Abstract: The encoding device includes: a predictor configured to generate, for each component, a prediction block corresponding to an encoding-target block; a residual generator configured to generate, for each component, a prediction residual representing a difference between the encoding-target block and the prediction block; a mode selector configured to select one mode either an individual encoding mode performing a transform process and a quantization process on a prediction residual of the first component and a prediction residual of the second component for each single component, or a joint encoding mode performing a transform process and a quantization process on a joint prediction residual generated from the prediction residual of the first component and the prediction residual of the second component; a quantization controller configured to determine a quantization matrix to be applied in the quantization process based on the mode selected by the mode selector.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a video encoding method and apparatus for setting and encoding quantization parameters, and to a video decoding method and apparatus for decoding and setting quantization parameters in a video encoding and decoding apparatus which uses blocks having various sizes and depths as encoding and decoding units.

Abstract: A flow meter for a home appliance, in particular a dishwasher or a washing machine, the flow meter comprising a control unit having a first power supply terminal, a second power supply terminal and a digital input terminal which is connected to the second power supply terminal via a limiting element; a movable element which is moved by a flow of a fluid and which comprises at least one movable magnetic element; and a two-lead magneto-sensitive unit which comprises a signal terminal connected to the digital input terminal of the control unit and a reference terminal connected to the first power supply terminal of the control unit; wherein the magneto-sensitive unit comprises a magnetic sensor element having two output terminals connected to the signal terminal and the reference terminal, and a power supply terminal; and a buffered power supply unit configured to generate a continuous auxiliary voltage from the signal terminal and the reference terminal of the magneto-sensitive unit and to provide the continuou

Abstract: Method and device(s) for providing precoder selection policy for a multi-antenna transmitter arranged to transmit data over a communication channel of a wireless communication network. Machine learning in the form of reinforcement learning is applied involving adaptation of an action value function configured to compute an action value based on information indicative of a precoder of the multi-antenna transmitter and of a state relating to at least the communication channel. The adaptation being further based on reward information provided by a reward function, indicative of how successfully data is transmitted over the communication channel, and the precoder selection policy is provided based on the adapted action value function resulting from the reinforcement learning.

Abstract: A method of reducing transmission power for an encoded data stream includes the steps of receiving an incoming data stream having equal probability for a plurality of incoming data bits, assigning a symbol scheme to the received data bits of the incoming data stream according to probabilities of occurrence of individual ones of the received data bits, and transmitting an outgoing data stream according to the assigned symbol scheme having a second average transmit power, different than the first average transmit power, for a plurality of outgoing symbols.

Abstract: A system may receive driving information associated with a first driver of a shared mobility service, the driving information comprising processed sensor data received from one or more sensors of a vehicle associated with the first driver. Subsequently, the system may determine, based on at least one of recorded audio signals and a wireless signal, one or more time periods during which the first driver was transporting at least one passenger of the shared mobility service. Thereafter, the system may determine, based on correlating the driving information with the one or more time periods, a first score for the first driver. Then, the system may transmit a notification of a ride opportunity to the first driver responsive to determining that the first score for the first driver is higher than a second score for a second driver.

Abstract: A method for decoding an image, the method including receiving a bitstream including image information, decoding base block size information on a size of a base block, and a residual quantization parameter of a decoding object unit, from the bitstream, deriving a predicted quantization parameter of the decoding object unit based on the base block size information, deriving a quantization parameter of the decoding object unit based on the predicted quantization parameter and the residual quantization parameter, and decoding the decoding object unit based on the quantization parameter of the decoding object unit.

Abstract: A digital conversion system including a sigma-delta converter, a tone generator that generates injects a tone signal into the conversion path of the sigma-delta converter at a frequency that is outside operating signal frequency range, a tone detector that isolates and detects a level of the injected tone signal and provides a corresponding tone level value, a tone ratio comparator that converts the tone level value into a tone level ratio and that compares the converted tone level ratio with an expected tone level ratio to provide an error signal, and a loop controller that converts the error signal to a correction signal to adjust a loop filter frequency the sigma-delta converter. Tones may be serially injected one at a time or simultaneously in parallel for determining a measured tone level ratio for comparison with a corresponding one of multiple stored expected tone level ratios.

Abstract: A multi-layer time-interleaving (TI) device and method of operation therefor. This device includes a plurality of TI layers configured to receive a plurality of input clock signals and to output a plurality of output clock signals, each of which can be configured to drive subsequent devices. The layers include at least a first and second layer including a fine-grain propagation device and a barrel-shifting propagation device configured to retime the plurality of input clock signals to produce divided output clock signals. The device can include additional barrel-shifting propagation devices to time interleave an initial two layers to produce one or more additional layers. Using negative phase stepping, the plurality of output clock signals is produced with optimal timing margin and synchronized on a single clock edge.

Abstract: A method for decoding an image, the method including decoding base block size information on a size of a base block from a bitstream, decoding residual presence information of a decoding object unit from the bitstream, the residual presence information indicating whether the decoding object unit has residual signal or not, when the residual presence information indicates that the decoding object unit has the residual signal, decoding a residual quantization parameter of the decoding object unit from the bitstream, determining a quantization parameter of the decoding object unit based on the residual quantization parameter of the decoding object unit, and performing inverse quantization for the decoding object unit based on the quantization parameter.

Abstract: Provided is a display stream codec for a display device including an encoder, wherein the encoder is configured to determine a fallback display mode as a display mode for a current block to be encoded, represent a mode signaling of the fallback display mode that is identical to a mode signaling of a regular display mode corresponding to the fallback display mode, encode the current block in accordance with the fallback display mode using a same signaling syntax as the corresponding regular display mode, and send the encoded current block.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a video encoding method and apparatus for setting and encoding quantization parameters, and to a video decoding method and apparatus for decoding and setting quantization parameters in a video encoding and decoding apparatus which uses blocks having various sizes and depths as encoding and decoding units.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a video encoding method and apparatus for setting and encoding quantization parameters, and to a video decoding method and apparatus for decoding and setting quantization parameters in a video encoding and decoding apparatus which uses blocks having various sizes and depths as encoding and decoding units.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for inserting audience measurement data or interactive data into a compressed data bitstream are disclosed. An example apparatus disclosed herein includes a parser to access compressed audio data packets from a compressed data bitstream, a time shifter to time shift the compressed audio data packets in data frames of the compressed data bitstream to occupy locations of the data frames from which skip bytes are eliminated, and an inserter to insert at least one of audience measurement data or interactive data into auxiliary data fields of the data frames that increase in size due to the time shifting the compressed audio data.

Abstract: A technique for audio encoding is provided.

Abstract: A control device includes a diagnosis-information output circuit constituted by a condition monitoring circuit, a condition determining circuit, a condition-controlling-signal monitoring circuit, an output-information generating circuit that generates diagnosis information indicating a condition of the control device, and a condition controlling circuit that changes a signal in the control device in response to a signal for controlling the control device.

Abstract: A method for processing audio data includes determining a first common scalefactor value for representing quantized audio data in a frame. A second common scalefactor value is determined for representing the quantized audio data in the frame. A line equation common scalefactor value is determined from the first and second common scalefactor values.

Abstract: Provided are a method and apparatus for encoding a video signal and a method and apparatus for decoding a video signal. The method of encoding the video signal includes: determining an optimum scaling bit depth of the video signal in consideration of a maximum bit number of an intermediate value obtained during transformation of the video signal and a maximum bit precision of the video signal; scaling the video signal according to a local shift value corresponding to a difference between the determined optimum scaling bit depth and an original bit depth of the video signal; and transforming the scaled video signal.

Abstract: Provided are a method and apparatus for encoding a video signal and a method and apparatus for decoding a video signal. The method of encoding the video signal includes: determining an optimum scaling bit depth of the video signal in consideration of a maximum bit number of an intermediate value obtained during transformation of the video signal and a maximum bit precision of the video signal; scaling the video signal according to a local shift value corresponding to a difference between the determined optimum scaling bit depth and an original bit depth of the video signal; and transforming the scaled video signal.

Abstract: Some embodiments describe methods, programs, and systems for speech encoding. Among other things, a received input signal representing a property of speech is quantized to generate a quantized output signal. Prior to the quantization, a version of the input signal is supplied to a first noise shaping filter having a first set of filter coefficients effective to generate a first filtered signal. Following the quantization, the quantized output signal is supplied to a second noise shaping filter having a second set of filter coefficients, thus generating a second filtered signal. A noise shaping operation is performed to control a frequency spectrum of a noise effect in the quantized output signal caused by the quantization, wherein the noise shaping operation is based on both the first and second filtered signals. Finally, the quantized output signal is transmitted in an encoded signal.

Abstract: A method includes receiving a signal at a receiver device via a channel from a transmitter device and determining a frequency domain representation of the signal. The signal includes multiple modulation symbols. The method further includes detecting a first symbol of the signal and determining a time domain representation of a distortion estimate associated with the first symbol using a distortion recovery receiver (DRR) technique. The method further includes subtracting the distortion estimate from the first symbol to generate an updated estimate of the first symbol. The method further includes determining a frequency domain representation of a second symbol using a value that is based on a frequency domain representation of the distortion estimate and that is further based on a frequency domain representation of a quantized version of the updated estimate of the first symbol.

Abstract: A method performed in an audio decoder for reconstructing an original audio signal having a lowband portion and a highband portion is disclosed. The method includes receiving an encoded audio signal and extracting reconstruction parameters from the encoded audio signal. The method further includes decoding the encoded audio signal with a core audio decoder to obtain a decoded lowband portion and regenerating the highband portion based at least in part on a cross over frequency and the decoded lowband portion to obtain a regenerated highband portion. The method also includes creating a synthetic sinusoid with a level based at least in part on a spectral envelope value for the particular subband and a noise floor value for the particular subband and adding the synthetic sinusoid to the regenerated highband portion in the particular frequency band specified by the location information.

Abstract: Various embodiments for regulating link speed for performance enhancement and port diagnosis are provided. In response to identifying an amount of errors in a communications link above a predetermined threshold, an applicable transmission speed is selectively reduced. If errors identified at the reduced transmission speed are found to decrease, a communications port incorporating the communications link is flagged as potentially dirty, and if the errors identified at the reduced transmission speed are found to remain constant, the communications port is flagged as potentially bad.

Abstract: An apparatus for coding a portion of an audio signal to obtain an encoded audio signal for the portion of the audio signal includes a transient detector for detecting whether a transient signal is located in the portion of the audio signal to obtain a transient detection result, an encoder stage for performing first and second encoding algorithms on the audio signal, the first and second encoding algorithms having differing first and second characteristics, respectively, a processor for determining which encoding algorithm results in an encoded audio signal being a better approximation to the portion of the audio signal with respect to the other encoding algorithm to obtain a quality result, and a controller for determining whether the encoded audio signal for the portion of the audio signal is to be generated by either the first or the second encoding algorithm based on the transient-detection and quality results.

Abstract: An object of embodiments of the present invention is to provide an improved gain-shape VQ. This is achieved by determining a number of bits to be allocated to a gain adjustment- and shape-quantizer for a plurality of combinations of a current bit rate and a first signal property. The determined allocated number of bits to the gain adjustment- and shape quantizer should provide a better result for the given bitrate and signal property than using a single fixed allocation scheme. That can be achieved by deriving the bit allocation by using an average of optimal bit allocations for a training data set. Thus by pre-calculating a number of bits to the gain adjustment and the shape quantizers for a plurality of combinations of the bit rate and a first signal property and creating a table indicating the number of bits to be allocated to the gain adjustment- and the shape-quantizers for a plurality of combinations of the bit rate and a first signal property.

Abstract: Various embodiments for regulating link speed for performance enhancement and port diagnosis are provided. In response to identifying an amount of errors in a communications link above a predetermined threshold, an applicable transmission speed is selectively reduced. The selective reduction occurs upon one of a temporary, permanent, and user-defined basis, and the selective reduction is performed using one of a manual setting adjustment and speed negotiation logic applied to the communications link. If errors identified at the reduced transmission speed are found to decrease, a communications port incorporating the communications link is flagged as potentially dirty, and if the errors identified at the reduced transmission speed are found to remain constant, the communications port is flagged as potentially bad.

Abstract: A method and system for sequentially reorganizing signals received on a set of sensors, including a network of aerials or sensors, a high-precision clock, controlling a sequencer and suitable for accurately pacing the switching and acquisition times between each aerial, the sequencer is suitable for controlling an antenna switch, an the antenna switch linked to a single-channel radiofrequency receive module, an acquisition card, and a processing model.

Abstract: A method is provided for hierarchical coding of a digital audio signal comprising, for a current frame of the input signal: a core coding, delivering a scalar quantization index for each sample of the current frame and at least one enhancement coding delivering indices of scalar quantization for each coded sample of an enhancement signal. The enhancement coding comprises a step of obtaining a filter for shaping the coding noise used to determine a target signal and in that the indices of scalar quantization of said enhancement signal are determined by minimizing the error between a set of possible values of scalar quantization and said target signal. The coding method can also comprise a shaping of the coding noise for the core bitrate coding. A coder implementing the coding method is also provided.

Abstract: A receiver circuit provides improved noise estimation processing by at least partially removing receiver frequency error bias. An initial noise estimate is compensated using an error term based on the observed receiver frequency error, and the resulting compensated noise estimate can be used to improve other signal processing in the receiver. For example, the receiver may use compensated noise estimates to generate signal quality estimates, e.g., Signal-to-Interference (SIR) estimates, having improved accuracy. Additionally, or alternatively, the receiver may use the compensated noise estimates to generate RAKE combining weights having improved noise suppression characteristics. In an exemplary embodiment, the initial noise estimate is a noise correlation matrix generated from a received reference signal, e.g., pilot symbols, and the error term is an error matrix directly generated using the observed receiver frequency error and channel estimates taken from the reference signal.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for compressing a sequence of initial digital values into a compressed sequence of compressed values, intending to restore these values into a decompressed sequence of decompressed values. For a first initial value of the sequence, the compressed value of the first initial value is equal to the first initial value and the decompressed value of the compressed value of the first initial value is equal to the first initial value.

Abstract: On a criterion to minimize the entropy of the linear prediction residual of the input signal used for calculation of the input PARCOR coefficient sequence, PARCOR coefficients with larger absolute values are quantized with higher quantization precisions so as to reduce the increase of the code amount of the linear prediction residual caused by the quantization error of the PARCOR coefficients. If the PARCOR coefficient is represented by a value formed by a predetermined number of bits, the number of effective bits from the most significant bit toward the least significant bit included in the output value increases with the absolute value of the PARCOR coefficient.

Abstract: A method for real-time data-pattern analysis. The method includes receiving and queuing at least one data-pattern analysis request by a data-pattern analysis unit controller. At least one data stream portion is also received and stored by the data-pattern analysis unit controller, each data stream portion corresponding to a received data-pattern analysis request. Next, a received data-pattern analysis request is selected by the data-pattern analysis unit controller along with a corresponding data stream portion. A data-pattern analysis is performed based on the selected data-pattern analysis request and the corresponding data stream portion, wherein the data-pattern analysis is performed by one of a plurality of data-pattern analysis units.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for processing feedback implemented in a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) comprises estimating a channel matrix. The effective channel is calculated and a precoding matrix is selected. Feedback bits are generated and transmitted.

Abstract: A method in signal processing is used for quantizing likelihood quotients of binary random variables for transmitting between at least two signal processing units. Decision levels and reconstruction levels of a quantization of likelihood quotients are thereby determined by maximizing corresponding information between the binary random variables and the associated quantized likelihood quotients at a prescribed probability distribution of the likelihood quotients. A corresponding quantization device determines decision levels and reconstruction levels of a quantization of the likelihood quotients by maximizing the corresponding information between the binary variables and the associated quantized likelihood quotients at a prescribed probability density of the likelihood quotients.

Abstract: An error correction data processing apparatus includes a noise predictive calibration circuit operable to calibrate a first set of filter coefficients based on a first data set and a second set of filter coefficients based on a second data set, and includes a first noise predictive detector operable to receive the first set of filter coefficients. The apparatus further includes a decoder operable to perform a first global iteration with the first noise predictive detector and determine a violation check count value, and a second noise predictive detector operable to receive the second set of filter coefficients if the violation check count value is less than a predetermined value or receive the first set of filter coefficients if the violation check count value is greater than the predetermined value.

Abstract: An improved quadrature bandpass-sampling delta-sigma analog-to-digital demodulator is provided, which includes a loop filter, an A/D responsive to the loop filter, and a first feedback D/A responsive to the A/D up-converted in frequency by a first multiplier and a clock. A first summing circuit is responsive to the first D/A and an RF input for providing an input to the loop filter. A plurality of feedback D/As is responsive to the A/D up-converted in different frequencies by a plurality of multipliers and a plurality of clocks for providing feedback inputs to the loop filter. The loop filter comprises a plurality of resonators arranged in cascade configuration, a plurality of analog mixers to provide frequency shifting of the error signals propagating through the resonators, and a plurality of summing circuits responsive to the feedback D/As.

Abstract: An analog to digital converter with increased sub-range resolution. The device includes an analog front end that produces an analog communication signal, a digital front end that receives a digital communication signal, and an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) that samples the analog communication signal across a full-range. The ADC includes a full-range ADC having a first quantization accuracy configured to sample the analog communication signal across the full-range and a central sub-range ADC having a second quantization accuracy greater than the first quantization accuracy and configured to sample the analog communication signal across a central sub-range of the full-range. The ADC also includes signal combining circuitry configured to process outputs of the full-range ADC and the central sub-range ADC to create the digital communication signal.

Abstract: Provided is a wireless communication device which can improve the notification accuracy of the channel state information (CSI) without straining the feedback circuit. In this device, a channel estimator (105) uses a pilot signal input from a wireless receiver (102) to estimate the channel and obtain a plurality of path gains in each of a plurality of delay periods. Then, the channel estimator (105) outputs the plurality of path gains to a quantizer (107). The quantizer (107) quantizes the plurality of path gains in the number of notification bits corresponding to each of the plurality of delay periods based on the correspondence of the delay period and the number of notification bits input from a setting unit (106).

Abstract: A digital baseband signal for radio frequency transmission is processed prior to performing digital-to-analog conversion. The digital baseband signal is filtered. The number of bits of the digital baseband signal is reduced to minimise the size of the digital-to-analog converter. By performing some of the bit reduction before filtering, the size of the filter circuit is reduced whilst still meeting relevant performance parameters.

Abstract: Techniques are provided for transmitting and receiving communications on behalf of wireless user equipment devices between a plurality of radio access point (RAP) devices and a gateway apparatus through a controller apparatus. A controller apparatus generates a plurality of first identifiers used for communications on behalf of corresponding wireless user devices between the controller apparatus and respective RAPs. Each first identifier identifies a wireless user device and a RAP to which the wireless user device is associated. The controller apparatus maps each first identifier to a corresponding one of a plurality of second identifiers for communications exchanged on behalf of the wireless user devices between the controller apparatus and a gateway apparatus in the wireless cellular communication network. The controller apparatus remaps a new first identifier to an existing second identifier when a particular wireless user device has handed over from a first RAP to a second RAP.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for configuring a portable first cellular base station to operate in a digital cellular telecommunications network includes: placing the first cellular base station in the digital cellular telecommunications network; detecting with a radio receiver at least one second operating cellular base station within the digital cellular telecommunications network; demodulating a first transmission of the at least one second cellular base station transmitter to obtain a first data stream; predictively modifying the first data stream to create a modified first data stream; correlating at least one periodic portion of the modified first data stream to form an enhanced data signal; decoding the enhanced data signal to obtain information including at least the location area code for the at least one second operating cellular base station and a neighbor list of neighboring cellular base station scrambling codes; and configuring the first cellular base station to have the same scrambling code as one of

Abstract: The digital delta-sigma modulator includes a signal input for receiving digital samples of N bits, and a digital filter connected to the signal input. The digital filter performs addition/subtraction and integration operations according to a redundant arithmetic coding for delivering digital filtered samples. A quantizer performs a nonexact quantization operation so as to deliver digital output samples of n bits, with n being less than N. The input of the quantizer is connected within the digital filter.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for configuring a first cellular base station such as a femtocell to operate in a digital cellular telecommunications network includes: placing the first cellular base station in the digital cellular telecommunications network; detecting with a radio receiver at least one second operating cellular base station within the digital cellular telecommunications network; demodulating a first transmission of the at least one second cellular base station transmitter to obtain a first data stream; predictively modifying the first data stream to create a modified first data stream; correlating at least one periodic portion of the modified first data stream to form an enhanced data signal; decoding the enhanced data signal to obtain information; and configuring the first cellular base station with the information.

Abstract: Nonlinear compression of high precision image data (e.g., 12-bits per subpixel) conventionally calls for a large sized lookup table (LUT). A smaller sized and tunable circuit that performs compression with piecewise linear compressing segments is disclosed. The piecewise linear data compressing process is organized so that lumping together of plural ‘used’ high precision value points into one corresponding low precision data value point is avoided or at least minimized. In one embodiment, the compressed data is image defining data being processed for display on a nonconventional display screen where the piecewise linearly compressed data can be stored adjacent to other image data in a frame buffer where a composite image is assembled.

Abstract: A data element can be encoded into multiple encoded data elements using an encoding algorithm that includes an encoding function and one or more encoder constant. The encoded data elements can be organized into multiple pillars, each having a respective pillar number. Each of the pillars is sent to a different storage unit of a distributed storage network. To recover the original data element, the encoded data elements are retrieved from storage, and the encoder constant is recovered using multiple encoded data elements. Recovering the encoder constant allows the encoding algorithm originally used to encode the data elements to be determined, and used to recover the original data element. The security of the stored data is enhanced, because an encoded data element from a single pillar is insufficient to identify the encoder constant.

Abstract: The perceived quality of a narrowband speech signal truncated from a wideband speech signal is improved by generating in a third frequency band third speech components matching first speech components in a first frequency band of the narrowband signal, and generating in a fourth frequency band fourth speech components matching second speech components in a second frequency band of the narrowband signal. A first gain factor is applied to the third speech components to generate adjusted third speech components, and a second gain factor is applied to the fourth speech components to generate adjusted fourth speech components, the gain factors being selected such that the ratios of the average powers of the adjusted third and fourth speech components to the average power of the first speech components are predetermined values.

Abstract: An analog to digital converter with increased sub-range resolution and method for using the analog to digital converter is described herein. The device includes an analog front end that produces an analog communication signal, a digital front end that receives a digital communication signal, and an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) that samples the analog communication signal across a full-range. The ADC includes a plurality of sub-range ADCs, each sub-range ADC measuring the analog communication signal across at least one respective sub-range of the full-range, the plurality of sub-ranges extending across the full-range, a central sub-range ADC having greater quantization accuracy than at least one other sub-range ADC. The ADC also includes signal combining circuitry operable to process outputs of the plurality of sub-range ADCs to create the digital communication signal.

Abstract: Methods are described for configuring a quantizer to achieve improved end-to-end distortion performance when transmitting encoded source data over a noisy channel. The codebook and partitioning are selected using an iterative process of determining an updated codebook and an updated partition space, where the updated codebook is based, in part, on the average symbol error probability of the channel. Complete knowledge of the transitional probabilities of the channel is not required. Variants of the iterative process are described.

Abstract: Equipment protection of a switch matrix (SM) in a network node, which contains a number of matrix modules (M1.1-M4.4, E1.5-E4.6) is achieved by slicing an input signal into k parallel signal slices (x(0)-x(3)) with k>2; coding the k signal slices into a number of n coded signal slices (x(0)-x(5)) with n>k+1 using an error correcting code to add redundancy to said input signal; switching said n coded signal slices through the switching matrix (SM) via n distinct matrix modules; and decoding the n coded signal slices into k decoded signal slices to correct errors introduced while passing through said switch matrix. Preferably, the switch matrix (SM) contains a first number of matrix boards (MB1-MB4, EB5, EB6), each carrying a second number of matrix modules (M1.1-M4.4, E1.5-E4.6). The n coded signal slices are switched via matrix modules on n distinct matrix boards.

Abstract: A moving picture encoding apparatus divides a moving picture signal into key frames and non-key frames, encodes the key frames, predicts the non-key frames from the encoded key frames, determines an encoding rate for each non-key frame, encodes each non-key frame, and outputs an error-correcting code at the encoding rate as encoded data of the non-key frame. To determine the encoding rate, parameters related to the likelihood of prediction errors are calculated by at least two different methods for each non-key frame, the parameters are compared, one of the parameters is selected, and the encoding rate is calculated from the selected parameter. The selective use of differently calculated parameters enables an efficient encoding rate to be calculated for each non-key frame and reduces the transmission of encoded data that the decoder does not need or cannot decode.