transformer, a DC voltage source and a transistor configured to supply required AC power to a primary coil in the transformer, a current detection resistor configured to detect a current flowing through the primary coil in the transformer, and a comparison circuit detecting a voltage generated across the current detection resistor when a current flows through the current detection resistor, the comparison circuit outputting an alarm signal when the current flowing through the primary coil in the transformer exceeds a preset threshold current.

Abstract: A device to measure the residual power of a charge, comprising: means delimiting a first vessel to receive and contain a charge to be measured; means delimiting a second vessel around the first vessel; means to apply a layer of liquid or wet layer around the first vessel; and means to maintain constant the temperature and/or pressure of a vapor outside the first vessel or in the second vessel.