Abstract: A system that measures the temperature distribution of the reactor coolant flowing through the hot leg or cold leg pipes by measuring the speed of sound time delay. This concept uses radiation hardened and temperature tolerant ultrasonic signal drivers based on vacuum micro-electronic technology. The system employs ultrasonic signals propagated through water, and relies on the characteristic that the speed of sound changes as the density and temperature of the water changes. Thus, a measured difference in the speed of sound in water may be directly correlated to a temperature change of the water.

Abstract: Methods and systems for estimating remaining or utilized scrubbing capacity of a gas scrubber are described. Inside the gas scrubber, a reaction gas is produced by an exothermic or endothermic reaction. Temperature sensors are positioned along the gas flow path, and temperature readings are obtained. Temperature differences between pairs of adjacent temperature sensors are determined. The largest temperature difference for each such pair is recorded. A recent temperature difference is normalized by dividing the recent difference by the largest recorded for the same pair. One or more of the normalized temperature differences may be weighted. The normalized temperature differences and/or the weighted temperature differences are combined to provide a life-value, which is indicative of the remaining or utilized scrubbing capacity of the gas scrubber.

Abstract: An electronic device manufacturing system includes a mass flow controller (MFC) that has a thermal flow sensor. The thermal flow sensor may measure a mass flow rate and may include a sensor tube having an inner surface coated with a material to form an inner barrier layer. The inner barrier layer may prevent or substantially reduce the likelihood of a corrosive reaction from occurring on the inner surface, which may prevent or reduce the likelihood of the MFC drifting beyond the MFC's mass flow rate accuracy specifications. This may improve the repeatability of flow detection by the MFC. Methods of measuring and controlling a mass flow rate in an electronic device manufacturing system are also provided, as are other aspects.

Abstract: A system and method of displaying the temperature and relative humidity data of sensors on a psychrometric chart. The system and method operate to display an environmental envelope on the psychrometric chart in order to compare the data of the sensors to the environmental envelope of the psychrometric chart, in order to ensure safe operating conditions for data center equipment.

Abstract: A refrigerator includes an ice making device for producing ice cubes. The ice making device includes a mold body having a plurality of ice forming cavities adapted to hold fluid. In an ice making cycle, air is evacuated from the cavities by a vacuum system, thereby depressurizing the cavities. Then, liquid is delivered to the depressurized cavities by a liquid delivery system, whereby an initial portion of the liquid bubbles up within the respective cavities. Once ice cubes have been formed within the cavities, the cavities are heated by a heat transfer system, thereby partially melting the ice cubes and aiding in the expulsion of ice cubes from the cavities.

Abstract: A device and a method for detecting deposits (9) on walls (2) that are covered by a medium, in which as sensor (1) is integrated in the wall (2). A component (3) of the sensor (1) locally heats the medium in a region (4), and the temperature of the medium around the component (3) is detected. The sensor (1) relays temperature measurement signals to an analysis unit (8), where the degree of deposit formation is determined, e.g., by comparison with stored reference data.

Abstract: A method of calibrating a temperature sensor of a chemical microreactor envisages: determining an airflow along a path in such a way as to cause a thermal exchange between the airflow and a chemical microreactor, which is provided with an on-board temperature sensor and is set along the path; and detecting a temperature in the airflow downstream of the microreactor, in conditions of thermal equilibrium.

Abstract: Apparatus and method are provided for facilitating simulation of heated airflow exhaust of an electronics subsystem, electronics rack or row of electronics racks. The apparatus includes a thermal simulator, which includes an air-moving device and a fluid-to-air heat exchanger. The air-moving device establishes airflow from an air inlet to air outlet side of the thermal simulator tailored to correlate to heated airflow exhaust of the electronics subsystem, rack or row of racks being simulated. The fluid-to-air heat exchanger heats airflow through the thermal simulator, with temperature of airflow exhausting from the simulator being tailored to correlate to temperature of the heated airflow exhaust of the electronics subsystem, rack or row of racks being simulated. The apparatus further includes a fluid distribution apparatus, which includes a fluid distribution unit disposed separate from the fluid simulator and providing hot fluid to the fluid-to-air heat exchanger of the thermal simulator.

Abstract: The specific heat of a working fluid flowing along a channel is measured without having to provide an explicit flow rate correction. A specific heat sensing probe is configured with a stagnation enclosure surrounding a thermal transfer sensor. The stagnation enclosure is designed to provide a stagnation chamber in throttled communication with an outside of the enclosure so that the working fluid can flow into and out of the stagnation chamber at a seepage rate substantially less than the fluid flow rate. The thermal transfer sensor is operable to exchange heat with adjacent fluid and to provide a signal representative of the quantity of heat exchanged.

Abstract: A fluid temperature control device, which includes: a main body block having a passage channel formed in a surface thereof; a thermal conducting plate that is provided on the surface of the main body block, and covers the passage channel to form a passage for passing a fluid to be temperature controlled; and temperature control means that carries out heat exchanging (heating/cooling), by way of the thermal conducting plate, with the fluid passing through the passage, in which the passage abutting on the thermal conducting plate connects a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet formed in the main body block, and is a single passage having an approximately constant passage cross-sectional area over its entire length.

Abstract: In a method for monitoring the functionality of a temperature sensor that can deliver an electrical signal as a function of the measured temperature and is disposed, in particular, in the cooling water circuit of an internal combustion engine, the persistence of the temperature sensor in the high signal range is made possible by a method encompassing the following steps: Characterizing the sensor as possibly faulty if the sensor indicates, upon engine shutdown, at least a maximum value of the cooling fluid temperature; determining a first gradient of the cooling fluid temperature, measured by the possibly faulty sensor, up to a first point in time after engine shutdown, and characterizing the sensor as fault-free if the gradient exceeds a minimum value; determining a second gradient of the cooling fluid temperature, measured by the possibly faulty sensor, between the point in time and a point in time after engine shutdown, and characterizing the sensor as fault-free if the second gradient exceeds a minimum va

Abstract: The specific heat of working fluids used in commercial heating systems commonly change with temperature and composition. Conventional heat metering systems assume a fixed value of the specific heat at a nominal temperature. This source of inaccuracy is removed by measuring the specific heat of a working fluid as a heating system operates and using the currently measured value in calculating the heat transferred. The real time specific heat measurement may be made by using a specific heat sensor having either a resistive heating element or a thermoelectric module.

Abstract: A system for the control of the contents of a reactor which employs a control element of variable area containing flowing heat transfer fluid. The area available for the for the control of the contents of the reactor is controlled is changed by opening and closing a bank of conduits in a cascade and the conduits are opened and closed according to a temperature measurement device in the medium whose temperature is to be controlled.

Abstract: An exemplary apparatus (10) is for analyzing a heat-transferring nano-fluid (20) with a view to obtaining information on heat-transferring properties of the nano-fluid. Typically, the nano-fluid is used for heat pipes. The apparatus includes an evaporating device (100) and a detecting device (200). The evaporating device is configured for preparing a gaseous sample (20?) of the nano-fluid for analyzing. The evaporating device includes a container (110) configured for containing the nano-fluid, and a temperature controller (120). The container has a first opening (112) allowing vaporized nano-fluid to exit therethrough. The temperature controller is configured for heating the nano-fluid in the container up to a predetermined temperature, and maintaining the nano-fluid at the predetermined temperature. The detecting device is configured for generating a laser light and receiving an optical emission from the gaseous sample, thus enabling heat-transferring properties of the nano-fluid to be analyzed.

Abstract: Novel micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS)-based sensors for use in ultra-high temperature environments are disclosed. The MEMS-based sensors are derived from a class of polymer-derived ceramics selected from the group consisting of SiCN, SiBCN and SiAlCN. The materials of construction are such that, the sensors are capable of accurate, real-time, on-line and in-situ monitoring, suppression of combustion oscillations and detailed measurements in operating structures that have temperatures of from about 1500° K to about 2000° K, extreme pressures/turbulence and harsh chemical off gases. When the novel sensors are mounted on a hot gas path wall, such as, at a combustor exit, there can be a continuous monitoring of pressure pulses/oscillations, wall shear stress, temperature and surface heat flux.

Abstract: A method and system for calculating a heat flow to a sample in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The DSC has a sensor within an enclosure comprising an absolute temperature measurement detector for measuring the temperature of a base position on the sensor, a first differential temperature detector for measuring the temperature difference between a sample position and the base position, and a second differential temperature detector for measuring the temperature difference between a reference position and a sample position. Thermal resistances and heat capacities of the DSC are calibrated. The DSC is operated, and the heat flow to the sample is calculated using a method that accounts for the leakage heat flows.

Abstract: Process and device for controlling the temperature of an outbound secondary flow in a secondary circuit from a heat exchanger by a primary flow in a primary circuit, via a member that regulates the primary flow, influenced by a control unit. The enthalpy difference between inbound and outbound primary flow to and from the heat exchanger and the secondary flow are determined. The flow in the primary circuit is determined, and the parameters are supplied to the control unit for controlling the member, whereby the primary flow is controlled in dependence of the secondary flow, so that power supplied to the heat exchanger substantially equals the sum of the power needed to raise the temperature of the secondary flow from the initial temperature to the desired outbound temperature; the assumed power requirement for compensating for energy stored in the heat exchanger; and the assumed leak power from the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A method and system for calculating a heat flow to a sample in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The DSC has a sensor within an enclosure comprising an absolute temperature measurement detector for measuring the temperature of a base position on the sensor, a first differential temperature detector for measuring the temperature difference between a sample position and the base position, and a second differential temperature detector for measuring the temperature difference between a reference position and a sample position. Thermal resistances and heat capacities of the DSC are calibrated. The DSC is operated, and the heat flow to the sample is calculated using a method that accounts for the leakage heat flows.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method and apparatus (5) for condition diagnosing of an inductive power device (1), such as a transformer or reactor, having power windings (2) immersed in a fluid (3) being cooled by cooling devices (4). The diagnosing method basically compares and evaluates expected heat flows into and out from the inductive power device (1) system together with an actual and a previous heat content of such a system. From the heat flows the heat balance in the system may be obtained and is used for diagnosing the operation conditions of the inductive power device (1). The results from the condition diagnosing may be used as indicators (70) that can alarm operators, may be sent as a data signal (80) to remote and/or portable display means (85), such as a computer, or may be used as input data to control or simulation systems.

Abstract: An energy metering method and apparatus for liquid flow systems comprising first and second segments of one or more conduits through which a liquid flows, comprising: attaching a first temperature sensor for connection to an outside of the first conduit segment; attaching a second temperature sensor for connection to an outside of the second conduit segment; via a programmable control unit, receiving data from the sensors and calculating energy data therefrom; and communicating energy data from the meter; whereby the method and apparatus operate without need to temporarily disconnect or alter the first or second conduit segments. The invention operates with both variable and fixed flow systems, and is especially useful for both active and passive solar energy systems.

Abstract: An improved flow measurement device is provided in a flow path for direct measurement of flow. An internal heat source solves the problem of heat transfer in conventional mass flow meters. The heat transfer associated with the internal heater forms the basis of flow measurement, and improved accuracy is achieved. The flow measurement device advantageously eliminates the introduction of inaccuracies, bypass errors, or inaccurate assumptions that are inherent in a conventional bypass structure. The present measurement device eliminates the need for one or more bubblers and thus overcomes bubbler pressure sensitivity and the bubbler requirement for exact (and unstable) gas vapor saturation of conventional flow measurement. The flow measurement device works equally well with gases, liquids or mixtures of gases and liquids and provides greater control over flow rates with very high degree of precision.

Abstract: A method and system for calculating a heat flow to a sample in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The DSC has a sensor within an enclosure comprising an absolute temperature measurement detector for measuring the temperature of a base position on the sensor, a first differential temperature detector for measuring the temperature difference between a sample position and the base position, and a second differential temperature detector for measuring the temperature difference between a reference position and a sample position. Thermal resistances and heat capacities of the DSC are calibrated. The DSC is operated, and the heat flow to the sample is calculated using a method that accounts for the leakage heat flows.

Abstract: A water bath accommodating a calorimetric bomb (2) for measuring the combustion heat of substances with the aid of a calorimeter. The inner tank (3) is enclosed by an outer container (5) forming a water jacket and is shielded from the environment. If several measurements are conducted subsequently, the water found in the inner tank (3) and heated above its initial value through the combustion process taking place in connection with a previous measurement can be at least partially transferred into the outer container (5) with a second or other succeeding measurement prior to conducting it so that at least a part of the combustion heat of the preceding measurement can be used for heating up at least the water jacket in the outer container (5) in connection with the next measurement. Consequently, energy for tempering the water in the water jacket and/or in the water bath can be saved.

Abstract: An earth energy loop transfer system with a moving energy transfer fluid, the system for transferring energy for an entity, the system having means for measuring an amount of energy transferred for the entity to or from the moving energy transfer fluid, and means for invoicing the entity for the amount of energy transferred. The system including means for calculating a price for the amount of energy transferred, said invoicing based on said price. The system including means for transmitting a signal indicative of a measured amount of energy transferred from the means for measuring to the means for invoicing. Methods are disclosed for using such systems to measure and calculate an amount of energy transferred and/or to invoice an entity for the transferred energy.

Abstract: A thermal analyzer includes a processor for processing a thermal analysis signal of a sample obtained by performing high-speed thermal analysis of the sample at an experimental heating rate. The processor includes a peak component calculator for calculating peak components of the thermal analysis signal, an activation energy calculator for calculating activation energy values based on the peak components of the thermal analysis signal, and a heating rate conversion and output device for estimating a second thermal analysis signal that would be obtained under a thermal analysis of the sample conducted at a desired heating rate different from the experimental heating rate based on the experimental heating rate and the activation energy values obtained by the activation energy calculator, the second thermal analysis signal being calculated based on the thermal analysis signal obtained at the experimental heating rate.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for monitoring and controlling the temperature at the heat producing portion of an electrical current carrying device without direct measurement at the heat producing site. An integrated circuit 22 is thermally attached to a plurality of heat dissipating paths; top side heat conduction path 24, bottom side heat conduction path 26, and board level heat conduction path 28. On one of the heat conduction paths exists a heat flow sensor. This sensor is comprised of an inner thermistor 32 and an outer thermistor 34. The measured heat flow is combined with a single point temperature measurement and the thermal conductivity between the heat source and the temperature measurement point to produce the temperature at the heat source. This temperature is monitored in order to keep the temperature of the electrical current carrying device below critical levels or within a specified range.

Abstract: A heat meter for measuring the amount of heat consumed in a region. A heat exchanger is supplied with heated fluid through an inlet pipe which carries temperature sensors for sending signals to a control. The control also receives signals from a temperature sensor in an outlet pipe carrying fluid away from the region. A low power electric heater is mounted between the sensors to add a known amount of heat to the fluid. The control calculates the heat power consumed in the region based on the temperature difference across the regions and the temperature difference across the region and the temperature difference across the heater.

Abstract: In an instrument for measuring the energy of optical radiation, particularly laser radiation, a number of radiation absorbing plate-like foraminous elements are disposed in a tubular housing such that the radiation entering at one end of the housing is successively absorbed by the radiation absorbing elements which are heated thereby, and a fan disposed at the other end of the housing moves cooling air through the housing and through the radiation absorbing elements whereby the air is heated. From the temperature increase of the cooling air which is measured by a temperature measuring element, the energy of the optical radiation entering the housing is determined.

Abstract: A method for determining airflow through an air cooling and dehumidifying coil by measuring the condensate rate and the moist air conditions entering and leaving the coil. The mass air flow, the volume air flow and the cooling capacity are then calculated from data exhibited on a psychrometric chart or by calculating the same result from basic principles.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the BTU content of a gas includes a source of combustion air, a detector and a sample loop or tube connected to a six-port switching valve. The switching valve allows accurate and repeatable quantities of the gas to be obtained and mixed with the combustion air. In a second embodiment, the apparatus includes a second switching valve to obtain samples of the gas at a second pressure and calculate the BTU content at the second pressure. By measuring the BTU content at two different pressures, a quantity related to the volumetric flow of the gas between the two pressures can also be calculated.

Abstract: A fluid flow rate measuring apparatus having a thermistor exposed to a flow of fluid and a driver circuit operable in an initial constant-voltage mode, in which it applies a substantially constant voltage across the thermistor, and a subsequent constant-current mode, in which it applies a substantially constant current through the thermistor, such current corresponding to the current level at the end of the constant-voltage mode. A voltage sensor measures the resultant voltage drop across the thermistor, which is a direct measurement of the fluid flow rate and which is substantially insensitive to variations in ambient temperature.

Abstract: A biocalorimeter and waste management system is provided for making metabolic heat release measurements of animals or humans in a calorimeter (enclosure) using ambient air as a low velocity source of ventilating air through the enclosure. A shroud forces ventilating air to pass over the enclosure from an end open to ambient air at the end of the enclosure opposite its ventilating air inlet end and closed around the inlet end of the enclosure in order to obviate the need for regulating ambient air temperature. Psychrometers for measuring dry- and wet-bulb temperature of ventilating air make it possible to account for the sensible and latent heat additions to the ventilating air. A waste removal system momentarily recirculates high velocity air in a closed circuit through the calorimeter wherein a sudden rise in moisture is detected in the ventilating air from the outlet.

Abstract: A system for monitoring abnormalities in a heat exchanger having heat-exchange tubes for heating feed water with extraction steam, an inlet and an outlet for the feed water, and a drain cooling zone, includes a process input, an apparatus for calculating the differential pressure between the feed water pressures at the inlet and outlet, an apparatus for computing the heat exchanging performance of the heat exchanger, and judgement apparatus for monitoring the differential pressure and the heat exchanging performance, thereby judging the presence or absence of scale accretion within the heat exchanger end, whenever scale accretion is present, judging the specific locations of the scale accretion in the inner and outer surfaces of the heat-exchange tubes, fluid flow distribution passageways and devices other than the heat-exchange tubes.

Abstract: A variable-capability compressor and an outdoor heat exchanger installed in an outdoor unit and indoor heat exchangers installed in each of a plurality of indoor units are connected by pipes so as to form a refrigerating cycle. The air-conditioning load on each of the indoor units is detected. The capability of the variable-capability compressor is controlled according to the sum of the air-conditioning loads on the respective indoor units. At the time of a heating operation, the refrigerant heat loss in each of pipes respectively connected to the indoor heat exchangers is detected. When the refrigerant heat loss in at least one of the pipes is a given value or more, the capability of the variable-capability compressor is enhanced to compensate for the refrigerant heat loss.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and to an apparatus for monitoring the heat transfer and therefore the efficiency of a condenser. A water column is formed by shutting off a condenser pipe which assumes the steam temperature T.sub.s and whose outflow time after the resumption of the flow can be utilized for measuring the flow velocity. With the knowledge of the water inlet temperature T.sub.1 and the water outlet temperature T.sub.2 measured on the same condenser pipe, it is possible to very accurately establish the heat transfer through the measured condenser pipe, so that on the basis thereof it is e.g. possible to operate a cleaning system with foam rubber balls. Thus, each fraction of the possible efficiency of the condenser is exploited.

Abstract: Using the method of this invention, the performance of a heat exchanger is determined by measuring the heat transfer capabilities of an individual tube. A relatively small reservoir of service fluid is connected to the inlet and outlet ports of a tube. The reservoir is provided with a heater or chiller and the service fluid is circulated through the tube. When a steady state is reached, the heat transfer characteristics of the tube are measured using known mathematical relationships.

Abstract: A detection unit essentially consists of (I) a plurality of calorimetric detection elements for the conduction flow type calorimeter each consisting essentially of a plurality of thermopiles severally supported on heat sinks and (II) a heat insulating member interposed between the adjacent calorimetric detection elements. A calorimetric measuring member for a conduction flow type calorimeter comprises a pair of the detection units and a sample pipe fixed in place between the pair of detection units.

Abstract: A process for monitoring the conditions in the reaction zone of a gasifier in a process for the gasification of coal to produce synthesis gas is disclosed, the process being characterized by continual or periodic calculation of the rate of steam production by the heat exchange system of the gasifier, and comparison of the calculated rate with a pre-selected value.

Abstract: A steam trap monitor positioned downstream of a steam trap in a closed steam system includes a first sensor (the combination of a hot finger and thermocouple well) for measuring the energy of condensate and a second sensor (a cold finger) for measuring the total energy of condensate and steam in the line. The hot finger includes one or more thermocouples for detecting condensate level and energy, while the cold finger contains a liquid with a lower boiling temperature than that of water. Vapor pressure from the liquid is used to do work such as displacing a piston or bellows in providing an indication of total energy (steam+condensate) of the system. Processing means coupled to and responsive to outputs from the thermocouple well hot and cold fingers subtracts the condensate energy as measured by the hot finger and thermocouple well from the total energy as measured by the cold finger to provide an indication of the presence of steam downstream from the trap indicating that the steam trap is malfunctioning.

Abstract: A process controlling a thermal installation is described. The flow of a process liquid through a heat exchanger is achieved dependent upon two temperatures. One is the return temperature of the process liquid which, through the switching on and off or modulation of a circulation pump is maintained at a constant value. The other is the room or outside temperatures or the difference between these two temperatures, whereby during the deviation of a predeterminable limiting value the pump is also switched on and off or modulated. Since the supply temperature from a boiler has a constant temperature, for a central heating system the same amount of heat is drawn from each unit of heating water and thus the measure of the pump flow is sufficient to determine the actual heat consumption. Thereby the fair division of heating costs for each tenant according to actual amount consumed is made possible.

Abstract: A system for monitoring energy use by each of a plurality of tenants or other users of energy provided by a common heating/cooling plant and for allocating the energy expense for a building among such users on a pro-rata basis.

Abstract: Energy transmitted to a load in a fluid medium is measured utilizing a probe having an elongate heat transmitter that includes a sensing tip at one end, a heat exchanger at its opposite end, a thermal impedance forming at least a segment of the heat transmitter, and temperature sensors spaced apart along the impedance. The temperature of the sensing tip is maintained different from that of the sensed fluid. A read-out is responsive to the temperature sensors and it is calibrated in terms of the energy content of the fluid flowing in the sensed passage. Corrections for various factors of error are incorporated in the read-out. A relative simple yet reasonably accurate measure is made of the energy in steam, where the heat exchanger of the probe is a passive heat dissipator.

Abstract: A method for allocating energy costs comprises sensing a first parameter; comparing the sensed parameter with a selectable value of the parameter; initiating recording of data when the sensed parameter bears a predetermined relation to the selectable value; and recording data corresponding in a predetermined fashion to the quantity of energy consumed. The invention also extends to a system for allocating energy costs as a function of at least one sensed parameter.

Abstract: A system for submetering artificial energy consumption in a multi-user environment in which a single central system source services the several separate users by means of individual space conditioning subsystems is disclosed which enables accurate proportioning of subsystem energy consumption by monitoring the time intervals of the OFF/ON status of each individual space conditioning subsystem along with the temperature of the conditioned space and utilizes the monitored time intervals and temperature in conjunction with the relative heat capacity of each individual conditioned space to determine the heat consumption of each subsystem relative to all the subsystems served by the central source.

Abstract: There is disclosed an energy consumption indicating system for a multi-occupancy dwelling including a plurality of units each having a space heat exchanger and a thermostat and wherein said multi-occupancy dwelling is provided with a main heat exchanger having an outlet conduit, an inlet conduit and at least one circulating pump and wherein a conduit member is provided for each unit in fluid communication to the main heat exchanger and the space heat exchanger in each unit and wherein fluid flow through each conduit member is effected in response to a thermostat in each unit and wherein a time meter for each unit is energized to measure time duration of fluid flow through the conduit member.

Abstract: The invention discloses a device for measuring thermal power without using movable and wearable elements, which is also appropriate for small flow of thermal power. The device measures the thermal power by means of temperature differences only and is applicable for use with various media. It is constructed so that little of the measuring thermal power is exchanged between two lines, for which reason a temperature gradient is created in the defined cross-section of the body of the measuring device. This temperature gradient is sensed by one or several pairs of sensors, the sensors of a pair always being spaced apart. Due to the exchanged measuring thermal power there appears a temperature difference in the medium being measured between the inlet and the outlet of the same line through the measuring device. This temperature difference is sensed by one or several pairs of sensors.

Abstract: A calorimeter for the measurement of a quantity of heat given up by a fluidic medium in at least one heat exchanger, with an impellerless flow velocity measuring device as well as temperature sensors for determining the forward flow-return flow temperature difference, including a multiplier for forming the product from the flow velocity and the forward flow-return flow temperature difference; and also a quantizer for the formation of a pulse train having a frequency which is proportional to the product, as well as a cumulative counting device for the pulses of the pulse train connected to the output thereof.

Abstract: In the direct measurement of thermal energy transferred in heating or air conditioning installations, the difference between voltages from outflow and return flow temperature sensors is integrated during a first timing period and then discharged during a second timing period with a constant current to operate a gate passing a number of pulses proportional to the voltage difference. The first and second timing periods are initiated by impulses from a volume flow sensor. During non-timing-period intervals a reference voltage capacitance is set by integrating circuit feedback.In collection of data from a plurality of thermal energy transfer meters, inputs from the meters are scanned at rates greatly exceeding the pulse frequencies to increment or decrement the count in digital filter stages of corresponding pairs of counters depending upon whether sensed voltage levels are opposite or equal to the last accepted voltage level as recorded in a most significant stage of the digital filter.

Abstract: A meter for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid comprises an inlet and outlet for the fluid, a surface intermediate of said inlet and outlet over which the fluid will flow in passing from inlet to outlet, a second surface maintained at a different temperature to the first surface and being connected thereto by means of a thermal bridge and means for measuring the temperature of fluid flowing over the first surface, the second surface and at an intermediate point on the thermal bridge, so as to provide a measure of the thermal insulative effect of the boundary layer formed by the flow of fluid over the first surface and hence of the rate of flow of the fluid.

Abstract: A heat meter (1) for registration of heat consumption on the basis of a temperature measured is provided which with a view to obtaining direct recording and/or display of the consumption is arranged as a unit which at least comprises temperature measuring means (20, 21), a time generator (23), an arithmetic unit (22) and a programmable store (25) which is adapted to store at least the registered heat consumption. The arithmetic unit (22) is adapted to receive information from said parts sufficient for it to compute a direct index of the heat consumption, e.g. stated in kWh.