Abstract: Random access preamble detection for propagation delay is described herein. The proposed solution predicts energy levels for a set of hypotheses, compares the predicted energy with measured energy, and selects the hypothesis that minimizes a cost function based on the difference of the predicted energy and the measured energy. Some embodiments of the proposed solution may make it possible to extend cell range by allowing a maximum round-trip time exceeding the period of the random access preamble sequence. For the long preamble formats for Long Term Evolution (LTE) and New Radio (NR), the cell range may be extended beyond 120 kilometers (km). For millimeter wave applications, the cell range may be extended beyond 2.5 km.

Abstract: An image decoding method according to the present disclosure comprises deriving a first candidate intra prediction mode based on a first neighboring block of a current block; deriving a second candidate intra prediction mode based on a second neighboring block of the current block; constructing MPM (Most Probable Mode) list of the current block based on the first candidate intra prediction mode and the second candidate intra prediction mode; deriving an intra prediction mode for the current block based on the MPM list; and generating a prediction sample for the current block based on the intra prediction mode, wherein the first neighboring block is a left neighboring block located at the lowermost side among neighboring blocks adjacent to a left boundary of the current block, and wherein the second neighboring block is an upper neighboring block located at the rightmost side among neighboring blocks adjacent to an upper boundary of the current block.

Abstract: A transmitter is provided. The transmitter includes: a Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder configured to encode input bits to generate parity bits; a parity permutator configured to perform parity permutation by interleaving the parity bits and group-wise interleaving a plurality of bit groups including the interleaved parity bits; and a puncturer configured to puncture some of the parity bits in the group-wise interleaved bit groups, wherein the parity permutator group-wise interleaves the bit groups such that some of the bit groups are positioned at predetermined positions, respectively, and a remainder of the bit groups are positioned without an order within the group-wise interleaved bit groups.

Abstract: Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for hierarchical coding. One method may include encoding, by a layer-0 autoencoder, bit sequence x into a layer-0 codeword. The method may further include transmitting, by the layer-0 autoencoder, the layer-0 codeword over a channel, and decoding, by the layer-0 decoder, a received layer-0 codeword.

Abstract: A method includes receiving a higher-layer signal from a base station, wherein the higher-layer signal enables the use of 2-stage DCI based cross-carrier scheduling and provides mapping between a scheduling serving cell and one or more scheduled serving cells; receiving a first-stage DCI carried in a PDCCH in a designated time interval in the scheduling serving cell, wherein the first-stage DCI provides the information related to the corresponding second-stage DCI; receiving a second-stage DCI corresponding to the first-stage DCI in a specific set of resource elements in the same designated time interval in the same scheduling cell as the first-stage DCI-based on the information provided in the first-stage DCI, wherein the second-stage DCI provides scheduling information for the scheduled serving cells; and performing data reception or transmission over the scheduled serving cells based on the received 2-stage DCI.

Abstract: A memory device and an operation method thereof are provided. The memory device includes: a memory array including a plurality of memory cells for storing a plurality of weights; a multiplication circuit for performing bitwise multiplication on a plurality of input data and the weights to generate a plurality of multiplication results, wherein in performing bitwise multiplication, the memory cells generate a plurality of memory cell currents; a digital accumulating circuit for performing a digital accumulating on the multiplication results; an analog accumulating circuit for performing an analog accumulating on the memory cell currents to generate a first MAC operation result; and a decision unit for deciding whether to perform the analog accumulating, the digital accumulating or a hybrid accumulating, wherein in performing the hybrid accumulating, whether the digital accumulating circuit is triggered is based on the first MAC operation result.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an electronic apparatus, a wireless communication method and a computer-readable medium. The electronic apparatus for wireless communication comprises a processing circuit. The processing circuit is configured to carry out control so as to receive information related to resources used by a user equipment to carry out energy harvesting. The processing circuit is further configured to control, based on the information, the user equipment to receive wireless signals from one or more base stations and to convert the wireless signals into electromagnetic wave energy for energy harvesting.

Abstract: A device and method related to processing an optical signal so as to compensate nonlinear distortions of optic fibers are provided. The method includes: generating a first signal by equalizing the optical signal using a first DBP algorithm; generate a first sequence of LLRs by demapping and deinterleaving the first signal; generating a first sequence of bits by iteratively decoding the first sequence of LLRs for a first number of iterations; generating a sequence of QAM symbols by mapping and interleaving the first sequence of bits; generating a second signal by equalizing the first signal based on the sequence of QAM symbols using a second DBP algorithm; generating a second sequence of LLRs by demapping and deinterleaving the second signal; and generating a second sequence of bits by iteratively decoding the second sequence of LLRs for a second number of iterations.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus in a digital communication system that employs phase-aided adaptive modulation to overcome phase noise impairments. The transceiver is configured to transmit a message comprising channel symbols from a primary and a secondary set of channel symbols, wherein the primary set of channel symbols comprises channel symbols having different phase with respect to one another and the secondary set of channel symbols comprises only channel symbols with a fixed known phase.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide systems, devices and methods for improving the performance and range of wireless communication systems. In various embodiments, a wireless and wireline architecture is implemented to allow a channel to more efficiently span physical barriers within the channel. The wireline portion of the channel may leverage pre-existing copper deployed within a building by interfacing copper with north and south transceiver nodes that allow the signal to propagate through a physical structure on the wire itself resulting in significantly less signal degradation compared to the signal having to traverse the physical structure wirelessly.

Abstract: A method performed by a communication node and an apparatus for operating the method are proposed. The method includes obtaining matched filter channel estimation associated with a user equipment (UE); obtaining first Timing Advance (TA) compensated channel estimation; obtaining first noise suppressed channel estimation; and obtaining first TA estimation associated with the UE based on the first noise suppressed channel estimation.

Abstract: An apparatus: obtains K downlink channel weight matrices based on K pieces of downlink channel information sent by K UEs, where the downlink channel information is fed back by the UE in response to a preset reference signal sent by the base station, the downlink channel weight matrix is an NT×rank-dimensional matrix, and rank is a quantity of signal streams received by the UE; obtains K×rank first initial phase difference matrices and K×rank second initial phase difference matrices based on the K downlink channel weight matrices and a first polarization direction and a second polarization direction of transmit channels of the base station; obtains a cell initial phase difference matrix based on the K×rank first initial phase difference matrices and the K×rank second initial phase difference matrices; and implements initial phase correction of the transmit channels based on the cell initial phase difference matrix.

Abstract: A method for modulating and demodulating 5G and 6G messages is disclosed, in which the message elements are configured with a large phase margin between adjacent modulation states, and are demodulated in a way that preserves the large phase margins. Phase noise, a major problem at high frequencies, scrambles adjacent modulation states, causing message faults. The disclosed modulation schemes and demodulation methods accommodate such phase noise without faulting, by providing a wide acceptance range for phase. Hence substantial phase noise can be accommodated without changing the demodulated state, thereby avoiding a message fault. The rate of message faults due to phase demodulation errors may be substantially decreased, and message faults at higher frequencies may be reduced, according to some embodiments. Strategies for minimizing amplitude faults are also disclosed.

Abstract: Imaging circuits, devices and methods are disclosed. In one example, an imaging circuit includes circuit blocks each including a photoelectric conversion element configured to photoelectrically convert incident light to generate a photocurrent and a current-voltage conversion circuit configured to convert the photocurrent into a voltage signal, a quantizer configured to generate a detection signal of an address event in accordance with a result of comparing the voltage signal supplied from at least one of the plurality of circuit blocks with a threshold, a demultiplexer connected to a subsequent stage of the quantizer, and latch circuits connected to different output terminals of the demultiplexer.

Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to techniques and apparatus for operating a wireless receiver of the apparatus in a high linearity mode. An example method includes operating the apparatus in a first mode with transmission of a plurality of transmit signals. The method also includes attenuating a received signal via an attenuator while operating the apparatus in the first mode. The method further includes amplifying the attenuated signal with an amplifier while operating the apparatus in the first mode. For certain aspects, the method further involves operating the apparatus in a second mode, bypassing the attenuator while operating the apparatus in the second mode, and amplifying the received signal with the amplifier while operating the apparatus in the second mode.

Abstract: A method facilitates determining transmission loss in a transmission signal and adjusting a receiver setting of a receiver to compensate for the transmission loss. The method includes transmitting a transmission signal from a transmitter and receiving the transmission signal by a first receiver and a second receiver. The method includes digitizing the transmission signal by the first receiver at a first sampling frequency and digitizing the transmission signal by the second receiver at a second sampling frequency that is less than or equal to the first sampling frequency. The method includes generating a PAM-n eye diagram of the transmission signal by the second receiver using digitized signals digitized by the first and second receivers and adjusting an equalizer setting of a first equalizer of the first receiver using eye-opening information of the PAM-n eye diagram where the eye-opening information includes information for the transmission loss.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. Some systems may support digital post-distortion (DPoD) processing at a base station. In some such systems, a user equipment (UE) may process a data message for transmission, where a resulting signal associated with the data message includes non-linear characteristics that are handled by DPoD on the receiver-side. The non-linear characteristics may cause the signal to leak into out-of-band (OOB) resources, potentially resulting in interference. In some examples, the UE may transmit the data message to the base station in a multi-user system. To support mitigation of non-linear interference on signaling by other UEs, the UE may additionally transmit pilot signals in OOB resources (e.g., in addition to in-band resources) where the non-linearity may be expected to negatively affect other communications. The base station may use the OOB pilot signals to perform channel estimation and interference mitigation.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electronic device for communicating using beamforming, and an operating method therefor, the electronic device including a plurality of antenna modules which are disposed at different locations and which support beamforming, a communication module which transmits and receives a signal through the plurality of antenna modules, at least one processor, and a memory coupled to the at least one processor. The memory may store instructions, when executed, causing the processor to perform a beam search on the plurality of antenna modules, select at least two antenna modules allowing a beam satisfying a specified condition to be formed among the plurality of antenna modules, based on a result of the beam search, and communicate by alternately using the selected at least two antenna modules.

Abstract: A multimedia system allocates, during encoding of a multimedia stream, bits to portions of frames based on quality metrics and bit usages for different quantization parameters (QPs). An encoder of the multimedia system encodes a frame in a first pass with a first QP and in a second pass with a second QP. A comparator of the multimedia system measures and compares quality metrics, such as mean squared error, for each portion of the frame encoded with the first QP and the second QP. The comparator compares the difference between the quality metrics for each portion encoded with each QP to a threshold. If the difference in quality metrics for a portion exceeds the threshold, the comparator selects the portion for inclusion in a subset of portions to be encoded with the second QP.

Abstract: A Belief Propagation (BP) equalization method and apparatus, a communication device and a storage medium are disclosed. The method may include: splitting a received signal Yc, a channel estimation Hc and a symbol estimation Xc into real parts and imaginary parts to obtain a received signal matrix Y, a channel estimation matrix H and a symbol estimation matrix X (S101); performing orthogonal triangular (QR) decomposition on the channel estimation matrix H to obtain an equivalent received signal Ybp, an equivalent channel R and a noise power ?2 (S102); and performing iteration based on the equivalent received signal Ybp, the equivalent channel R and the noise power ?2 to obtain a position probability of per stream symbol (S103).

Abstract: A transmitting apparatus includes an analog transmitting unit that performs analog processing on a multiplex signal in which two or more signals are multiplexed and generates a transmission signal, and a signal multiplexing and learning unit that multiplexes the two or more signals with a neural network whose parameters have been adjusted based on the analog characteristics of the analog transmitting unit and constraints on the multiplex signal and generates the multiplex signal.

Abstract: An OFDM transmitter and an OFDM receiver respectively transmit and receive N (N?2, N is an integer) control symbols. For each control symbol, a guard interval time-domain signal is, for example, identical to a signal obtained by frequency-shifting at least a portion of a useful symbol time-domain signal by an amount different from any other symbol, or to a signal obtained by frequency-shifting one or both of a portion and a span of a useful symbol interval time-domain signal different from any other symbol by a predetermined amount.

Abstract: There is provided a method of receiving a transmitted signal over a time-varying channel. The method includes: obtaining a received symbol signal in frequency domain based on the transmitted signal; performing a first channel estimation based on the received symbol signal to obtain a plurality of first estimated BEM coefficients; performing a first equalization based on the received symbol signal and the plurality of first estimated BEM coefficients to obtain a plurality of first detected source symbols; and performing one or more rounds of a second channel estimation and a second equalization.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present technology may comprise methods and apparatus for successive intra block prediction. Methods and apparatus for successive intra block prediction may comprise a matching decoder to generate data that replicates the internal state and/or the decompressed data at the decoder. The apparatus may further comprise a prediction module that utilizes the replicated data to make predictions. The apparatus may then utilize the predicted data and the original, input source data to determine a difference value and encode the difference value.

Abstract: An encoder outputs a first bit sequence having N bits. A mapper generates a first complex signal s1 and a second complex signal s2 with use of bit sequence having X+Y bits included in an input second bit sequence, where X indicates the number of bits used to generate the first complex signal s1, and Y indicates the number of bits used to generate the second complex signal s2. A bit length adjuster is provided after the encoder, and performs bit length adjustment on the first bit sequence such that the second bit sequence has a bit length that is a multiple of X+Y, and outputs the first bit sequence after the bit length adjustment as the second bit sequence. As a result, a problem between a codeword length of a block code and the number of bits necessary to perform mapping by a set of modulation schemes is solved.

Abstract: An apparatus obtains a set of radio data comprising signal strength related values for radio signals transmitted by a transmitter with an association of each signal strength related value with a representation of a geographical location. The apparatus applies a frequency transform to the obtained set of radio data to obtain transform coefficients, each transform coefficient comprising a transform index and an associated transform value. The apparatus selects a subset of transform indices having more significant transform values than the remaining transform indices and compresses the transform indices by encoding each transform index exploiting a probability of occurrence of an index value of a respective transform index. The same or another apparatus decodes the compressed transform indices again for use in position operations.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining a suitability of a frequency band for data communication with a node by way of a communication channel may be provided. The apparatus may comprise a receiver configured to receive first and second signals from the node by way of the communication channel, the first and second signals having frequencies within the frequency band. The apparatus may comprise processing circuitry communicatively coupled to the receiver, the processing circuitry being configured to determine a calibration function depending on the first signal, process the second signal depending on the calibration function, determine the suitability of the frequency band for data communication with the node by way of the communication channel depending on the processed second signal and output an indication of the said suitability.

Abstract: A method comprising receiving a modulated radio signal transmitting coded information bits, performing demodulating on the modulated radio signal, wherein demodulating comprises performing orthogonal time frequency space demodulation, performing equalization on the demodulated radio signal to obtain equalized symbols, obtaining log-likelihood ratios for the coded information bits from the equalized symbols using a trained machine learning model, and reconstructing the coded information bits.

Abstract: Some demonstrative embodiments include apparatuses, devices, systems and methods of communicating an Enhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU). For example, an EDMG wireless communication station (STA) may be configured to communicate an EDMG PPDU including a Channel Estimation Field (CEF) and/or a pilot sequence, which may be configured for an OFDM mode.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a receiver included in a communications system includes a channel extractor configured to segregate a received signal into a plurality of channel signals, wherein the plurality of channel signals includes a plurality of data signals; and a plurality of decoders electrically coupled to the channel extractor and configured to decode each of the plurality of channel signals into a respective plurality of decoded data beam portions.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods are disclosed for a communication device associated with a wireless transmission. In one embodiment, a method includes performing one of a low-density parity check, LDPC, decoding process and an LDPC encoding process by loading a set of bits, in parallel, into a plurality of registers, the set of bits being distributed among the plurality of registers; one of de-interleaving and interleaving the loaded set of bits within the plurality of registers by rearranging the loaded set of bits into one of a de-interleaved and an interleaved set of bits; and after the set of bits is rearranged into the one of the de-interleaved and the interleaved set of bits within the plurality of registers, writing the one of the de-interleaved and the interleaved set of bits, in parallel, from the plurality of registers to memory.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a control method, a network device, and a terminal. The control method includes transmitting a first limit value for at least one of load control, congestion control and access control.

Abstract: A method includes receiving a higher-layer signal from a base station, wherein the higher-layer signal enables the use of 2-stage DCI based cross-carrier scheduling and provides mapping between a scheduling serving cell and one or more scheduled serving cells; receiving a first-stage DCI carried in a PDCCH in a slot in the scheduling serving cell, wherein the first-stage DCI provides the information related to the corresponding second-stage DCI; receiving a second-stage DCI corresponding to the first-stage DCI in a specific set of resource elements in the same slot in the same scheduling cell as the first-stage DCI-based on the information provided in the first-stage DCI, wherein the second-stage DCI provides scheduling information for the scheduled serving cells; and performing data reception or transmission over the scheduled serving cells based on the received 2-stage DCI.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and systems for using multiple messages by the base station to indicate sub-band information without incurring big signaling overhead are described. In one example aspect, a wireless communication method includes receiving, by a user device from a base station, a first message that includes a first set of information for configuring a transmission from the user device to the base station. The first message includes one or more fields indicating an association between the first message and a second message for configuring the transmission. The method includes receiving, by the user device, the second message from the base station. The second message includes a second set of information for configuring the transmission. The method also includes performing the transmission based on the first and the second set of information.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for decoding received uplink transmissions. In an embodiment, a method includes receiving a stream having data LLRs and second channel state information (CSI2) LLRs, and separating the data LLRs into a data stream and the CSI2 LLRs into a CSI2 stream based on configuration parameters. The method also includes decoding the data stream to generate decoded data, and decoding the CSI2 stream to generate decoded CSI2 information. An apparatus includes a first LLR preprocessor that receives a stream having data LLRs and second channel state information (CSI2) LLRs and separates the data LLRs into a data stream, and a second LLR preprocessor that receives the stream and separates the CSI2 LLRs into a CSI2 stream. The apparatus also includes a data decoder that decodes the data stream to generate decoded data, and a CSI2 decoder that decodes the CSI2 stream to generate decoded CSI2 information.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatuses, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for wireless communication. In one aspect of the disclosure, a method for wireless communication includes shifting, based on a partial overlap between a scheduled downlink transmission occasion and a scheduled uplink transmission occasion that each include a first and second repetition, a first repetition boundary of one transmission occasion of the downlink transmission occasion or the uplink transmission occasion, and performing full duplex communication with repetition based on the shifted first repetition boundary. In some implementations, shifting includes shifting an entirety of the one transmission occasion. In some implementations, shifting the first repetition boundary changes a number of consecutive symbols included in the first repetition of the one transmission occasion.

Abstract: Provided is a broadcast receiving device receiving a broadcast service interoperating with a companion device. The broadcast receiving device includes: an IP communication unit configured to establish a pairing session with the companion device; a broadcast communication unit configured to receive an emergency alert message including an emergency alert alerting a disaster situation on the basis of the broadcast service; and a control unit configured to transmit information on the emergency alert message to the companion device.

Abstract: A double factor correction Turbo decoding method based on a simulated annealing algorithm is provided, including: S1: setting an initial bit error rate Pe0 and an initial solution of correction factors; S2: randomly selecting a new solution of the correction factors from a proximal subset of a current solution, and calculating a new bit error rate Penew; S3: determining whether the new bit error rate is smaller than a bit error rate of a previous decoding, and if so, receiving the new solution of the correction factors, otherwise calculating a reception probability based on a difference between the new bit error rate and the bit error rate of the previous decoding; S4: decreasing the initial bit error rate Pe0 to determine whether a termination condition is satisfied, performing S5 if the termination condition is satisfied, otherwise performing S2; and S5: outputting a current solution of the correction factors as an optimal solution.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for configuring a front end to process multiple sectors with multiple radio frequency frames. In an exemplary embodiment, a method includes decoding instructions included in a job description list, and configuring one or more processing functions of a transceiver to process a radio signal associated with a selected sector based on the decoded instructions. The configuration of the processing functions is synchronized according to time control instructions included in the job description list.

Abstract: A Radio Frequency (RF) receiver is provided. The RF receiver is configured to simultaneously receive at least two radio frequency bands with a single receiver path. The RF receiver comprises a single local oscillator (LO), and the RF receiver is configured to filter a received signal using a complex filter having a variable center frequency. In accordance with another aspect, many RF receivers are combined to form an aggregate carrier receiver.

Abstract: A calculation scheme decision system includes a pre-calculation unit performing, in an execution environment in which calculation is performed, calculation for each of respective layers of the network structure using at least one of calculation schemes prepared in advance for the respective layers, a cost acquisition unit acquiring a calculation cost of at least one calculation scheme for each layer based on a result of the calculation by the pre-calculation unit, a decision unit selecting one calculation scheme for each layer based on the calculation cost from among at least one of the calculation schemes prepared in advance for the respective layers to associate the layer with the selected one calculation scheme, and a calculation unit performing the calculation for each of the respective layers of the network structure on input data in the execution environment using the calculation scheme associated with each layer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a wireless communication base station apparatus whereby it is possible to prevent degradation of throughput of LTE terminals, even when LTE terminals and LTE+ terminals are present together. In this apparatus, a setting section (105) sets in each subframe a resource block in which is arranged a reference signal that is employed solely by LTE+ terminals, based on the pattern of arrangement of reference signals employed solely by LTE+ terminals. In the case of symbols that are mapped to antennas (110-1) to (110-4), an arrangement section (106) arranges the characteristic cell reference signals employed by both LTE terminals and LTE+ terminals in all of the resource blocks in a single frame.

Abstract: A radio frequency (RF) generator incorporates an automatic level control (ALC) circuit to control the output level of the RF signal where the ALC circuit implements synchronized ADC sampling, pulse sample indexing, gated accumulation to enable fast ALC loop control, especially for pulse-modulated RF signals. In other embodiments, the ALC circuit implements multi-level control for multi-level RF signals. In this manner, the RF generator uses the ALC circuit to generate an RF signal having a constant power level for RF signals having any pulse shape or output levels. In other embodiments, a clock generation circuit in an impedance matching network synchronizes a slave clock to a clock signal of the RF signal when the load impedance is resistive only or when the clock signal of the RF signal has a given phase condition.

Abstract: An in-vehicle communication system includes a first relay apparatus installed in a first area of a vehicle, and a second relay apparatus installed in a second area and are connected via a communication main line. A main control apparatus and an auxiliary control apparatus are connected to the first relay apparatus and a controlled apparatus is connected to the second relay apparatus, each connected via a communication branch line. The first input apparatus is installed in the first area and inputs information to the main control apparatus and the auxiliary control apparatus. The second input apparatus is installed in the second area and inputs information to the main control apparatus and the auxiliary control apparatus via the first relay apparatus and the second relay apparatus. The first relay apparatus and the controlled apparatus communicate via an auxiliary communication line provided into both the first area and the second area.

Abstract: A signal detection device of the present invention includes a first control unit configured to determine whether there are inputs of a plurality of external signals connected thereto, a second control unit configured to be activated after the first control unit is activated, a first input unit connected directly to the first control unit and configured to input a first external signal, which is one type of the plurality of external signals, and a second input unit connected to the first control unit via the second control unit and configured to input a second external signal, which is another type of the plurality of external signals, and the first control unit determines whether there is an input of the first external signal before the second control unit is activated and determines whether there is an input of the second external signal after the second control unit is activated.

Abstract: In a transmission method according to one aspect of the present disclosure, a encoder performs error correction coding on an information bit string to generate a code word. A mapper modulates a first bit string in which the number of bits is the predetermined integral multiple of (X+Y) in the code word using a first scheme, the first scheme being a set of a modulation scheme in which an X-bit bit string is mapped to generate a first complex signal and a modulation scheme in which a Y-bit bit string is mapped to generate a second complex signal, and modulates a second bit string in which the first bit string is removed from the code word using a second scheme different from the first scheme.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for broadcast signal frame using layered division multiplexing are disclosed. An apparatus for generating broadcast signal frame according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a combiner configured to generate a multiplexed signal by combining a core layer signal and an enhanced layer signal at different power levels; a power normalizer configured to reduce the power of the multiplexed signal to a power level corresponding to the core layer signal; a time interleaver configured to generate a time-interleaved signal by performing interleaving that is applied to both the core layer signal and the enhanced layer signal; and a frame builder configured to generate a broadcast signal frame including a preamble for signaling, start position information of Physical Layer Pipes (PLPs) and time interleaver information shared by the core layer signal and the enhanced layer signal.

Abstract: Mixed mode constellation mapping to map a data block to a block of sub-carriers based on a configurable set of one or more constellation mapping schemes, and corresponding mixed mode least likelihood ratio (LLR) de-mapping based on the configurable set of one or more modulation schemes. The set may be configurable to include multiple modulation schemes to provide to a SEvSNR measure that is a non-weighted or weighted average of SEvSNR measures of the multiple modulation schemes. Mixed mode constellation mapping may be useful be configurable to control spectral efficiency versus SNR (SEvSNR) over a range of SNR with relatively fine SNR granularity, and may be configurable to control SEvSNR over a range of SNR at a fixed FEC code rate, which may include a highest available or highest permitted code rate.

Abstract: In data communications, a suitably designed contrast coding scheme, comprising a process of contrast encoding (108) at a transmitter end (101) and a process of contrast decoding (120) at a receiver end (103), may be used to create contrast between the bit error rates ‘BERs’ experienced by different classes of bits. Contrast coding may be used to tune the BERs experienced by different subsets of bits, relative to each other, to better match a plurality of forward error correction ‘FEC’ schemes (104, 124) used for transmission of information bits (102), which may ultimately provide a communications system (100) having a higher noise tolerance, or greater data capacity, or smaller size, or lower heat.

Abstract: A receiver for detecting and recovering payload data from a received signal comprises a radio frequency demodulation circuit, a detector circuit and a demodulator circuit. The radio frequency demodulation circuit detects the received signal. The received signal carries the payload data as OFDM symbols in one or more of a plurality of time divided frames, each frame including a bootstrap signal, a preamble signal and a plurality of sub-frames. The demodulator circuit detects bootstrap OFDM symbols to identify communications parameters for detecting the fixed length signalling data, detects the fixed length signalling data to identify the communications parameters for detecting the variable length signalling data, detects the variable length signalling data, and uses the fixed and variable length signalling data to detect the payload data.