Abstract: Bipolar junction transistors include a collector, a base on the collector, and an emitter on the base. The base is between the collector and the emitter. The emitter comprises first portions and a second portion on the base. The first portions of the emitter are between the second portion of the emitter and the base. The first portions and the second portion comprise doped areas that are doped with the same polarity impurity in different concentrations. The base comprises a doped area that is doped with an opposite polarity impurity from the first and second portions of the emitter. The first portions of the emitter extend from the second portion of the emitter into the base. Specifically, the second portion has a bottom surface contacting the base, and the first portions comprise at least two separate impurity regions extending from the bottom surface of the second portion into the base.

Abstract: A charging to digital converter sensor in a CMOS integrated circuit includes a sensor responding to a sensed property, a converter that converts the sensed property into a charging time, a digitizer for digitizing the charging time, and digital feedback to reset the converter to restart the charging time. Preferred methods for sensing match the rising time of the first ramp voltage to a second ramp voltage generated by a reference current mirrored from a common current generator via the tuning of DAC capacitors driven by an LSB-first SAR logic feedback; or match rising times of the first and second ramp voltages to a reference voltage and providing a digital signal that translates the relationship of the first ramp voltage and the reference voltage to a digital quantification of the sensed property.

Abstract: In certain aspects, a method and apparatus for detecting foreign objects using heat sensitive material and inductive sensing is disclosed. In certain aspects, a foreign object detection system includes a heat sensing system comprising a heat sensitive material having a property configured to change as a function of temperature. The foreign object detection system further includes an inductive sensing system comprising one or more sense coils, wherein a change in an electrical characteristic of the one or more sense coils is indicative of presence of a foreign object. The foreign object detection system further includes a controller coupled to the heat sensing system and the inductive sensing system, wherein the controller is configured to determine presence of the foreign object based on at least one of a measure of the property of the heat sensitive material or a measure of the electrical characteristic of the one or more sense coils.

Abstract: A method includes post processing a plurality of temperature sensors grouped into a plurality of sets. For each set of the plurality of sets, a post-processing system coupled to corresponding temperature sensors receives a plurality output signals generated by the corresponding temperature sensors. For each set of the plurality of sets, the post-processing system computes values representing proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) voltages and values representing internal reference voltages based on output signals generated by the corresponding temperature sensors. For each set of the plurality of sets, the post-processing system computes an average of the values representing the PTAT voltages and relative PTAT voltage variation coefficients. For each set of the plurality of sets, the post-processing system computes values representing corrected PTAT voltages using the relative PTAT voltage variation coefficients.

Abstract: A device for measuring the temperature in a conductor includes at least one temperature sensor emitting a signal having a frequency changing due to a temperature change. The signals of the temperature sensor are transported through the conductor and the signals are inductively or capacitively coupled out of the conductor and into an evaluation unit for measuring the temperature through coupling elements.

Abstract: A micro-electromechanical system-type (MEMS) sensor arrangement for wirelessly measuring temperatures is disclosed. The MEMS sensor arrangement includes a multimorph sensor, a sensor coil coupled to the multimorph sensor, and a readout coil configured to be magnetically coupled to the sensor coil to i) energize the sensor coil, and ii) provide a readout of the natural frequency of the multimorph sensor, the sensor coil and the readout coil.

Abstract: An electrical temperature sensor (10) comprises a liquid crystalline material (12). First and second electrically conductive contacts (14), (16), having a spaced relationship therebetween, contact the liquid crystalline material (12). An electric property measuring device is electrically connected to the first and second contacts (14), (16) and is arranged to measure an electric property of the liquid crystalline material (12). The liquid crystalline material (12) has a transition temperature T at which it undergoes a phase change between polar and non-polar phases. The phase change between polar and non-polar phases causes a change in said electric property of the liquid crystalline material (12).

Abstract: A circuit includes sensing circuitry including at least one sensing element configured to output at least one temperature-dependent voltage. A compare circuit is configured to generate at least one intermediate voltage in response to comparing the at least one temperature-dependent voltage to a feedback voltage. A control circuit is configured to generate at least one control signal in response to the intermediate voltage. A switching circuit is configured to couple a capacitor coupled to a feedback node to one of a first voltage supply and a second voltage supply in response to the at least one control signal to generate an output signal having a pulse width that is based on a temperature sensed by the sensing circuitry.

Abstract: Temperature is determined by measuring the time it takes to charge a capacitor with a resistive temperature sensor. A clock, time counter, a voltage comparator and voltage reference are used in determining a coarse time measurement. The time measurement resolution is enhanced with the addition of a constant current source charging another timing capacitor within a single clock pulse time to provide a fine time measurement.

Abstract: A temperature sensor including a capacitive circuit including an input terminal for the application of an input voltage, an output terminal for the reading of an output voltage of the circuit, and a reference potential terminal, a voltage circuit for applying a predetermined voltage to the input terminal of the circuit and a circuit for reading the voltage at the output terminal of the capacitive circuit and converting the read voltage into a temperature measurement. According to the invention, the capacitive circuit includes a fir capacitor, connected between the input and output terminals, and having a capacitance decreasing according to temperature; and a second capacitor, connected between the input terminal and the terminal at the reference potential, and having a capacitance increasing along with temperature.

Abstract: A temperature detecting circuit and method thereof, adapted to a voltage converter circuit which includes a current detecting circuit having a detecting output port outputting a current detecting signal proportional to an output current of the voltage converter circuit, includes: a current signal processing unit, having a signal input port coupling to the detecting output port, a first detecting output port generating a first processing signal with a first temperature coefficient, a second detecting output port generating a second processing signal with a second temperature coefficient, wherein the first and the second processing signals are proportional to the current detecting signal; and, a temperature calculating unit, receiving the first and the second processing signals and performing calculation to derive a temperature value.

Abstract: In a thermal sensor. a capacitor voltage of a capacitor is compared with a reference voltage, and an output voltage is generated based on the comparison. The output voltage has a pulse density indicative of a temperature detected by the thermal sensor. The capacitor is charged or discharged using at least one of a first current signal or a second current signal based on a logic level of the output voltage. The first current signal is a temperature-independent signal, and the second current signal is a temperature-dependent signal dependent on the temperature detected by the thermal sensor. In some embodiments, a clock rate of a clock signal is varied in accordance with the detected temperature to control a timing operation for supplying the first current signal to the capacitor and/or the reference voltage is varied in accordance with the detected temperature.

Abstract: A process temperature transmitter is operable with at least one temperature sensor having a plurality of leads. The temperature transmitter includes measurement circuitry operably coupleable to the at least one temperature sensor to provide an indication of an electrical parameter of the at least one temperature sensor. A controller is coupled to the measurement circuitry to obtain the indication and provide a process temperature output. A current source applies a test current to the plurality of leads simultaneously. Diagnostic circuitry measures a voltage response on each lead in order to provide a diagnostic indication of the temperature sensor.

Abstract: An embedded resistance temperature detector assembly comprises a first multi-conductor controller cable and a second multi-conductor controller cable, the first multi-conductor controller cable in electrical communication with a first resistance temperature detector, the second multi-conductor controller cable in electrical communication with a second resistance temperature detector, a first pair of thermocouple KN and KP conductors, a second pair of thermocouple KN and KP conductors, all of the controller cables in electrical communication with a controller, the first and second pair of thermocouple conductors in communication with conductors of at least one third multi-conductor cable.

Abstract: A sensor arrangement for wirelessly measuring temperature and vibration is disclosed. The sensor arrangement includes a sensor element and a sensor coil affixed on the device. A readout coil is configured to be magnetically coupled to the sensor coil configured to energize the sensor coil with an energizing signal, configured to provide the natural frequency of the sensor element, the sensor coil, and the readout coil, and configured to provide amplitude modulations of the energizing signal, the amplitude modulations being induced by changes in the coupling factor of the readout coil and the sensor coil. An energizing circuit is configured to energize the readout coil with the energizing signal. A readout circuit is configured to store or display information regarding the natural frequency and the amplitude modulations.

Abstract: An example split-face probe includes a sensor component having a split-face, a housing arranged about the sensor component, and at least one ceramic fitting that supports the sensor component.

Abstract: A wireless temperature sensor includes an electrical conductor and a dielectric material on the conductor. The conductor is electrically unconnected and is shaped for storage of an electric field and a magnetic field. In the presence of a time-varying magnetic field, the conductor resonates to generate harmonic electric and magnetic field responses, each of which has a frequency associated therewith. The material is selected such that it experiences changes in either dielectric or magnetic permeability attributes in the presence of a temperature change. Shifts from the sensor's baseline frequency response indicate that the material has experienced a temperature change.

Abstract: A measuring apparatus includes a sensor unit that includes a coil and a conductive cylinder arranged such that an area of an overlap zone varies as a position of an object changes; a capacitor and a resistor that make up a series circuit with the coil; a voltage applier that applies an input voltage Vi to the series circuit; a phase detector that detects a phase of a voltage Vo across the capacitor; a magnitude detector that detects a magnitude of the voltage Vo; feature data in which the phase, the magnitude, a temperature of the sensor unit, and an area of the overlap zone are associated with one another; and a calculator that calculates the temperature and the area based on the feature data using the phase and the magnitude detected by actual measurement of the voltage Vo.

Abstract: Temperature accuracy is improved, conversion gain is increased without increasing current density and parasitic resistance errors and other problems with conventional bandgap reference temperature sensors are eliminated by generating a signal proportional to temperature from four samples, where the signal is defined as a difference between a first difference and a second difference, the first difference comprising a difference between the second sample and the first sample, the second difference comprising a difference between the fourth sample and the third sample, and where the signal is defined to cancel parasitic components in the first, second, third and fourth samples.

Abstract: The embodiments described herein provide methods of measuring capacitance, detecting a droplet at a position, determining a thickness of an oil film and determining temperature in a droplet actuator. Specifically, the capacitance detection method may be used as a real-time verification tool in order to detect the absence, presence, and/or partial presence of a droplet at an electrode, analyze droplet properties, measure droplet size or volume, optimize the speed of droplet operation and detect air bubbles.

Abstract: A sensor control circuit for controlling a sensor unit for measuring a physical value includes a timing controller which selects periodically one or more sensor units among multiple sensor units and converts an output signal from the sensor unit to a continuous serial input signal, an oscillator which receives the serial input signal input by the controller and outputs a frequency signal corresponding to the output signal detected by the sensor unit, a counter which counts for a predetermined duration a number of pulses of the frequency signal output from the oscillator, a data converter which converts the number of pulses to voltage data and outputs the data, and an RLC selector which inputs to the converter information indicating a characteristic value on which the number of pulses is based. The characteristic value is resistance, inductance or electrostatic capacitance. The sensor units measure physical values, respectively.

Abstract: A temperature sensor that senses a temperature on the basis of a relaxation oscillator, includes: a bias circuit unit that outputs a bias current increasing with an increase in temperature; a capacitor voltage unit that charges a capacitor with the bias current and discharges the current when receiving a control signal; a pulse generating unit that outputs a pulse when the voltage of the capacitor is higher than a reference voltage, changes the pulse width of the pulse, and transmits the pulse corresponding to the control signal to the capacitor voltage unit; and a counter unit that counts and outputs, as a digital value, the number of pulses outputted from the pulse generating unit, on the basis of a reference frequency.

Abstract: A method of predicting a temperature includes operatively coupling a temperature prediction circuit to a device including a semiconductor chip, determining a correlation between a current and voltage of the temperature prediction circuit, and predicting a temperature with respect to power applied to the device using the determined correlation.

Abstract: Temperature accuracy is improved, conversion gain is increased without increasing current density and parasitic resistance errors and other problems with conventional bandgap reference temperature sensors are eliminated by generating a signal proportional to temperature from three samples, where the signal is defined as a difference between a first difference and a second difference, the first difference comprising a difference between a second sample and a first sample, the second difference comprising a difference between a third sample and the first sample, and where the signal is defined to cancel parasitic components in the first, second and third samples.

Abstract: A thermometer is constituted by a body member and a tip member secured to the body member. A thermal sensor is mounted on the inside of the tip member, adapted for sensing a temperature and producing a temperature signal. A set of leas wires is coupled to the thermal sensor for transmission of the temperature signal. A display unit is disposed on the body member and a processor is disposed to electrically connect the set of lead wires to receive the temperature signal and drive the display unit for display of a corresponding temperature reading. A rear cover is secured to the body member. A mechanical selector is disposed between the processor and the rear cover and the type of temperature scale displayed in the display unit is selected by pushing the mechanical selector from the rear cover.

Abstract: A micro-electromechanical system-type (MEMS) sensor arrangement for wirelessly measuring temperatures is disclosed. The MEMS sensor arrangement includes a multimorph sensor, a sensor coil coupled to the multimorph sensor, and a readout coil configured to be magnetically coupled to the sensor coil to i) energize the sensor coil, and ii) provide a readout of the natural frequency of the multimorph sensor, the sensor coil and the readout coil.

Abstract: An electronic thermometer includes a probe adapted to be heated by a subject for use in measuring a temperature of the subject. At least one temperature sensor detects a temperature of the probe. A probe sensor detects a condition at the probe. The probe sensor has an idle condition when the probe is not inserted into the subject. A processor is operatively connected to the probe sensor and programmed to monitor a change in the condition of the probe sensor from the idle condition to determine whether the probe has been received in a probe cover and inserted into the subject.

Abstract: A temperature measuring probe with a hollow outer shell including an electrically conductive section and an electrically insulating section. A temperature sensor including a resonator is disposed in the electrically conductive section and electrically conductively connected to the electrically conductive section. An antenna including a shortened monopole is disposed in the electrically insulating section. The temperature sensor and the antenna are electrically conductively connected to each other. A respective material and respective dimension of the electrically insulating section and the antenna are matched such that an effective resistance of the antenna is approximately equal to an effective resistance of the temperature sensor in an operating frequency range of the temperature sensor.

Abstract: Methods and devices for mounting a sensor are presented herein. A temperature sensor assembly for a capacitor bank is disclosed that includes two opposing substrates, and a plurality of contact temperature sensors attached to each substrate. Each temperature sensor is configured to directly contact a surface of one of the capacitor cans in the capacitor bank and therefrom generate a signal indicative of the temperature of the capacitor can. A biasing member attaches the two substrates together. The biasing member is configured to selectively contract, such that the width of the sensor assembly is less than the gap distance between adjacent sets of tandem capacitor cans and the sensor assembly can insert between the sets of capacitor cans, and expand, such that the width of the sensor assembly is greater than the gap distance and the sensor assembly is tensioned against and thereby secured between the sets of capacitor cans.

Abstract: This document describes a method for measuring temperature. In accordance with the invention the temperature is determined from frequency variation of a local oscillator of a RFID tag (1).

Abstract: The invention discloses an induction type of electronic thermometer probe motion detection device, including a probe and a probe holder; wherein the probe includes a cavity and a probe tip; Inside the probe tip has a heating mechanism, wherein the probe tip and the heating mechanism electrically connected with the host of the electronic thermometer by wires; Inside the cavity locates a magnetic inductive switch, wherein the magnetic inductive switch communicates with the host of electronic thermometer by wires; A magnetic signal source located in the position of the other side of the probe holder after the placement of the probe, where corresponds to the magnetic inductive switch, and then the magnetic signal source and the magnetic inductive switch composed to the probe motion detection device.

Abstract: A power supply circuit includes a PWM controller, which is capable of providing pulse signals to the CPU, a temperature feedback circuit coupled to the PWM controller, and a temperature sensor. The temperature sensor is coupled to the temperature feedback circuit, the temperature sensor is located adjacent the CPU, and capable of detects a temperature of the CPU. The PWM controller is capable of adjusting the pulse signals to maintain the pulse signals stably when the temperature sensor detects the temperature of the CPU rising.

Abstract: A temperature sensor is described that includes a base, a first set of posts attached to the base having a first coefficient of thermal expansion, a second set of posts attached to the base and having a second coefficient of thermal expansion, and two substantially parallel conductive plates forming a capacitor. The first of the conductive plates is fixed to the first set of posts and the second of the conductive plates is fixed to the second set of posts. Temperature changes cause the first set of posts and the second set of posts to elongate at different rates, thereby changing a distance between the conductive plates and therefore the resulting capacitance. A system and method are also described for determining resonant frequency associated with the sensor which correlates to the temperature at the sensor when multiple sensors are networked across a system.

Abstract: A thermometer is provided. A housing has at least one opening. A dielectric element is disposed in the housing. At least one microwave guide is coupled to the at least one opening for providing a signal into the dielectric element for propagation at a resonant frequency and for receiving the signal from the dielectric element. A temperature determination unit receives the signal from the at least one microwave guide, measures the resonant frequency of the dielectric element, and determines the temperature of the dielectric element based on a relationship between resonant frequency and temperature of the dielectric element.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to passive thermal monitoring devices, and methods of making and using the passive thermal monitoring devices.

Abstract: Methods and systems of the invention are directed to a pressure sensor that includes a substrate, a first conductive plate, and a second conductive plate. The substrate is formed of a material having a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). The first conductive plate is formed of a material having a CTE that is higher than the CTE of the substrate, and is attached to a first surface of the substrate. The second conductive plate is rotatably connected to the substrate through a hinge, and includes a portion that is adjacent to the first conductive plate.

Abstract: An electrical temperature sensor (10) comprises a liquid crystalline material (12). First and second electrically conductive contacts (14), (16), having a spaced relationship therebetween, contact the liquid crystalline material (12). An electric property measuring device is electrically connected to the first and second contacts (14), (16) and is arranged to measure an electric property of the liquid crystalline material (12). The liquid crystalline material (12) has a transition temperature T at which it undergoes a phase change between polar and non-polar phases. The phase change between polar and non-polar phases causes a change in said electric property of the liquid crystalline material (12).

Abstract: A temperature-history sensor includes a resonance circuit composed of at least a capacitor and a coil. The temperature-history sensor has a display for indicating a predetermined set temperature of the temperature-history sensor. The capacitor has at least a thermofusion material between electrodes of the capacitor, and the melting point of the thermofusion material is in the region of the set temperature.

Abstract: An apparatus and method measure a temperature of a temperature sensing element having a temperature dependent resistance based on a ratio of discharge times of a capacitor through a reference resistance and through the combination of the reference resistance in parallel with the temperature sensing element is disclosed. A reference discharge time is determined by measuring the discharge time of the capacitor from a first voltage to a second voltage through a reference resistance. A temperature evaluation discharge time is determined by measuring the time to discharge the capacitor from the first voltage to the second voltage through the reference resistance in parallel with the temperature sensing element. The ratio of the temperature evaluation discharge time to the reference discharge time is used to determine the temperature and produce a digital representation of the temperature.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electronic sensor, particularly an inductive sensor, comprising a casing sleeve, a sensor element for measuring a physical measurand, the sensor element being placed at a measurement end of the casing sleeve, an electronic module located in the casing sleeve and a connector, which is placed on a connection end of the casing sleeve opposite to the measurement end. According to the invention, the sensor is characterized in that the casing sleeve is provided with a plastic internal lining, which is closed at the measurement end of the casing sleeve and that the internal lining extends to the casing sleeve connection end to such an extent that the connector is in a sealing engagement with the internal lining. The invention also relates to a method for the manufacture of a sensor.

Abstract: Temperature detection for a semiconductor component is disclosed. One embodiment includes a circuit arrangement for measuring a junction temperature of a semiconductor component that has a gate electrode and a control terminal being connected to the gate electrode and receiving a control signal for charging and discharging the gate electrode, where the gate electrode is internally connected to the control terminal via an internal gate resistor. The circuit arrangement includes: a measuring bridge circuit including the internal gate resistor and providing a measuring voltage which is dependent on the temperature dependent resistance of the internal gate resistor; an evaluation circuit receiving the measuring voltage and providing an output signal dependent on the junction temperature; a pulse generator providing a pulse signal including pulses for partially charging or discharging the gate electrode via the internal gate resistor.

Abstract: The electronic clinical thermometer includes a thermistor, a reference resistor, a voltage switch for selectively applying a voltage in order to accumulate electric charge in a capacitor via the thermistor or reference resistor, an A/D converter for detecting a voltage change occurring when removing the electric charge accumulated in the capacitor, and outputting an ON signal while the capacitor has a voltage equal to or higher than a predetermined voltage, a timer for measuring the duration of the ON signal, and an arithmetic processor for calculating the ambient temperature of the thermistor by using the discharge time when removing the electric charge accumulated in the capacitor via the thermistor, and the average value of the discharge times when removing the electric charge accumulated in the capacitor via the reference resistor immediately before and after removing the electric charge accumulated in the capacitor via the thermistor.

Abstract: The present subject matter relates generally to temperature sensors using a thin film element. Various embodiments of the present subject matter include a temperature sensor assembly. The temperature sensor assembly includes an enclosure having an inside surface and a thin film element housed in the enclosure. A thermally conductive material connects a surface of the thin film element directly to the inside surface of the enclosure in a side mounted manner to provide rapid thermal conduction from the enclosure to the thin film element. In various embodiments, the thin film element is a resistance temperature detector (RTD).

Abstract: Methods and systems of the invention are directed to a pressure sensor that includes a substrate, a first conductive plate, and a second conductive plate. The substrate is formed of a material having a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). The first conductive plate is formed of a material having a CTE that is higher than the CTE of the substrate, and is attached to a first surface of the substrate. The second conductive plate is rotatably connected to the substrate through a hinge, and includes a portion that is adjacent to the first conductive plate.

Abstract: An apparatus for testing temperature includes a plurality of thermocouples, a plurality of relays, a ground circuit, a compensation circuit, a power supply circuit, a switch circuit, and an MPU. The thermo-couples samples temperatures at different locations in a CNC machine, each thermo-couple is connected to a corresponding relay and selectively connected to the switch circuit by turning on or off the corresponding relay, the compensation circuit includes a cold junction compensator and a first relay, the ground circuit includes a ground terminal and a second relay, the power circuit includes a power supply and a third relay. The first, second, and third relays selectively turn on or off to connect the cold junction compensator, the ground terminal, or the power supply to the switch circuit.

Abstract: On the fulfillment of a specified condition, a temperature signal outside an actuating device is detected to which a piezoelectric actuator is assigned. A piezoelectric temperature value is determined by the temperature signal. A temperature-capacitance characteristic value of the piezoelectric actuator is determined by the piezoelectric temperature value through specified mapping. A measured capacitance characteristic value is determined by a detected piezoelectric actuator charge and voltage corresponding to the temperature signal. A first correction capacitance characteristic value is determined by the measured capacitance characteristic value and the temperature-capacitance characteristic value. Independently, the charge and the voltage of the piezoelectric actuator is detected and the measured capacitance characteristic value is determined on the basis of these.

Abstract: A temperature sensor and device and system including same, comprise a switched capacitor circuit configured to generate a noise voltage in response to switching and circuitry configured to generate a relative temperature output signal proportional to an absolute temperature output signal in response to the noise voltage. The device includes a temperature sensor, temperature sensitive device logic and temperature compensation logic configured to receive the absolute temperature and generate an adjustment signal to adapt the temperature sensitive device logic in response thereto. A related method for sensing temperature includes amplifying a noise voltage from a switched capacitor circuit in a plurality of parallel amplifier channels and removing amplifier noise from each of the plurality of parallel amplifier channels to form a relative output signal proportional to an absolute temperature.

Abstract: The invention discloses an induction type of electronic thermometer probe motion detection device, including a probe and a probe holder; wherein the probe includes a cavity and a probe tip; Inside the probe tip has a heating mechanism, wherein the probe tip and the heating mechanism electrically connected with the host of the electronic thermometer by wires; Inside the cavity locates a magnetic inductive switch, wherein the magnetic inductive switch communicates with the host of electronic thermometer by wires; A magnetic signal source located in the position of the other side of the probe holder after the placement of the probe, where corresponds to the magnetic inductive switch, and then the magnetic signal source and the magnetic inductive switch composed to the probe motion detection device.

Abstract: Methods and systems of the invention are directed to a temperature sensor that includes a substrate, a first conductive plate, and a second conductive plate. The substrate is formed of a material having a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). The first conductive plate is formed of a material having a CTE that is higher than the CTE of the substrate, and is attached to a first surface of the substrate. The second conductive plate is rotatably connected to the substrate through a hinge, and includes a portion that is adjacent to the first conductive plate.

Abstract: A circuit affixed to a moving part of an engine for sensing and processing the temperature of the part. The circuit generates a signal representative of the temperature sensed by a thermocouple (110) and amplified by an amplifier (112). A square wave oscillator (113) with a temperature sensitive capacitor (C8) varies its frequency in response to changes of a local temperature of the circuit. A chopper (114, J27) converts the output of the amplifier into an alternating current signal. The chopper is gated by the square wave oscillator and a second input is coupled to an output of the amplifier. Thus, the chopper has an output signal having a frequency representative of the local temperature and an amplitude representative of the thermocouple temperature, whereby the combined signals represent the true temperature of the part.