Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for determining quantization parameter predictors from a plurality of neighboring quantization parameters. An apparatus includes an encoder for encoding image data for at least a portion of a picture using a quantization parameter predictor for a current quantization parameter to be applied to the image data. The quantization parameter predictor is determined using multiple quantization parameters from previously coded neighboring portions. A difference between the current quantization parameter and the quantization parameter predictor is encoded for signaling to a corresponding decoder.

Abstract: In one example, a processing system including at least one processor may obtain a predicted viewport of a mobile computing device for an immersive visual stream, identify a first plurality of blocks of a frame of the immersive visual stream that are associated with the predicted viewport, encode the first plurality of blocks at a first encoding quality level, and encode a second plurality of blocks of the frame at a second encoding quality level, where the second encoding quality level is associated with a lesser visual quality as compared to the first encoding quality level and where the second plurality of blocks are outside of the predicted viewport. The processing system may then transmit the frame having the first plurality of blocks encoded at the first encoding quality level and the second plurality of blocks encoded at the second encoding quality level to the mobile computing device.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure provide methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable storage mediums for video encoding/decoding. An apparatus includes processing circuitry that decodes prediction information for a current block in a current picture that is a part of a coded video sequence. The prediction information includes a first syntax element indicating whether both quantization parameter (QP) information of a luma component and QP information of a chroma component of the current block are included in the prediction information. The processing circuitry determines a QP of the chroma component based on the QP information of the luma component and the QP information of the chroma component based on the first syntax element indicating that both the QP information of the luma component and the QP information of the chroma component are included in the prediction information. The processing circuitry reconstructs the current block based on the QP of the chroma component.

Abstract: A radar system suitable for an automated vehicle comprises at least one receiving element configured to detect reflected radar signals reflected by an object in a field-of-view of the system. The receiving element is further configured to generate detected signals indicative of the reflected radar signals detected by the receiving element. Furthermore, an auto-encoding device performing an auto-encoding operation on the detected signals is embedded in the receiving element such that the receiving element outputs the detected signals in an encoded form.

Abstract: A method of coding implemented by a decoding device or encoding device, the method comprising obtaining a bitstream, the bitstream comprises a transform unit syntax; the syntax comprises at least two cbf flags for chroma blocks (in an example, transform unit syntax correspond to either transform unit or sub-transform units which include two chroma cbf flags: tu_cbf_cb and tu_cbf_cb—one flag for each chroma plane), a chroma cbf flag specifies whether certain block has residue in correspondent color plane; deriving a value of a luma cbf flag tu_cbf_luma based on one or any combination of a value of a cu_cbf flag, values of two chroma cbf flags corresponding to a current transform unit or sub-transform unit, location of the sub-transform unit within transform unit, values of luma and chroma cbf flags correspondent to previous sub-transform units in the current transform unit.

Abstract: A method of video decoding performed in a video decoder is disclosed. A syntax element can be received from a bitstream of a coded video that indicates whether a sequence of pictures are monochrome or include three color components that are coded separately. By inferring a value of a syntax element, a coding tool can be disabled when the syntax element indicates that the sequence of pictures are monochrome or include three color components that are coded separately. The coding tool uses multiple color components of a picture as input or depends on a chroma component of a picture. Examples of the disabled coding tools can include joint coding of chroma residuals, active color transform (ACT), or block-based delta pulse code modulation (BDPCM) for chroma component.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses and methods may provide for technology that partitions a high dynamic range (HDR) image into a plurality of regions and determines, on a per region basis, a luminance level of the HDR image. Additionally, the technology may select, on the per image basis, a encoding amount for each region in the plurality of regions based on the luminance level.

Abstract: A quantization scheme substitutes the division operation by forward and inverse quantization look-up tables to improve efficiency.

Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods of performing inter-frame prediction in video compression. A method includes: partitioning a video frame into superblocks, each superblock includes a plurality of macroblocks; determining an upper boundary on attributes that are associated with residual blocks of the plurality of macroblocks, based on pre-defined constraints on the total number of bits allocated for motion vector descriptions in a superblock; for each macroblock in a superblock, determining a partition size and a motion vector resolution which yield, for all macroblocks in the superblock, a motion vector description and a corresponding residual with attributes less than or equal to the upper boundary.

Abstract: A data coding method includes determining a length of a current first bit-rate-control-unit data frame in to-be-transmitted data, and the length of the first bit-rate-control-unit data frame is less than or equal to a length of a group of pictures (GOP) data frame. The method also includes determining a first target bit rate of the first bit-rate-control-unit data frame according to the length of the first bit-rate-control-unit data frame, a target bit rate of the to-be-transmitted data, and a frame rate of the to-be-transmitted data and, when a first difference value between a real bit rate of a second bit-rate-control-unit data frame and a second target bit rate of the second bit-rate-control-unit data frame is greater than zero, adjusting the first target bit rate according to the first difference value, and coding the first bit-rate-control-unit data frame according to the adjusted first target bit rate.

Abstract: Provided is a video decoding method including obtaining split information indicating whether to split a current block; when the split information indicates that the current block is split, splitting the current block into at least two lower blocks; obtaining encoding order information indicating an encoding order of the at least two lower blocks of the current block; determining a decoding order of the at least two lower blocks according to the encoding order information; and decoding the at least two lower blocks according to the decoding order.

Abstract: A method for controlling video coding includes obtaining a target rate for an image data unit to be encoded using one or more coding parameters. The one or more coding parameters are determined based on the target rate and a rate control model associated with one or more model parameters. The method further includes determining the one or more model parameters associated with the rate control model based on an encoding of one or more reference image data units using one or more reference coding parameters, determining the one or more coding parameters for encoding the image data unit based on the target rate and the rate control model associated with the one or more determined model parameters, and using the one or more determined coding parameters to encode the image data unit.

Abstract: The present disclosure, in a method of decoding a video signal, provides a method including checking whether a transform skip is applied to a current block; acquiring a transform index indicating transform types applied to a horizontal direction and a vertical direction of the current block from among a plurality of predefined transform types from the video signal when the transform skip is not applied to the current block; and performing an inverse primary transform on the current block using the transform types indicated by the transform index, wherein the transform types applied to the horizontal direction and the vertical direction of the current block are determined from among transform types defined according to an intra prediction mode of the current block based on the transform index.

Abstract: A method is provided to better detect a scene change to provide a prediction to an encoder to enable more efficient encoding. The method uses a Motion Compensated Temporal Filter (MCTF) that provides motion estimation and is located prior to an encoder. The MCTF provides a Motion Compensated Residual (MCR) used to detect the scene change transition. When a scene is relatively stable, the MCR score is also relatively stable. However, when a scene transition is in process, the MCR score behavior changes, Algorithmically, the MCR score is used by comparing the sliding mean of the MCR score to the sliding median. This comparison highlights the transition points. In the case of a scene cut, the MCR score exhibits a distinct spike. In the case of a fade or dissolve, the MCR score exhibits a transitional period of degradation followed by recovery. By implementing the above detection using the MCR, the location of the I-pictures in the downstream encoding process can be accurately determined for the encoder.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to image processing apparatus and method that can suppress a reduction of subjective image quality. A process related to hiding of predetermined data with respect to data regarding an image is executed, and hiding is skipped in a case where data in a spatial domain of the image is to be encoded. The data regarding the image for which the hiding is performed or the data regarding the image for which the hiding is skipped is encoded. The present disclosure can be applied to, for example, an image processing apparatus, an image encoding apparatus, an image decoding apparatus, and the like.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure provide method and apparatus for video coding. In some examples, an apparatus includes receiving circuitry and processing circuitry. The processing circuitry decodes, from a coded video bitstream, a syntax element for an adjusted version of an initial quantization parameter (QP) value at a picture level for a picture. The adjusted version is in a range with an upper boundary that is changed with a maximum QP value. Then, the processing circuitry determines the initial QP value of a segment (such as a slice, a tile, a group of tiles and the like) in the picture based on the syntax element and determines a QP value for a block in the segment according to the initial QP value of the segment and adjustments associated with the block. Then, the processing circuitry performs an inverse quantization on quantized data of the block according to the determined QP value.

Abstract: An encoder includes memory and circuitry. The circuitry, using the memory, (i) selects a mode from among a plurality of modes each for deriving a motion vector, and derives a motion vector for a current block via the selected mode, and (ii) performs inter prediction encoding on the current block, using the derived motion vector, via one of a skip mode and a non-skip mode different from the skip mode. The plurality of modes include a plurality of first modes each for predicting the motion vector for the current block based on an encoded block neighboring the current block without encoding information indicating a motion vector into a stream. When a second mode included in the plurality of first modes is selected, the current block is encoded via the non-skip mode regardless of presence or absence of a residual coefficient.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for reconstructing a video signal by using an approximation transform on the basis of a preprocessing/postprocessing matrix, the method comprising: obtaining a transform index of a current block from a video signal, wherein the transform index corresponds to any one of a plurality of transform combinations including at least one of DST7, DCT8, DST6, or flipped DST7, and a transform combination includes a horizontal transform and a vertical transform; deriving a primary transform for horizontal/vertical directions corresponding to the transform index; performing an inverse primary approximation transform by using the primary transform for the horizontal/vertical directions, wherein the inverse primary approximation transform is generated by multiplying the primary transform for the horizontal/vertical directions by a preprocessing matrix and a postprocessing matrix; and reconstructing the video signal by using the inverse primary approximation-transformed current block.

Abstract: Systems and methods for performing rate-distortion optimization includes receiving an original data corresponding to a block of an image frame, and identifying a reconstructed version of the original data that minimizes a cost function. The cost associated with a particular reconstructed version of the original data may be based on an encoding rate associated with the particular reconstructed version of the original data, and a distortion between the original data and the particular reconstructed version of the original data in response to a supremum norm of error between the original data and the particular reconstructed version of the original data being less than or equal to a threshold value.

Abstract: Generating a compound predictor block of a current block of video can include generating, for the current block, predictor blocks comprising a first predictor block including first predictor pixels and a second predictor block including second predictor pixels; using at least a subset of the first predictor pixels to determine a first weight for a first predictor pixel of the first predictor pixels; obtaining a second weight for a second predictor pixel of the second predictor pixels, where the second predictor pixel is co-located with the first predictor pixel; and generating the compound predictor block by combining the first predictor block and the second predictor block, where the predictor block includes a weighted pixel that is determined using a weighted sum of the first predictor pixel and the second predictor pixel using the first weight and the second weight, respectively.

Abstract: A method is provided for determining a context-index when performing Context-based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) for video compression or decompression includes initializing to an initialized value each of a plurality of context-indexes of chosen syntax elements associated with a given block (e.g., a macroblock). The context-index of dependent neighboring blocks of the given block is evaluated. The dependent neighboring blocks are blocks that have a context-index that depends on coding of a current bin position. The context-index of the dependent neighboring blocks is updated if and only if their context-index changes from the initialized values.

Abstract: A method, computer program, and computer system is provided for encoding or decoding video data. Video data including a chroma component and a luma component is received. One or more contexts for entropy coding chroma intra prediction modes are identified based on a co-located luma block at one or more pre-defined positions. The video data is decoded based on the identified contexts.

Abstract: To favorably transmit both of HDR image data and LDR image data. First transmission image data and second transmission image data are divided into layers and encoded, the first transmission image data being obtained by applying photo-electric conversion to first input image data having a contrast ratio of from 0 to 100% to brightness of a white peak of a conventional LDR image, and the second transmission image data being obtained by applying photo-electric conversion to second input image data having a contrast ratio of from 0 to 100%*N (N is a number larger than 1), the contrast ratio exceeding the brightness of the conventional white peak, and a video stream having encoded image data of pictures of the layers is generated. A container in a predetermined format including the video stream is transmitted.

Abstract: Techniques for machine learning based coded size estimation in rate control of video encoding are described. An encoder in accordance with various embodiments uses one or more machine learning approaches to facilitate the rate control of video encoding. When training one or more neural network models, the relationship between the coded size and unit characteristics (e.g., picture pixels and/or picture features) is learned from past encoding. The encoder then uses the trained model(s) to estimate the coded size through model inference with improved accuracy. In some embodiments, the trained model(s) are integrated into the encoder for direct model inference. The direct model inference reduces the overhead of referencing application programming interfaces (APIs) provided by a separate machine learning platform, thus making the rate control methods and systems described herein useful in real time video encoding.

Abstract: A temporal domain rate distortion optimization considering a coding-mode adaptive distortion propagation is provided. A problem of dependency rate distortion optimization based on a temporal domain distortion propagation is induced again according to a temporal domain dependency relationship under an LD structure and a distortion propagation analysis under a skip mode and an inter mode; and an aggregation distortion of a current coding unit and an affected future coding unit are estimated and a propagation factor of a coding unit in a temporal domain distortion propagation model is calculated by constructing a time propagation chain, wherein a Lagrange multiplier is adjusted through an accurate propagation factor to realize a temporal domain dependency rate distortion optimization, and an I frame is subjected to a secondary coding technology to realize the temporal domain dependency rate distortion optimization of the I frame.

Abstract: There are disclosed various methods, apparatuses and computer program products for video decoding or encoding. In some embodiments for decoding a block that contains quantized residual coefficients based on at least two color channels of a video presentation or an image is received. A first quantization parameter and an offset defining a relationship between the first quantization parameter and a second quantization parameter for the block are obtained. The value of the second quantization parameter is determined by using the first quantization parameter and the offset. The residual samples are reconstructed by dequantizing the quantized residual coefficients using the second quantization parameter, if the block has been encoded by using a cross-channel residual coding mode.

Abstract: An apparatus for video decoding includes processing circuitry configured to determine an affine model for a current block coded with an interweaved affine mode. Based on the affine model, a first prediction block corresponding to a first pattern for partitioning the current block into first sub-blocks and a second prediction block corresponding to a second pattern for partitioning the current block into second sub-blocks can be generated. The first and second prediction blocks include interpolated samples having an intermediate bit-depth larger than an input bit-depth of the current block. Co-located first and samples in the first and second prediction blocks with a precision corresponding to the intermediate bit-depth are weighted averaged to obtain averaged samples. The averaged samples are rounded to the input bit-depth to obtain corresponding third samples in a final prediction block of the current block.

Abstract: A video data encoding method for encoding an array of video data values includes frequency-transforming the video data values according to a frequency transform, to generate an array of frequency-transformed values by a matrix-multiplication process using a transform matrix having a data precision greater than six bits.

Abstract: A system and method of decoding a set of greatest coded line index values for a precinct of video data from a video bitstream, the precinct of video data including one or more subbands. The method comprises decoding a greatest coded line index prediction mode for each subband from the video bitstream; decoding a plurality of greatest coded line index delta values for each subband from the video bitstream using the greatest coded line index prediction mode for the subband; and producing the greatest coded line index values for each subband using the plurality of greatest coded line index delta values and the greatest coded line index prediction mode for the subband.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure provide methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable storage mediums for video encoding/decoding. In a method, prediction information of a current block of a coding unit tree in a coded bit stream is decoded. The prediction information indicates at least one allowed block partitioning structure for the current block. A sub-block transform (SBT) mode is determined for the current block based on the prediction information indicating that SBT is used for the current block. A partition of the current block based on the SBT mode is different from a partition of the current block based on the at least one allowed block partitioning structure. The current block is reconstructed based on the SBT mode.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an encoding method and decoding method, and a device using the same. The encoding method according to the present invention comprises the steps of: specifying an intra prediction mode for a current block; and scanning a residual signal by intra prediction of the current block, wherein the step of scanning the residual signal can determine a scanning type for a luminance signal and a chroma signal of the current block according to an intra prediction mode for a luminance sample of the current block.

Abstract: A video coding method includes obtaining a current frame from a plurality of video frames, from which at least two or more video frames from have different resolutions; determining an initial motion vector (MV) corresponding to each block to be encoded in the current frame at a corresponding resolution; and determining a target MV resolution according to a resolution configuration of the current frame to represent a target resolution. The method also includes determining a target MV corresponding to each block in the current frame at the target resolution represented by the target MV resolution; obtaining a motion vector prediction (MVP) corresponding to each block in the current frame at the target resolution; and encoding the current frame according to a motion vector difference (MVD) between each target MV and the corresponding MVP such that the MV and the corresponding MVP are at a same resolution.

Abstract: Provided is an image decoding method including determining a predicted quantization parameter of a current quantization group determined according to at least one of block split information and block size information, determining a difference quantization parameter of the current quantization group, determining a quantization parameter of the current quantization group, based on the predicted quantization parameter and the difference quantization parameter of the current quantization group, and inverse quantizing a current block included in the current quantization group, according to the quantization parameter of the current quantization group.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure provide methods and apparatuses for video encoding/decoding. In some examples, an apparatus for video decoding includes processing circuitry. The processing circuitry receives coded information of a current coding tree unit (CTU) from a coded video bitstream, and determines a context model for a split flag associated with a current block within the current CTU at least partially based on split information of a corresponding block in a reference CTU for the current CTU. Then, the processing circuitry determines the split flag based on the context model, and decodes the current block based on the split flag that is determined based on the context model.

Abstract: A video coding block is intra-predicted on the basis of reference samples from a set of neighboring video coding blocks. A preliminary fitting plane, defined by a set of preliminary fitting plane parameters, is determined on the basis of the reference samples. Those preliminary fitting plane parameters whose parameter value lies outside a predefined range of allowable parameter values are clipped to an adjusted parameter value inside the predefined range. Those preliminary fitting plane parameters whose parameter value lies within the predefined range of allowable parameter values are maintained. An adjusted fitting plane is determined on the basis of the clipped fitting plane parameters and the unclipped fitting plane parameters. The adjusted fitting plane defines a plurality of fitting samples. The samples of the current video coding block are defined on the basis of the plurality of fitting samples.

Abstract: A video decoding device and method, including extracting PCM block size information including a threshold, from a bitstream, determining the threshold based on the extracted PCM block size information; parsing a PCM header from the bitstream with respect to an encoded block, only when said encoded block is prediction mode of intra prediction and a block size of said encoded block is equal to or greater than the determined threshold, controlling an entropy decoding process and a PCM decoding process based on the parsed PCM header; parsing transformed data of a prediction error data of an image in the bitstream; and PCM-decoding PCM data of the image in the bitstream, wherein the decoding performs the decoding operation based on the prediction mode being intra prediction and based on the block size of the encoded block being equal to or greater than the determined threshold.

Abstract: A method of coding image data performed by at least one processor, may include: receiving information regarding a data block of an image; determining whether at least one of a height or a width of a residual coding block corresponding to the data block of the image is greater than or equal to a pre-defined threshold; and based on determining that the at least one of the height or the width of the residual coding block is greater than or equal to the pre-defined threshold: identifying or generating a reduced-complexity residual coding block by reducing the number of non-zero coefficients in the residual coding block; and performing transform coding of the reduced-complexity residual coding block using a line graph transform (LGT) core to perform direct matrix multiplications for each of the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the reduced-complexity coding block.

Abstract: Provided are a video decoding method and apparatus including: in a video encoding and decoding process, determining parity information of a current block based on a width and a height of the current block; determining a lookup table of the current block from among a plurality of predefined lookup tables based on the parity information; determining a dequantization scale value of the current block based on the lookup table of the current block; and performing dequantization on the current block by using the dequantization scale value.

Abstract: An encoder includes memory and circuitry. The circuitry, using the memory, (i) selects a mode from among a plurality of modes each for deriving a motion vector, and derives a motion vector for a current block via the selected mode, and (ii) performs inter prediction encoding on the current block, using the derived motion vector, via one of a skip mode and a non-skip mode different from the skip mode. The plurality of modes include a plurality of first modes each for predicting the motion vector for the current block based on an encoded block neighboring the current block without encoding information indicating a motion vector into a stream. When a second mode included in the plurality of first modes is selected, the current block is encoded via the non-skip mode regardless of presence or absence of a residual coefficient.

Abstract: According to an aspect of the disclosure, a method of video decoding performed in a video decoder is provided. In the method, syntax information of a coding unit (CU) is decoded from a coded video bitstream. The syntax information is signaled in a picture header (PH) and includes chroma quantization parameter (QP) offsets in a PH level. The chroma QP offsets include at least one of a Cb offset, a Cr offset, and a CbCr offset. Further, quantization parameters for the CU are determined based on the chroma QP offsets in the PH level and a quantization parameter range offset of the CU.

Abstract: A device is configured to modify, based on chroma phase shifts in a horizontal direction, a horizontal component of a chroma location pointed to by a motion vector of a current block of a current picture. The chroma location is in a reference picture that has a different resolution or a different chroma sampling type from the current picture. The device may modify, based on chroma phase shifts in a vertical direction, a vertical component of the chroma location. Additionally, the device may generate, based on chroma samples of the reference picture corresponding to a modified chroma location chroma samples of a prediction block for a current block of the current picture. The modified chroma location is defined by the modified horizontal and vertical components of the chroma location. The device may code the current block based on the prediction block for the current block.

Abstract: A video image encoding device, in a first mode, variable-length-encodes a residual coefficient to generate a coefficient code string, outputs the coefficient code string and the header information in a state in which the header information is associated with the coefficient code string, in a second mode, directly uses a differential image as a coefficient code string without variable-length-encoding the differential image, and outputs the coefficient code string and the header information in a state in which the header information is associated with the coefficient code string.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for encoding an image and corresponding terminals. The method includes steps of: determine the related coding information of the raw image to be processed according to the feature information of the raw image to be processed; and encode the raw image to be processed according to the related coding information. In the present invention, the encoded raw image is transmitted to a cloud server via network, and the decoded and reconstructed raw image is optimized by the ISP module in the cloud server. Compared with the prior art where complex algorithms cannot be implemented by the ISP module in the terminal due to the limitation of its computing capacity, the present invention significantly improves the perceptual quality of the user viewing image by adopting more sophisticated image processing algorithms, while increasing the image compression ratio.

Abstract: A method of encoding a video sequence by an encoder supporting context-based adaptive binary arithmetic coding, CABAC is disclosed. The method comprises determining, by a rate controller, a compression parameter of the encoder based on a load parameter value, indicating a current actual load of the coding block, received from the coding block.

Abstract: A method for decoding an image according to the present document includes obtaining prediction mode information and residual related information from a bitstream, deriving prediction samples of a current block by performing prediction based on the prediction mode information, deriving residual samples of the current block based on the residual related information, and generating reconstruction samples of the current block based on the prediction samples and the residual samples, and the residual related information includes a transform skip flag based on a size of the current block and a maximum transform skip size, the transform skip flag represents whether a transform skip is applied to the current block, and information about the maximum transform skip size is obtained from the bitstream.

Abstract: A video coder that implicitly signals a transform setting for coding a block of pixels is provided. The video coder derives a transform setting for a block of pixels based on a block processing setting. The video coder processes the block of pixels according to the block processing setting. For encoding, the video coder transforms a set of residual pixels to generate a set of transform coefficients according to the transform setting. For decoding, the video coder inverse transforms the transform coefficients to generate a set of residual pixels according to the transform setting.

Abstract: A physical adapter receives a data stream comprising data usable to derive a rendition of a signal at a first level of quality and reconstruction data produced by processing a rendition of the signal at a second, higher level of quality and indicating how to reconstruct the rendition at the second level of quality using the rendition at the first level of quality. The physical adapter reconstructs the rendition at the second level of quality and outputs the reconstructed rendition and/or data derived from the reconstructed rendition. The physical adapter is connectable to signal processing equipment that outputs the data usable to derive the rendition at the first level of quality. The physical adapter increases the quality of the rendition of the signal relative to the first level of quality and enhances the functionality of the signal processing equipment.

Abstract: A method for intra-prediction estimation is provided that includes determining a best intra-prediction mode for a block of samples, wherein at least some of the neighboring samples used for intra-prediction estimation include approximate reconstructed samples, applying approximate reconstruction to the block of samples using the best intra-prediction mode to generate a block of approximate reconstructed samples, and storing the block of approximate reconstructed samples for use in intra-prediction estimation of other blocks of samples.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for compressing image data are described along with corresponding methods and apparatus for decompressing the compressed image data. An encoder unit, which generates the compressed image data, comprises an input arranged to receive a first image and a second image, wherein the second image is twice the width and height of the first image, a prediction generator arranged to generate a prediction texture from the first image using an adaptive interpolator, a difference texture generator arranged to generate a difference texture from the prediction texture and the second image and in encoder unit arranged to encode the difference texture.

Abstract: A method of decoding or encoding including receiving information regarding a video sequence for encoding or decoding, determining, for the encoding or decoding of the video sequence, whether to use a first transform core matrix that is of a first size type or a second transform core matrix that is of a second size type, and based on the determining, transmitting information that causes the video sequence to be encoded or decoded using the determined first transform core matrix or second transform core matrix.