Abstract: A temperature detector for an exhaust gas sensor comprises: an exhaust gas sensor 2 for detecting a concentration of oxygen contained in exhaust gas discharged from an internal combustion engine; a temperature sensor 6 for measuring an environmental temperature which is substantially the same as the exhaust gas sensor 2; a resistance measuring means 12 for measuring an internal resistance value of the exhaust gas sensor 2; a timer means 10 for measuring an operation stop time of the internal combustion engine; and a control means 8 for detecting the internal resistance value of the exhaust gas sensor 2 and the environmental temperature at each operation starting point when a period of operation stop conducted by the timer means 10 is longer than a predetermined period, for calculating a characteristic of the internal resistance value versus the temperature of the exhaust gas sensor 2 from both the internal resistance of the exhaust gas sensor and the environmental temperature, for renewing and storing them, a

Abstract: A method and apparatus for extending the life of a thermowell tube positioned in a hot gas duct to contain a thermocouple capable of measuring the temperature of a hot gas in the duct.

Abstract: A thermowell assembly (20) shown in FIG. 2 is positioned in a pipeline (10) for sensing the temperature of the fluid medium in the pipeline (10) for transmitting the sensed temperature to a meter (12). A temperature sensing probe is received within a temperature conducting tube (36) forming a thermowell and having a plurality of annular fins (40) extending thereabout. In the embodiments of FIGS. 1-7, a liquid (50) is provided in an annular space between the thermocouple (28) and the temperature conducting tube (36). Non-metallic members (70, 74, 80) are positioned between the pipeline (10) and the temperature transmitting tube (36) to isolate thermocouple (28) from ambient changes in the temperature of metal pipeline (10) which may result in an error in the temperature of the flow medium sensed by the thermowell assembly (20). High temperature embodiments shown in FIGS.

Abstract: A system for calculating the degree of fouling in a heat exchanger having at least one longitudinal tube inside of a shell, the shell having a first heat exchange medium flowing inside the tube and a second heat exchange medium flowing across the outside surface of the tube. The apparatus includes a first temperature sensor, a device for determining the temperature of the tube at a first axial position of the tube, and a fouling detector. The first temperature sensor senses the temperature of the tube at a first axial position of the tube. The fouling detector calculates the degree of fouling in the tube based on the initial temperature difference between the temperature of the tube and the temperature of the first heat exchange medium in the tube at the first axial position, and a later temperature difference between the temperature of a surface of the tube and the temperature of the first heat exchange medium in the tube at the first axial position.

Abstract: A temperature sensing device measures the temperature of a fluid at selected locations along an IV fluid line. The device is secured to a selected portion of the IV line and includes a temperature sensor for measuring fluid flowing within that line. The device is coupled to a temperature display device to display the measured temperature. The temperature sensing device may include: a housing with a lower cover to engage the line and a temperature sensor; a holder movable along the line and including a temperature sensor; a housing with a lower member including a tip to pierce and measure temperature of fluid within the line; a resilient member with a spiral configuration and a tip to pierce and measure temperature of fluid within the line; a ‘T’-type fitting including a temperature sensor; or a ‘Y’-type fitting including a temperature sensor in the form of a needle.

Abstract: The thermal deformations (thermal expansions and contractions) of a rib 105, a nipple nut 106 and a boss portion 201 are made substantially the same by making the coefficients of linear thermal expansion thereof substantially the same. According to the construction, even if an exhaust gas temperature sensor 100 is disposed in the vicinity of an exhaust manifold whereby the thermal deformations (thermal expansions and contractions) of the rib 105, the nipple nut 106 and the boss portion 201 are large, since the rib 105, the nipple nut 106 and the boss portion 201 are thermally expanded and/or contracted substantially all together, the loosening of threads due to a hot-cold cycle can be prevented.

Abstract: A device for measuring the thermal conductivity of a fluid comprising a first detection section with at least one duct in which a gas flows and at least one heat sensitive resistance element placed in that duct, and a second detection section for the detection of an electrical resistance of the heat sensitive resistance elements. The device also comprises a thermoregulator to maintain the first detection section at a constant first temperature and a further thermoregulator to maintain at least part of the second detection section at a constant second temperature independent of the first temperature.

Abstract: An apparatus for accurate temperature and pressure measurement in production processes is described. In designing the temperture pressure probe, novel features are described which include minimization of the thermal mass of the thermal probe, thermal isolation of the thermal probe from its surroundings, and generating turbulence in the vicinity of the thermal probe where it comes in contact with the fluid flow. Embodiments disclosed for the pressure sensor include a recessed position where fluid pressure transients are minimized, and a surface mounted pressure sensor that is useful where the pressure sensor of the first embodiment is likely to get clogged due to fluid composition.

Abstract: A thermowell assembly (20) shown in FIG. 2 is positioned in a pipeline (10) for sensing the temperature of the fluid medium in the pipeline (10) for transmitting the sensed temperature to a meter (12). A temperature sensing probe is received within a temperature conducting tube (36) forming a thermowell and having a plurality of annular fins (40) extending thereabout. In the embodiments of FIGS. 1-7, a liquid (50) is provided in an annular space between the thermocouple (28) and the temperature conducting tube (36). Non-metallic members (70, 28, 80) are positioned between the pipeline (10) and the temperature transmitting tube (36) to isolate thermocouple (28) from ambient changes in the temperature of metal pipeline (10) which may result in an error in the temperature of the flow medium sensed by the thermowell assembly (20). High temperature embodiments shown in FIGS.

Abstract: For detecting the temperature of a fluid, particularly a flowing liquid or gaseous medium, in the hollow space of a housing, a temperature-measuring element is provided that can be connected to an evaluation device via a plug arrangement and is arranged in a protective tube of a sensor housing, which is closed on one side, and with a connection piece firmly affixed thereto. The protective tube projects at least with its tip into an opening of the hollow space that is sealed off from the outside atmosphere using an elastic O-ring. The temperature-measuring element is arranged in the region of the tip of the protective tube on one end of a longitudinally extending circuit board and is connected via strip conductors to the plug arrangement that leads to the outside. The plug arrangement is surrounded by a screw sheath of the sensor housing, which is firmly connected to the protective tube and is provided with a threading that projects into the housing of the hollow space for the purpose of mounting.

Abstract: A fixing method of a temperature sensing element of an air conditioner and its assembling method, including a fixing portion to be fixed to a main body, an opening portion forming an opening surface, a folded portion having a holding portion for holding a temperature sensing element, an accommodating portion installed as being opened at the opening surface, for accommodating a tip of the temperature sensing element, and a foldable thin wall portion installed between the opening portion and the folded portion, in which the fixing portion, opening portion, thin wall portion, and foldable portion are integrally formed, the temperature sensing element is installed in the holding portion, the thin wall portion is folded, and the folded portion is fitted to the opening portion. In this constitution, damage or breakage of the temperature sensing element can be prevented. Further, direct contact by the user is prevented.

Abstract: In a temperature sensor inserted into a hole formed in a wall of an exhaust gas passage thereby to set a temperature sensitive element in position in the passage, a metal rib in close contact with a hole for preventing the leakage of the exhaust gas is welded over the entire outer peripheral surface of a metal outer cylinder at the end thereof nearer to the passage, and a cylindrical metal sleeve for covering lead wire connecting portions is welded over the entire periphery of a protrusion of the rib at a position further away from the passage than the coupling portion between the rib and the outer cylinder.

Abstract: A method and arrangement for measuring the temperature of hot gases present in a hot gas space. A portion of the hot gases is mixed in a mixing space arranged inside the hot gas space with a cooler gas. The temperature of the gas mixture is measured with a thermocouple which is provided in the mixing space. The gas mixture is guided past the thermocouple to determine the temperature of the hot gases from the measured temperature of the gas mixture. The hot gas space is located in the combustion chamber of a gas turbine.

Abstract: An arrangement for measuring the temperature of fluids has a measuring sensor (4) to which a measuring current is supplied by a current source (11). This arrangement is improved in that the temperature measurement is carried out without significant inherent warming of the measuring sensor (4). The invention is also directed to a method for carrying out the temperature measurement wherein measuring current pulses are applied to the measuring sensor (4) and the voltage maximum and current maximum, which are generated by the measuring current pulses, drop across the measuring sensor (4) and are detected. A quotient of the voltage maximum and the current maximum is formed and this quotient is an index for the temperature of the fluid.

Abstract: In a temperature-measuring device, in particular for measuring the flame temperature in a gas turbine combustion chamber, a number of optical measuring sensors (7) are arranged directly upstream of a flame front (8) in a premixing zone (3) of a burner (1). Each optical measuring sensor (7) is aligned essentially parallel to and/or coaxial with a fuel flow (5) directed into the gas turbine combustion chamber.

Abstract: A temperature probe for use in a product flow line including a valve seat secured in the flow line, a valve stem and an orifice ring. The orifice ring is attached to the valve stem to define a pair of flow paths for product passing through the product flow line. One flow path is through the ring and the other is between the ring and the valve seat. A temperature sensing probe is carried by the valve stem and positioned in the orifice ring for sensing the temperature of the product in the flow line. A spring is connected to act on the valve stem and is responsive to changes in velocity of the product in the flow line to move the orifice ring toward and away from the valve seat to maintain the velocity of the product flowing past the probe constant.

Abstract: A process for operating a thermocouple (2), which is arranged in a gas atmosphere and is maintained at a working temperature that is increased compared with the gas temperature by means of an a.c. power source (11). The determination of the thermal power introduced into the gas atmosphere and the temperature measurement are made possible with one measuring element. The thermocouple voltage is compared with a predetermined reference voltage U.sub.B arising from the working temperature of the thermocouple, a difference signal is formed between the thermocouple voltage and the reference voltage U.sub.B, and the a.c. power source (11)is influenced with the difference signal such that the thermocouple voltage is maintained at a constant value relative to the reference voltage U.sub.B.

Abstract: A temperature probe for use in a product flow line including a valve seat secured in the flow line, a valve stem and an orifice ring. The orifice ring is attached to the valve stem to define a pair of flow paths for product passing through the product flow line. One flow path is through the ring and the other is between the ring and the valve seat. A temperature sensing probe is carried by the valve stem and positioned in the orifice ring for sensing the temperature of the product in the flow line. A spring is connected to act on the valve stem and is responsive to changes in velocity of the product in the flow line to move the orifice ring toward and away from the valve seat to maintain the velocity of the product flowing past the probe constant.

Abstract: Temperature of an airflow for an inflatable thermal device is measured near where the temperature is delivered to the device through an air hose by a method that simulates the frictional airflow resistance of the device. According to the method, an airflow resistor is receivable on that end of an hose that connects to an inflatable thermal device. The airflow resistor has a defined airflow resistance that corresponds to the airflow resistance of the inflatable thermal device.

Abstract: A flow control valve assembly is adapted for use with a water conveying device which is provided with a supply channel, a valve chamber, first and second outlet passages communicated fluidly with the valve chamber, and a mounting hole. The flow control valve assembly is mounted to the water conveying device at the mounting hole with the use of a tubular mount, and includes a piston shaft movable between a first valve position, where water from the supply channel flows through the second outlet passage, and a second valve position, where water from the supply channel flows through the first outlet passage. The flow control valve assembly further includes a temperature sensor for detecting the temperature of water in the valve chamber, and an indicator unit associated operably with the temperature sensor so as to indicate the water temperature in the valve chamber thereon.

Abstract: An elongate temperature probe is provided for extending into a fluid flow. First an second temperature sensors are mounted in the temperature probe, spaced apart from each other along the length of the probe. The first and second temperature sensors provide temperature signals to a data processor. The data processor in use determines the temperature of the fluid flow from the temperature signals and at least one other fluid parameter, using a mathematical model of the heat transfer along the probe.

Abstract: A temperature sensor comprising: a hollow tube with a first end and a second end, wherein the second end is closed sealing a cavity within the tube from an environment outside of the tube and wherein the first end has an exterior cylindrical surface; a temperature responsive sensing element within the tube proximate to the second end; a glass cylinder having an inner cylindrical surface in sealing engagement with the exterior cylindrical surface of the first end of the tube; and a sensor housing having an inner cylindrical cavity bounded by an inner cylindrical wall, wherein an outer cylindrical surface of the glass cylinder is sealingly engaged with the inner cylindrical wall.

Abstract: An apparatus for inspecting, monitoring or injecting a process material into a high temperature process vessel includes a lance having an outer annulus, an inner annulus and a plurality of tubes positioned between inner annulus and outer annulus, the inner annulus defines a center passage, the tubes communicating with the cooling medium inlet for the flow of cooling medium to the distal end of the lance, the outer annulus, inner annulus and plurality of tubes defining a plurality of interspacial areas for the flow of cooling medium from the distal end of the lance to the cooling outlet. A thermocouple may mounted inside a thermocouple well for measuring the temperature adjacent the distal end of the injection lance.

Abstract: In a temperature sensor for measuring and/or monitoring the temperature of a medium, in particular air, flowing in a flow conduit, in particular an intake tube, of an internal combustion engine, having a plastic body that can be plugged into a receiving bore and that carries a plastic plug with electrical connections and carries a plastic part, which has a resistor element and protrudes into the flow conduit, in order to reduce the manufacture and installation cost, at least one annular sealing bead, which produces the seal in relation to the inner wall of the receiving bore, and snap hooks are molded on the plastic body, which hooks engage behind radial shoulders embodies in the receiving bore.

Abstract: A system for measuring the content of foreign substances in a gas stream, for example oil in a stream of compressed air. The system includes at least one probe for collecting a given amount of gas. In the probe there is at least one sensor over which the sampled gas is passed. For optimum evaluation and for signaling certain states of operation, the sensor includes a temperature sensor for determining the temperature of the gas sample flowing past it, and a detector whose electrical resistivity or conductivity depends on the nature and density of the foreign substances in the gas. The output signal of the detector corresponds to the concentration of foreign substance in the gas stream, and is processed in an electronic evaluation unit.

Abstract: In a high-temperature probe (1) which is used in particular in a hot-gas flow (24) up to about 1550.degree. C., a sensor tube (19) and a support tube (6) are in each case arranged in an inner bore (2a, 2b) of a probe tube (2). The bore (2a) for the sensor tube (19), in which a temperature sensor (34) is arranged, ends in a throughflow passage (3b) for the hot-gas flow (24). The bore (2b) for the support tube (6) ends in an enlarged bore (4) of the probe tube (2), in which enlarged bore (4) a ring (8) of the support tube (6) is arranged. The support tube (6) and the sensor tube (19) project through bores (12a, 31a) of a flange (13) into a region called the plenum (27), a screw (18) being screwed in place in an internal thread (11) at the tip (28) of the support tube (6). A preloaded spring (17) which holds the high-temperature probe (1) together in a flexible manner sits between this screw (18) and a flange (14) which is connected to the flange (13) via a tubular socket (12).

Abstract: A device for detecting the presence of liquid in a flow of gas has a heated temperature sensor mounted on a heated member in thermal contact with the gas and an unheated temperature sensor in thermal contact with the gas, but thermally isolated from the heated temperature sensor. Liquid in the gas flow evaporates by absorbing heat from the heated member and therefore reduces the temperature of the heated temperature sensor. The reduction in temperature is used to detect the presence of liquid. The device is suitable for detecting liquid at the output of an evaporator in a heat transfer system, and may be used as part of a control system which reduces the flow of refrigerant through the evaporator when liquid is detected at the output, so avoiding damage caused by liquid entering the compressor of the heat transfer system.

Abstract: A thermocouple probe 10 suitable for use in a gas turbine engine comprises a thermocouple element 12 which is coaxially arranged inside a protective sheath 16. The thermocouple element 12 is resiliently supported by a helical member 18 which insulates the element 12 from deleterious vibrations induced in the sheath 16. In use, the thermocouple probe 10 projects through an aperture 30 in the casing 32 of a gas chamber 34. Vibrations in the probe 10 are further reduced by ensuring that the longitudinal axis AA of the probe is angularly offset from the central axis BB of the aperture 30, such that the outer periphery of the sheath 16 is in contact with the inner periphery of the aperture 30 in two diametrically opposite and axially offset locations.

Abstract: A port having an advantageously small cross section portion for passing a sensor to a high pressure region and an adjacent relatively larger cross section threaded portion for coupling to the sensor. A sealing member being positioned adjacent the small cross section portion thereby reducing the force applied to the threaded portion.

Abstract: A temperature sensing device (30) includes a temperature sensor (36) in a sensor position within a sensor receiving opening (42) in an elongated sheath (32). An elongated sensor positioning member (38) and a sensor securing arrangement (50) work in unison to releasably fix the temperature sensor (36) in the sensor position at a closed end of the elongated sheath (32). An attachment structure attaches the elongated sheath (32) to a structure (29) such that a closed end (46) of the sheath extends into a medium to be sensed. Preferably, the securing arrangement (50) includes a lug (54) extending from the elongated sheath (32) at an open end (44) of the sheath.

Abstract: A thermowell apparatus for a Petrochemical Application where a temperature sensing probe is used for a high temperature cracking furnace. The sensing probe is mounted on a flow line of the furnace fired processing unit. The tip member of the probe extends into the cross-section of the pipe. The probe member has a tear shaped design in transverse cross-section which is arranged with a leading edge surface to deflect the fluid flow and thereby increase the life expectancy of the tip member.

Abstract: An aerodynamic air data sensing probe adapted for mounting to an air vehicle and capable of generating signals related to a fluid flowing relative to the air vehicle. A fluid inlet positioned on a first end of the strut faces generally transverse to the fluid flow selectively admits fluid to an internal strut cavity due to a pressure differential thereacross. In operation, the pressure differential forms between the first end surface of the aerodynamically-shaped, forward-inclined strut and probe exhaust ports. A temperature sensing element disposed in the internal strut cavity registers the temperature of the fluid and the sensed fluid is expelled from the internal strut cavity through the exhaust ports. In another embodiment, a barrel-shaped probe head adapted to sense fluid pressure connects to a portion of the leading edge of the strut to form an aerodynamic multifunction air data sensing probe.

Abstract: A valve and sensor arrangement includes a valve which has a valve member. A sensor such as a sensor for detecting a flow of water through the valve is provided within the valve member and is preferably perpendicular to a turning axis of the valve member. The sensor is preferably a flow sensor which is rotated by flow through the valve and the sensor arrangement may be provided in a valve of general utility.

Abstract: A flow cell for calorimetric measurements comprises a body (2) with at least one flow channel (3), which extends between an inlet opening (4) and an outlet opening (5), and a thermoelectric detector (16) for monitoring temperature changes, which occur during chemical or biochemical processes in a measuring volume (17). The measuring volume (17) is arranged in close vicinity of the outlet opening (5). The body (2) of the flow cell (1) has a good thermal conductivity of a magnitude such, that a fluid flowing through the flow channel (3) is thermostatizised prior to entering the measuring volume (17) solely by flowing through the flow channel (3) and free of any external thermostatization means. Thus, a flow cell is provided, which is capable of self-thermostatizing a fluid flowing therethrough.

Abstract: An aerodynamic air data sensing probe adapted for mounting to an air vehicle and capable of generating signals related to a fluid flowing relative to the air vehicle. A fluid inlet positioned on a first end of the strut faces generally transverse to the fluid flow selectively admits fluid to an internal strut cavity due to a pressure differential thereacross. In operation, the pressure differential forms between the first end surface of the aerodynamically-shaped, forward-inclined strut and probe exhaust ports. A temperature sensing element disposed in the internal strut cavity registers the temperature of the fluid and the sensed fluid is expelled from the internal strut cavity through the exhaust ports. In another embodiment, a barrel-shaped probe head adapted to sense fluid pressure connects to a portion of the leading edge of the strut to form an aerodynamic multifunction air data sensing probe.

Abstract: A temperature probe in which mechanical oscillatory excitation that can lead to fracture of the connecting lines is prevented and the response time of the temperature probe to temperature changes is shortened. According to the invention, a resistance element is disposed in a flow window of the temperature probe which is formed by a protective bracket and which projects into a flow line. At least one of the connecting lines that is connected with the resistance element exhibits at least one bent point, which is held in at least one retaining opening formed in the protective bracket, whereby the connecting lines are stabilized. The temperature probe may be used for measuring the temperature of intake air in an intake pipe of a mixture-compressing, external-ignition internal combustion engine.

Abstract: In a flue gas scrubber for removing sulfur dioxide from flue gas and having a spray dryer vessel inlet duct defined by a duct wall, the apparatus may be used to measure in situ the wet bulb temperature of the flue gas in the dryer vessel inlet duct. A water nozzle and a temperature sensor are both located in the dryer vessel inlet duct. The nozzle sprays water on the sensor and the wet bulb temperature of the flue gas is continuously measured. The apparatus gathers wet bulb temperature data which may be used for process control or for determining whether a leak has occurred within the tubes of a coal-fired steam boiler.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus for sensing the temperature of surrounding air. The apparatus is thermally isolated from the external environment and more accurately provides an indication of the medium temperature while providing fast response. The apparatus includes a temperature sensing device whose resistance varies with temperature and a conditioning circuit for measuring the resistance and producing an electrical signal which is insensitive to external resistive loading and which has a magnitude responsive to the sensed resistance. The apparatus includes a non-metallic housing which encapsulates the temperature sensitive device and the conditioning circuit. The housing forms a cage portion which surrounds the temperature sensing device and is adapted to protect and to provide air flow to the temperature sensing device.

Abstract: A temperature probe is disclosed for determining the temperature at which residual oils can be vaporized from cold rolled strip without producing free carbon. The probe includes an open ended first tubular member with a burner mounted at one end of the first tubular member for closing the end thereof so that the burner fires its products of combustion through the first tubular member and out the other end thereof. A closed end second tubular member concentrically receives the first tubular member to define an annular heat space therebetween and has an exhaust port in fluid communication with said annular heat space adjacent the burner.

Abstract: A rugged quick-response thermocouple for use in measuring the temperature of a gas flow includes two wires formed of different metals and electrically joined at an exposed junction. A ceramic sheath substantially surrounds the two wires except near the junction. The sheath is surrounded by a stainless steel tube. The junction is positioned adjacent an end of the ceramic sheath. In one embodiment the wires are coated with an insulator and the insulator is positioned against the flat end of the sheath. The exposed junction resists damage from gas flows and from corrosive compounds in the gas mixture.

Abstract: A compressor discharge temperature sensing system senses compressor discharge temperature for a compressor located within a housing. A sensor mounted external to the flow path receives high pressure air discharged from the compressor. The high pressure air flows past at least one thermocouple in the housing and through a purge line. The thermocouple measures the high pressure air temperature and the high pressure air is then returned to the flow path.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for indicating if the temperature of a fluid within a machine has surpassed a critical temperature. An integrally formed support of a rigid material able to withstand the critical temperature includes a head and a cavity formed within the head. The head provides a hexagonal nut such that a standard socket wrench or other wrench may be used to engage and rotationally drive the head of the device. An engagement shaft extends from the head and provides an external machine screw thread that enables engagement of the shaft within a complimentary threaded hole in the machine. The shaft further includes an axial bore that extends from a distal end of the shaft, through the shaft, and terminates adjacent to the cavity within the head. A temperature indicator is made of a material having a melting temperature equal to the critical temperature and is bonded within the cavity such that the support means and the indicator means are in good thermal contact.

Abstract: A refrigeration system, and method of operating same, with the refrigeration system having a refrigerant flow path which includes a heat exchanger having an inlet, an outlet, and a refrigerant flow path between the inlet and outlet. The refrigerant enters the inlet in a first predetermined phase and exits the outlet in a second predetermined phase. A first resistance device is disposed in heat exchange relation with the refrigerant in the flow path of the heat exchanger, adjacent to the inlet. A second resistance device is disposed in heat exchange relation with the refrigerant in the flow path of the heat exchanger, at a location between the inlet and outlet where the change in phase from the first phase to the second phase is desired. The first and second resistance devices are connected in a bridge circuit having bridge arms connected between input and output terminals, with a source of potential being connected to the input terminals.

Abstract: The instrumentation probe of the present invention comprises a tubular housing for enclosing a sensing element, the tubular housing being adapted to project into a process stream. The tubular housing is surrounded by an outer casing that has its longitudinal axis transverse to the longitudinal axis of the tubular housing and which outer casing is aerodynamically shaped to be substantially non-disruptive of the flow of the process stream while protecting the tubular housing from erosion.

Abstract: A temperature probe measures the temperature of a fluid which moves relative to the probe. The probe includes a housing, a transducer, and one or more fins. The housing has a bore with a bore axis and carries at least a portion of the fluid along the bore axis. The transducer has a sensing length, and the fin thermally couples to the transducer along substantially the entire sensing length. The fin is also substantially aligned with the bore axis to promote laminar flow of the fluid in the bore. In a preferred embodiment the transducer is held within a protective tube, and the fin attaches to the tube along a fin inner edge. The fin also attaches along a fin outer edge to a radiation shield encircling the tube, the fin outer edge being shorter than the fin inner edge.

Abstract: An air conditioning system capable of detecting the amount of residual coolant flowing through circulation piping (1) correctly free of adverse effects of coolant flows. To this end, the air conditioning system is provided with a residual coolant sensor which is constituted by a metal housing (19), an electrode rod (24) provided within the housing (19), and a self-heated thermistor (21) mounted on a fore end portion of the housing (19) and having the opposite ends thereof connected to the electrode rod (24) and housing (19), respectively. The self-heated thermistor 21 is arranged to detect the temperature of the coolant through the housing (19) without directly contacting the coolant to prevent overcooling, and therefore can detect the amount of residual coolant correctly.

Abstract: Coolant fluid is sampled from a substantially horizontal part of the hot leg (16) of the primary circuit at at least three points (19, 20, 21) distributed at the periphery of a straight section of the hot leg (16), in such a way that at least one of the sampling points, or lower sampling point, is situated beneath the axis (17) of the hot leg (16). The temperature of the coolant water sampled at each of the sampling points (19, 20, 21) is measured at its outlet from the hot leg (16) and the coolant fluid is reintroduced into the hot leg (16) at a point situated in a position substantially diametrically opposite, with respect to one of the lower sampling points (20, 21), on the straight section of the hot leg (16). The sampling devices (19, 20, 21) connected by pipes (24, 25, 26) to a reintroduction element (22) are arranged at the periphery of the hot leg (16).

Abstract: A hand shower having an upstream end is connected to a downstream end of a hose to receive water therefrom by a fitting having a snap coupling and a display. The snap coupling has a male part fixed on one of the ends, a female part fixed on the other of the ends and fittable over the male part, and a latch in the female part for releasably retaining the male part therein. The display is mounted on one of the parts and gives a readout of a parameter of the water flowing through the coupling.

Abstract: The probe comprises a probe arm provided with a series of orifices for simultaneously taking gas samples and measuring the heat at different locations of the charging surface and penetrating through an opening in the furnace. This opening is surrounded by a support hoop integrally connected to the wall of the furnace and provided with two diametrically opposite outer journals on which are articulated two parallel arms supporting between them the probe arm. This arm can move about the center of the said hoop under the action of at least one actuator mounted between the said hoop and the outer end of the probe arm, the arm comprising a circular sliding surface moving, sealingly, over the inner surface of the said hoop.

Abstract: A thermocouple probe 10 suitable for use in a gas turbine engine comprises a thermocouple element 12 which is coaxially arranged inside a protective sheath 16. The thermocouple element 12 is resiliently supported by a helical member 18 which insulates the element 12 from deleterious vibrations induced in the sheath 16. In use, the thermocouple probe 10 projects through an aperture 30 in the casing 32 of a gas chamber 34. Vibrations in the probe 10 are further reduced by ensuring that the longitudinal axis AA of the probe is angularly offset from the central axis BB of the aperture 30, such that the outer periphery of the sheath 16 is in contact with the inner periphery of the aperture 30 in two diametrically opposite and axially offset locations.